Transportation moves people and goods from one place to another using a variety of vehicles across different infrastructure systems. It does this using not only technology (namely vehicles, energy, and infrastructure), but also peoples time and eort; producing not only the desired outputs of passenger trips and freight shipments, but also adverse outcomes such as air pollution, noise, congestion, crashes, injuries, and fatalities.Figure 1[footnoteRef:1] illustrates the inputs, outputs, and outcomes of transportation. In the upper left are traditional inputs (infrastructure (including pavements, bridges, etc.), labor required to produce transportation, land consumed by infrastructure, energy inputs, and vehicles). Infrastructure is the traditional preserve of civil engineering, while vehicles are anchored in mechanical engineering. Energy, to the extent it is powering existing vehicles is a mechanical engineering question, but the design of systems to reduce or minimize energy consumption require thinking beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. [1: See Appendix of Introduction, Figure number 1]

On the top of the gure are Information, Operations, and Management, and Travelers Time and Eort. Transportation systems serve people, and are created by people, both the system owners and operators, who run, manage, and maintain the system and travelers who use it. Travelers time depends both on freeow time, which is a product of the infrastructure design and on delay due to congestion, which is an interaction of system capacity and its use. On the upper right side of the gure are the adverse outcomes of transportation, in particular its negative externalities: by polluting, systems consume health and increase morbidity and mortality; by being dangerous, they consume safety and produce injuries and fatalities; by being loud they consume quiet and produce noise (decreasing quality of life and property values); and by emitting carbon and other pollutants, they harm the environment.All of these factors are increasingly being recognized as costs of transportation, but the most notable are the environmental eects, particularly with concerns about global climate change. The bottom of the gure shows the outputs of transportation. Transportation is central to economic activity and to peoples lives, it enables them to engage in work, attend school, shop for food and other goods, and participate in all of the activities that comprise human existence. More transportation, by increasing accessibility to more destinations, enables people to better meet their personal objectives, but entails higher costs both individually and socially. While the transportation problem is often posed in terms of congestion, that delay is but one cost of a system that has many costs and even more benefits. Further, by changing accessibility, transportation gives shape to the development of land.Transportation decisions impact many aspects of urban life[footnoteRef:2]. Young and old alike are affected by the viability and relative ease of traveling to destinations on foot, by bike, transit, or reliance on private vehicles. Transportation investments are arguably the single largest shaper of urban spaces and of development patterns. The safety, speed, and comfort for a particular mode of travel are a function of the investments that have been made in specific types of travel options. Regions, and parts of regions, vary considerably in terms of their supportiveness of traveling in ways that are health promoting (active) and environmentally sustainable. [2: See Appendix of Introduction, Figure number 2]

Transportation planning is experiencing a re-awakening. The connections between transportation, land use, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, physical activity, and obesity are becoming better understood. Considerable media attention in recent years has been devoted to the impacts of the built environment on climate change and the environment. Attention has also been focused on the economic impacts of transportation investments and more recently on how transportation impacts physical activity and health. Many are concerned about the impacts of urban sprawl on overall sustainability and on how transportation investments can create or help to reduce sprawl. These and other issues provide some context and backdrop for this class.Set within the Vancouver region, we are fortunate to have many forward thinking experts on creating a livable region and the role of transportation within this context. We will learn from the perspectives of a variety of experts in our region who are engaged in making transportation planning decisions. Metro Vancouver currently has several rail projects being planned and implemented, the Olympics are coming, a major highway expansion is planned; and considerable investments are proposed and underway in non-motorized infrastructure.The course introduces students to the fundamentals of urban transportation planning and the types of skills and knowledge that transportation planners need. It further familiarizes students with contemporary transportation planning issues and methods of analysis. The course is highly relevant regardless if students intend to focus on transportation itself, or other aspects of urban planning. The course can be taken stand alone, or as the first in a sequence of courses in SCARPs Urban Design and Transportation Concentration.Newly evolving theories and approaches to addressing emerging transportation problems will be central to the class. Relationships between transportation and urban land use systems and new tools to address environmental and quality of life impacts of transportation are presented. Transportation investment decisions (or lack thereof) have been held accountable for increased economic prosperity or spiraling economic decline. Transportation infrastructure (roads, rail lines, etc.) is extremely costly even when compared with other services which are capital intensive (sewers, storm-water drainage, etc.). Therefore, transportation decisions made today can impact a region for generations to come.Transportation investment decisions affect our travel choices which in turn have dramatic impacts on our environment and our health. Transportation is about providing access to locations and impacts social equity, and the benefits or burdens felt by different segments of the population. Transportation networks are often the single most important determinant of a community, and the most distinct physical feature that characterizes a place.

Objectives:

1.1 Learn the history of transportation.1.2 know the types of transport that exist.1.3 know general information that is up to the transport.1.4 study the different types of transport that exist in Mexico and the world.1.5 know the types of public and private transport.1.6 compare types of public and private transport.1.7 to integrate the information collected.1.8 to interview a group of people to know what they think about transportation. 1.9 Analyze the information to obtain a conclusion.

1. The Importance of Transportation[footnoteRef:3] [3: See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 1]

In light of the inevitable energy crisis and all of its attendant implications for civilization as we know it, discussion has turned to the ultimate fate of mankinds three forms of modern living arrangements, namely urban, suburban and rural living. A number of written articles and online discussions have been penned of late that attempt to gage the relative success (or failure) for each of these areas. Each of these opinions reflects the authors personal outlook on the future (gloom and doom, cautious hope or boundless optimism) and as such color the authors ultimate assessment of the situation. The purpose of this posting is not to provide my personal take on the matter, but to look at the underlying factor that will ultimately determine any given areas viability.Although many valid factors have been discussed, viability ultimately boils down to just one key factor:

1.1 Transportation:Its as simple as that. Each settlement pattern is affected by transportation and a change in it can have a drastic impact on the ultimate viability of the built environment.[footnoteRef:4] [4: See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 2]

The ability to move people and goods from one location to another is perhaps the key to survival. That fact cannot be hammered home hard enough. This may sound alarmist or over-the-top, but the simple act of moving someone or something from one point to another is absolutely vital. The ease of transportationin all of its formsis the hallmark of industrialized civilization. This ease of course has been made possible by cheap fossil-fuel inputs and is best exemplified by the modern American commuter driving from one suburb to work in another suburb or by the trucker hauling a collection of inexpensively made Chinese products to the local Wal-Mart. Being able to move from one point to another is of course important. People seldom live, work, shop and relax in the same place. In order to maintain a functioning economy, people must be able to circulate between the various points that are important to them and do so with ease. In pre-Industrial times, most people got around by foot, horse or boat. Distances were small and trips were few in number. Today in many locations, fossil fuel availability has dramatically increased the distances one can travel and lifted the overall number of trips made.But transportation is really much more than the movement of people. The truly vital function that it plays is the movement of goods. Goods movement is often overlooked by transportation planners but it includes the shipment of raw materials, finished products and even wastes. Raw materials such as minerals, energy, food and other resources are obvious candidates for transportation as most occur in limited concentrations away from their eventual points of consumption. Movement of finished goods from manufacturers to their eventual end users also requires a well established transport network. Finally, transportation plays a vital role in removing wastes and preventing their accumulation to dangerous levels.Likewise, most visualizations of the transportation network commonly are focused on road, rail, marine and air-based systems. While this is accurate, it neglects two other important forms of transport: electrical and pipeline. Both topics are commonly discussed as infrastructure in planning documents but really need to be seen as another form of transportation. The electrical transmission system makes it possible to instantaneously move large amounts of energy from one location where it is in overabundance to another where it is in demand. Pipelines play the equally important role of transporting liquids and gasses from one point to another in great, uninterruptible volumes.Transportation is often viewed as a matter of convenience or necessity but in reality its role in civilized existence is far more basic (and vital). According to William Catton, transportation is a social leveraging strategy called Scope Enlargement. What the movement of goods allows us to do is balance the surpluses and shortages of a number of areas, so that all can progress to a higher level of development than would have been possible without it. This has reached a culmination of sorts, with todays transportation now extending worldwide. With it comes a worldwide dependence on the continued free flow of resources, goods and wastes. At this point many places on the planet are dependent on something from somewhere else.All parts of this transportation network are of course, energy consumers. Some are very efficient movers of goods such as a pipeline network, while others require huge energy subsidies to exist like commercial aviation. How the entire system continues to functionor notwill determine an areas ultimate viability. And therein lays the problem.We are frightfully dependent on the continuation of this transportation system. It allows for the ease of shipment of large forms of usable energy (e.g. crude oil) natural resources (e.g. water, minerals) and food from areas of production to areas of consumption. It allows for the shipment of goods from one location to another, which over the past few decades has taken a global scope, where fewer, larger and lower cost facilities in a handful of locations replaced far more numerous, smaller and higher cost facilities scattered around the world. Finally it permits the wastes from one area to be moved to somewhere else where it could be re-used, recycled or disposed of so that the source location does not get too polluted.Peak Energy (in all of its forms) is the massive and fatal threat to the modern transportation system. It disrupts the system insidiously at first before ultimately rendering it useless. As energy becomes scarcer, it also increases in price. Over the past few years, those increases have taken a toll on economic activity. In the future they will render whole sectors of the economy unprofitable and ultimately not viable. As bad as that is, continued energy shortages will eventually manifest themselves in the form of actual fuel shortages. When that occurs, hard decisions will need to made on what to ship and when. In an orderly Powerdown scenario, those exact choices would be made based on their relative importance to human life so that no one starves or dies as a result of decreasing energy supplies. Unfortunately, the human track record in dealing with crisis situations has been less than stellar. In all likelihood, government actions may staunch the crisis for a few years, before the level of available energy decline begins undoing the global transportation system altogether.What that means is that mankinds strategy of scope enlargement will soon fail us. How that affects you and I personally really depends on where we are located. Those in the suburbs will be hit the soonest and hardest by an energy-driven transportation crisis. These folks travel the furthest on average and are the most dependent on the shipment of all forms of goods and services from somewhere else. Basically, if you live in the suburbs you will eventually find yourself cut off from food, supplies, employment and just about everything else needed to survive. Some attempts may be made to grow or raise food close to home, but for many suburbanites it may prove to be too little, too late.At first glance it would appear that urban areas would fare better in a crisis. Distances would be shorter and more people could walk or take transit. Truck deliverers would not need to travel as far. Never-the-less, this area is threatened as well. As shortages mount, the transportation and distribution network will no longer be able to ship all of the required goods to all of the urban inhabitants. The larger the city, the larger the problem. Equally important, wastes would not be able to be properly removed and would likely buildup and foster disease. In an urban area with few other acquisition options, increasing hunger, poverty and social discontent could likely fuel the conditions suitable for riots, crime waves and other ill effects.Those in the rural areas would be the least impacted by declining transportation options. While it is true that transportation interruptions would affect the countryside pretty hard, the low overall population and greater distances from the urban and suburban settlements will serve to protect rural outposts from raiding or looting that could occur as order breaks down. This does not mean that country living will be particularly nice though, especially if you were more accustomed goods and services from all over.[footnoteRef:5] [5: See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 3]

The bottom line is really quite simple. Fossil fuels made it artificially easy for people and goods to move about. That ease of movement allowed humans to enlarge their scope and tap and trade resources from all over to make up or mask local shortages. Unfortunately that free ride will be shortly coming to an end.[footnoteRef:6] [6: See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 4]

1. Transport.[footnoteRef:7] [7: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 1]

Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between persons, which is essential for the development of civilizations.Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

1.1 Mode of transport:[footnoteRef:8] [8: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 2]

A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle, infrastructure and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, with the latter case being called intermodal or multimodal transport. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route.1.2 Human-poweredHuman-powered transport remains common in developing countries. Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

1.3 Animal-poweredAnimal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

2. HistoryBullock team hauling wool in Australia Humans' first means of transport were walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.The first forms of road transport were horses[footnoteRef:9], oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were built by many early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept dry. The medieval Caliphate later built tar-paved roads. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities,that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, often at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible. [9: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 3]

The Wright Brothers' first flight in 1903The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of transport. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independent of natural resources. The 19th century also saw the development of the steam ship,that sped up global transport.[footnoteRef:10] [10: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 4]

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into the 20th century[footnoteRef:11], road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of mechanical private transport. The first highways were constructed during the 19th century with macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving material. In 1903, the first controllable airplane was demonstrated, and after World War I, it became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances. [11: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 5]

After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger. Scientific spaceflight was launched in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s, the introduction of containerization gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, permitting globalization. International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s, with the commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, this introduced a decline for rail and water transport. After the introduction of the Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers on long-haul routes from airlines.Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels were owned by private joint-stock corporations. Most such transportation infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city passenger rail service with the creation of Amtrak. Recently, however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground and adherents[footnoteRef:12]. [12: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 6]

3. Public transport Is a sharedpassengertransport service which is available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such astaxicab,carpoolingor hired buses which are not shared by strangers without private arrangement?Publictransport modesincludecity buses,trolleybuses,trams(orlight rail) andpassenger trains,rapid transit(metro/subways/undergrounds etc) andferries[footnoteRef:13]. Public transport between cities is dominated byairlines,coaches, andintercity rail.High-speed railnetworks are being developed in many parts of the world. [13: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 7]

Most public transport runs to a scheduled timetable with the most frequent services running to aheadway(e.g.: "every 5 minutes" as opposed to being scheduled for any specific time of the day).Share taxisoffer on-demand services in many parts of the world, and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it starts.Paratransitis sometimes used in areas of low-demand and for people who need a door-to-door service. There are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are predominantly run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit andreal estateconglomerates. In North America, mass transit operations are predominantly run by municipaltransit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are predominantly run by state-owned companies.Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distancefaresor funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be fully profitable through high ridership numbers and highfarebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated and possiblysubsidizedfrom local or national tax revenue. Fully subsidized,zero-fare (free)services operate in some towns and cities.For historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. While countries in theOld Worldtend to have extensive and frequent systems serving their old and dense cities, many cities of theNew Worldhave moresprawland much less comprehensive public transport.TheInternational Association of Public Transport(UITP) is the international network for public transport authorities and operators, policy decision-makers, scientific institutes and the public transport supply and service industry. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries[footnoteRef:14]. [14: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 8]

3.1 Train.Atrainis a form ofrail transportconsisting of a series ofvehiclesthat usually runs along arail trackto transportcargoorpassengers. Motive power is provided by a separatelocomotiveor individual motors in self-propelledmultiple units. Although historicallysteampropulsion dominated, the most common modern forms aredieselandelectriclocomotives, the latter supplied byoverhead wiresoradditional rails. Other energy sources includehorses,rope or wire,gravity,pneumatics,batteries, andgas turbines. Train tracks usually consists of two, three or four or fiverails, with a limited number ofmonorailsandmaglevguideways in the mix. The word 'train' comes from theOld Frenchtrahiner, from theLatintrahere'pull, draw'. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes. A train may consist of a combination of one or morelocomotivesand attachedrailroad cars, or a self-propelledmultiple unit(or occasionally a single or articulated powered coach, called arailcar). The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses. From the early 19th century almost all were powered bysteam locomotives. From the 1910s onwards the steam locomotives began to be replaced by less labor-intensive and cleaner (but more complex and expensive)diesel locomotivesandelectric locomotives, while at about the same time self-propelledmultiple unitvehicles of either power system became much more common in passenger service[footnoteRef:15]. [15: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 9]

A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long and fast. One notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to achieve much faster operation over 500km/h (310mph), innovativeMaglevtechnology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law. The termlight railis sometimes used for a modern tram system, but it may also mean an intermediate form between a tram and a train, similar to asubwayexcept that it may have level crossings.Afreight train(also known as goods train) usesfreight cars(also known as wagons or trucks) to transport goods or materials (cargo) essentially any train that is not used for carrying passengers[footnoteRef:16]. [16: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 10]

3.2 Bus[footnoteRef:17]. [17: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 11]

A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers.The most common type of bus is the single-decker rigid bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses; coaches are used for longer-distance services. Bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same design appearing around the world. Buses may be used for scheduled bus transport, scheduled coach transport, school transport, private hire, or tourism; promotional buses may be used for political campaigns and others are privately operated for a wide range of purposes. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, and electric trolleybuses in 1882. The first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895.Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, and electric buses, as well as ones powered by compressed natural gas or biodiesel.Formats include single-decker bus, double-decker bus (both usually with a rigid chassis), limobus, and articulated bus (or 'bendy-bus') the prevalence of which varies from country to country. Bi-articulated buses are also manufactured, and passenger-carrying trailerseither towed behind a rigid bus (a bus trailer), or hauled as a trailer by a truck (a trailer bus). Smaller midibuses have a lower capacity and open-top buses are typically used for leisure purposes. In many new fleets, particularly in local transit systems, a shift to low-floor buses is occurring, primarily for easier accessibility. Coaches are designed for longer-distance travel and are typically fitted with individual high-backed reclining seats, seat belts, toilets, and audio-visual entertainment systems, and can operate at higher speeds with more capacity for luggage. Coaches may be single- or double-deckers, articulated, and often include a separate luggage compartment under the passenger floor. 3.3 Taxi[footnoteRef:18]. [18: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 12]

A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from other modes of public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are determined by the service provider, not by the passenger, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.There are four distinct forms of taxicab, which can be identified by slightly differing terms in different countries: Hackney carriages, also known as public hire, hailed or street taxis, licensed for hailing throughout communities Private hire vehicles, also known as minicabs or private hire taxis, licensed for pre-booking only Taxibuses, also known as jitneys, operating on pre-set routes typified by multiple stops and multiple independent passengers Limousines, specialized vehicle licensed for operation by pre-bookingAlthough types of vehicles and methods of regulation, hiring, dispatching, and negotiating payment differ significantly from country to country, many common characteristics exist.

3.4 Metro [footnoteRef:19] [19: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 13]

The Mexico City Metro (Spanish: Metro de la Ciudad de Mxico), officially called Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, often shortened to STC, is a metro system that serves the metropolitan area of Mexico City, including some municipalities in Mexico State. It is the second largest metro system in North America after the New York City Subway. In 2012, the system served 1.609 billion passengers, placing it as the eighth highest ridership in the world.The inaugural STC Metro line was 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) long, serving 16 stations, and opened to the public on 4 September 1969. The system has expanded since then in a series of fits and starts. As of 2013, the system comprises twelve lines,serving 195 stations, and 226.49 kilometres (140.73 mi) of route (including the recently opened Line 12). Ten of the lines are rubber-tyred; instead of traditional steel wheels, these use pneumatic traction, which are quieter and cope better with Mexico City's unstable soils. Of the STC Metro's 195 stations,24 serve two or more lines (correspondencias or transfer stations). It has 115 underground stations (the deepest of which are 35 metres (115 ft) below street level); 54 surface stations and 26 elevated stations.All lines operate from 5 am until midnight. At the end of 2007, the Federal District government announced the construction of the most recent STC Metro line: Line 12, which was built to run approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) towards the southeastern part of the city, connecting with Lines 7, 3, 2 and 8. This line opened on 30 October 2012.

3.5 Trolleybus[footnoteRef:20]. [20: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 14]

A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or trolley) is an electric bus that draws its electricity from overhead wires (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return part of the electrical path and therefore needs only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They also are distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600 Volts direct current, but there have been, and are, exceptions.Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.

3.6 RTP[footnoteRef:21]. [21: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 15]

The network of transport of passengers of the Federal District (RTP) is a decentralized public agency administered by the Government of the Federal District, which offers the service of buses in 94 routes primarily linking popular colonies and outlying residential areas of the Mexico City Metro stations.

3.7 Volkswagen Transporter[footnoteRef:22]. [22: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 16]

The Volkswagen Transporter, based on the Volkswagen Group's T platform, now in its fifth generation, refers to a series of vans produced over 60 years and marketed worldwide.The T series is now considered an official Volkswagen Group automotive platform. and generations are sequentially named T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Pre-dating the T platform designations, the first three generations were named Type 2, indicating their relative position to the Type 1, or Beetle. As part of the T platform, the first three generations are retroactively named T1, T2 and T3.The Transporter range of light commercial vehicles comprise a gamut of variants including vans, minivans, minibuses, pick-ups, campervans. Competitors include the Ford Transit, Toyota Hiace and Mercedes-Benz Vito.

3.8 Airplane[footnoteRef:23] [23: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 17]

An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". They built on the works of Sir George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders). Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010.

3.9 The Mexico City Metrobs[footnoteRef:24] [24: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 18]

The Mexico City Metrobs (officially Sistema de Corredores de Transporte Pblico de Pasajeros del Distrito Federal and simply known as Metrobs) is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system that serves Mexico City since 2005. As of November 2013 it comprises five lines that traverse the city and connect with other forms of transit, namely the Mexico City Metro. It was officially opened to the public with service along line 1 on 19 June 2005. As of December 2013, Metrobs buses transported 900,000 passengers daily.

4. Private Transport[footnoteRef:25]. [25: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 19]

Private transport (as opposed to public transport) is transportation service which is not available for use by the general public. Often public transportation service providers are privately owned; notwithstanding, any and all services provided by such companies that is available to the general public is considered public transport. While private transportation may be used alongside nearly all modes of public transportation, private transportation by rail is rare. Unlike many forms of public transportation, which may be subsidized, the entire cost of private transportation is born directly or indirectly by the user.Private transport is the dominant form of transportation in most of the world. In the United States, for example, 86.2% of passenger miles are by passenger vehicles, motorcycles, and trucks.

4.1 Bicycle.A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and, as of 2003, more than a billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that have been produced. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as children's toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services, and bicycle racing.The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright, or safety bicycle, has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling.The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets, and tension-spoked wheels

4.2 Car[footnoteRef:26] [26: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 20]

A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[3][4] The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other, less developed, parts of the world.

4.3 Boat[footnoteRef:27] [27: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 21]

A boat is a watercraft of any size designed to float or plane, to work or travel on water. Small boats are typically found on inland (lakes) or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape.Boats have a wide variety of shapes and sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose, available materials or local traditions. Canoe type boats have a long history and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation, fishing or sport. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to match local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats. House boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo (lightering) to and from large ships. Lifeboats have rescue and safety functions.

4.4 Moped[footnoteRef:28]. [28: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 22]

A moped (/mopd/ MOH-ped) is a small motorcycle, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than motorcycles, or automobiles, because mopeds typically travel about the same speed as bicycles on public roadways. Strictly speaking, mopeds are driven by both an engine and by bicycle pedals, but in common usage and in many jurisdictions the term moped is used for any moped-sized motorcycle even if it does not have pedals.The word moped is a portmanteau of "motor" and "pedal", originally coined in Sweden. Like some of the earliest two wheeled motorcycles, mopeds were once all equipped with bicycle pedals. A moped has now been applied by some regional governments to vehicles without pedals, based on their restricted engine displacement, speed, and/or power output. This is actually a complete misnomer, as they are no longer actually "mopeds" at all, and might instead be called a "noped" if they appear to look exactly like a typical moped, but no longer include pedals. More logically, such a vehicle should be called a scooter. Mopeds occasionally resemble powered bicycles, more commonly called a motorized bicycle. Some mopeds are of a step-through type design, while others are step-over designs, having a motorcycle-like frame, including a "backbone" and a raised fuel tank, mounted directly between the saddle, and the head tube. Most are similar to a regular motorcycle, only having the addition of pedals, in which the rider can both manually power the vehicle through a bicycle-like crankset in addition to a small displacement engine. Although mopeds usually have two wheels, some regions classify low-powered three- or (rarely) four-wheeled vehicles as a moped.4.5 Business jet[footnoteRef:29]. [29: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 23]

A business jet, private jet, or bizjet, or simply B.J., is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people. Business jets may be adapted for other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, and some are used by public bodies, government officials or the armed forces.

4.6 Ship[footnoteRef:30]. [30: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 24]

A ship is a large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size, shape and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare. Historically, a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit.Ships and boats have developed alongside humanity. In armed conflict and in daily life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.As of 2011, there are about 104,304 ships with IMO numbers in the world.Ships were always a key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread such inventions as the compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonization and the slave trade, and have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world population growth. Ship transport has shaped the world's economy into today's energy-intensive pattern.

4.7 Submarine[footnoteRef:31]. [31: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 25]

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term most commonly refers to a large, crewed, autonomous vessel. It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Used as an adjective in phrases such as submarine cable, "submarine" means "under the sea". The noun submarine evolved as a shortened form of submarine boat (and is often further shortened to sub).[1] For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size.

Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies. Submarines were first widely used during World War I (19141918), and now figure in many navies large and small. Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships (merchant and military), submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running, ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using a cruise missile), and covert insertion of special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology.

4.8 Hot air balloon[footnoteRef:32]. [32: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 26]

The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying flight technology. The first untethered manned hot air balloon flight was performed by Jean-Franois Piltre de Rozier and Franois Laurent d'Arlandes on November 21, 1783, in Paris, France, in a balloon created by the Montgolfier brothers.Hot air balloons that can be propelled through the air rather than simply drifting with the wind are known as thermal airships.

A hot air balloon consists of a bag called the envelope that is capable of containing heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and (usually) a source of heat, in most cases an open flame. The heated air inside the envelope makes it buoyant since it has a lower density than the relatively cold air outside the envelope. As with all aircraft, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the atmosphere. Unlike gas balloons, the envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom since the air near the bottom of the envelope is at the same pressure as the air surrounding. For modern sport balloons, the envelope is generally made from nylon fabric and the inlet of the balloon (closest to the burner flame) is made from fire resistant material such as Nomex. Beginning during the mid-1970s, balloon envelopes have been made in all kinds of shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape remains popular for most non-commercial, and many commercial, applications.4.9 Pack animal[footnoteRef:33]. [33: See Appendix of Development, Figure number 27]

A pack animal or beast of burden is a working animal used by humans as means of transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's back; the term may be applied to either an individual animal or a species so employed. The term pack animal is sometimes used in contrast to draft animal, which is a working animal that typically pulls a load behind itself (such as a plow or a wheeled cart) rather than carrying cargo directly on its back. Many ungulate species are traditional pack animals, including elephants, camels, the yak, reindeer, goats, water buffalo and llama, and many of the domesticated Equidae (horse family). A camel pack animal transporting nomadic materials in Eyl, Somalia.The term is not routinely applied to humans carrying loads on their backs except to make a pejorative point about the injustice of so employing them, or about the privation that usually occasions accepting such work without explicit coercion. For example, the 1978 Rolling Stones song "Beast of Burden" refers to a sense of abuse, accepted within a romantic relationship. The neutral term "porter" is typically used instead for those who carry loads for others.Another unconventional form of pack animal may be the dogs that are brought along on hikes carrying their own supply of drinking water and snacks on their backs, whether to provide them more exercise, or in pursuit of a hiker's ethic of "everyone carries his own gear".

5. Elements.Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water.Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a way, a terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operate from simple stops. For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can have high cost, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and overestimation of passenger numbers by planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for transport infrastructure projects.A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.Tilted aerial view of modern airport. Aircraft are parked next to "arms" that extend from the central building Incheon International Airport, South Korea Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation, but ports can be public owned6. Functions.Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.Taxis and buses can be found on both ends of the public transport spectrum. Buses are the cheaper mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and taxis are very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is demand-responsive transport, offering flexibility whilst remaining affordable.International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing. With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport. While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information. Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.Freight train with shipping containers in the United Kingdom

7. Impact.Skyline of city at dawn. A major highway winds itself into the downtown area.Transport is a key component of growth and globalization, such as in Seattle, Washington, United States.Transport is a key necessity for specializationallowing production and consumption of products to occur at different locations. Transport has throughout history been a spur to expansion; better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people. Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport. But the infrastructure and operation of transport has a great impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue.Modern society dictates a physical distinction between home and work, forcing people to transport themselves to places of work or study, as well as to temporarily relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of tourism, a major part of recreational transport. Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed.Planning.Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to plan transport as part of the supply chain. Transport as a field is studied through transport economics, the backbone for the creation of regulation policy by authorities. Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, must take into account trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and route assignment, while the operative level is handled through traffic engineering.Aerial view of roundabout, a junction of several streets. Vehicles traverse around the roundabout, which is surrounded by buildings, mostly multi-storeyThe engineering of this roundabout in Bristol, United Kingdom, attempts to make traffic flow free-moving.Because of the negative impacts incurred, transport often becomes the subject of controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity. Automotive transport can be seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all. Density of development depends on mode of transport, with public transport allowing for better spacial utilization. Good land use keeps common activities close to people's homes and places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs, to minimize the need for transport. There are economies of agglomeration. Beyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste.Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and manyif not allof the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied onspanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociologists as well as economiststhe viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being questioned. European cities are leading this transition.Environment.Looking down a busy road, which is banked on both sides by tall buildings, some of which are covered in advertisement billboardsTraffic congestion persists in So Paulo, Brazil despite the no-drive days based on license numbers.Main article: Transport and the environmentTransport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming. Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced individual vehicles' emissions; however, this has been offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, as well as increased transport electrification and energy efficiency.

8. Analysis.

Transport plays an important role in today's economy and society and has a large impact on growth and employment. The transport industry directly employs around 10 million people and accounts for about 5% of gross domestic product (GDP). Effective transport systems are fundamental for the European companies' ability to compete in the world economy. Logistics, such as transport and storage, account for 1015% of the cost of a finished product for European companies.The quality of transport services has a major impact on people's quality of life. On average 13.2% of every household's budget is spent on transport goods and services. Transport also depends heavily on oil resources and represents an important source of CO2 emissions. The strategy outlined in the Transport 2050 Roadmap to a Single Transport Area aims to introduce profound structural changes to transform the transport sector.In this sense, the methodologies and tools developed by the JRC focus on the evaluation of policy measures in terms of the main objectives of EU transport policy related to the economy and competitiveness, as well as on the decarbonisation of transport: Increasing efficiency of the whole transport system: techno-economic analysis of emerging technologies, analysis of impacts on transport demand, costs, emissions, congestion, accessibility and economic impacts. Strengthening the competitiveness of European industry: Analysis of the contribution of transport to economic competitiveness, both as a main element of economic activity (transport of people and goods) and as an industrial sector itself. Pioneering the transport of the future (long term perspective): technology watch and foresight activities, techno-economic characterisation, innovation in transport. Decarbonising and greening the transport system: Analysis of technologies and measures to reduce transport GHG emissions and other externalities, development of methodologies for the estimation of external costs.

Eort: EsfuerzoPassenger: PasajeroInputs: EntradasAnchored: Anclado.Both: AmbosFreeow: Flujo libre.Upper: SuperiorOutcomes: ResultadosMorbidity: MorbocidadInjuries: LesionesPollutants: ContaminantesIncreasingly: Cada vez masBottom: FondoComprise: ComprenderEntails: ConllevaDelay: RetrasoFurther: AdicionalArguably: Podria decirse que Shaper: MoldeadorInvestments: Inversiones Sprawl: ExtensinOverall: TotalWithin: DentroCurrently: ActualmenteKnowledge: ConocimientoItself: Si mismoSequence: SecuenciaNewly: RecientementeTools: InstrumentosExtremely: ExtremadamenteAffect: AfectarProviding: ProporcionandoFeature: CaractersticaLight: LuzArrangements: CordinarUnderlying: SubyacenteSettlement: AsentamientoExemplified: EjemplificadoWastes: DesechosLikewise: IgualmenteDevelopment: DesarrolloAllows: PermiteOccurs: OcurreStaunch: FirmaAverage: PromedioBuildup: ConstruirEnlarge: AmpliarPipelines: TiberasWatercraft: EmbarcacionesAdvantages: VentajasUnderdeveloped: SubdesarrolladoAlthough: AunqueWheeled: RuedasPowerful: PotenteCaliphate: CalifatoRemained: PermanecidoQuickly: RapidamenteRail: CarrilTarmac: PistaGrowth: CrecimientoGovernment: GobiernoNetworks: RedesHeadway: ProgresoMass: MasaMonorails: MonorielSubway: MetroHire: ContratarLuggage: EquipajeHailed: AclamadoWires: CablesOutlying: PerifricoBroad: AnchoNamely: A saberAlongside: Junto aFitness: AptitudWidely: ExtensamenteAboard: A bordoCoined: AcuadoWarfare: GuerraReconnaissance: ReconocimientoHeated: CalentadoBears: OsosMonopoly: MonopolioRiders: JinetesSpread: PropagacinBanked: BancarizadosHeavily: FuertementePathways: Vas

Bibliography.

https://ec.europa.eu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://www.fsuburbanos.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animalhttps://www.pinterest.com/pin/292945150736027079/http://www.skyscanner.es/noticias/las-15-estaciones-de-metro-mas-bonitas-del-mundohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus

ITRODUCTION

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FOUNDATION

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DEVELOPMENT

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Figure 7 Public Transpot

Figure 10 Mexican TrainFigure 9 Japanese Train

Figure 12 TaxiFigure 11 Mexican Bus

Figure 13 Mexican Metro

Figure 14 Mexican Trolleybus

Figure 15 RTP

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Figure 19 Private TransportFigure 18 Mexican MetrobusFigure 17

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