Prepared By:Faiz Abdullah

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS

1) Cell2) Tissues3) Organs4) Systems5) Organis

mBLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Unicellular organism

No part of the cell is far from the external environment

EASY O2 + nutrients can go into the cell easily

Multicellular organism

Many cells are far from the outside environment!

HARD diffusion alone is not enough to bring materials into these cells

UNICELLULAR VS MULTICELLULAR

THAT IS WHY WE NEED A TRASNPORT SYSTEM!!

In humans,

Circulatory system transports blood to and from all parts of the body.

Thus it functionally connects the aqueous environment of all body cells to organs specialized for exchanging gases, absorbing nutrients and disposing waste.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. It carries oxygen and food to all cells in the body

2. It carries waste away from the cells of the body

HUMAN CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM

The human circulatory system consists of three parts:

THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart

An organ that pumps blood around the body

Blood vessels

A network of tubesTo carry blood around the body

Blood

A liquid that transports materials

Arteries Capillaries Veins

Humans Closed circulatory system

Direction of blood flow:

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart

Arteries Capillaries Veins

Pumps bloodto

Back to

Backflow does Not happen VALVES

Prevents backfl ow of blood

VALVE

picture

ARTERIES

Arteries receive blood directly from heartNarrow lumenFlow of blood fast + at high pressureThus, The walls of the arteries are THICK, MUSCULAR and ELASTIC to withstand the pressure.- Elastic enables arteries to stretch and recoil, which

pushes blood in spurts and gives rise to pulse- Blood moves along the arteries by contraction and

relaxation of muscles in the walls.

Arteries branch into smaller vessels arterioles (smallest), which connects to the smallest blood vessel, capillaries

ARTERIES

Veins carry blood towards the heartBlood pressure is lower than in arteriesBlood flows more slowly and smoothly Thin layer of

wall and elastic tissueHave internal valves

Waste products are brought back to the heart when capillaries join to form VENULES

VEINS

ARTERY VS VEIN

The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins

the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

CHARACTERISTICS

ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES

Direction of blood flow

Carries blood from heart organs

Carries blood from organs blood

Carries blood from arterioles venules

Valves Absent except in pulmonary artery

Present Absent

Size of wall Thick Thin A single layer of cells

Layer of elastic and muscle tissue

Thick Thin Absent

Oxygen content Oxygenated except pulmonary artery

Deoxygenated except pulmonary vein

Oxygenated arterioleDeoxygenated venule

Color Red Bluish-red Bluish-red

Location Deep in muscle Nearer to body surface

Inside all tissues

BREATHING TAKING IN AND OUT OF AIR

What is happening inside the lungs?

air sac in the lung

air sac in the lung

oxygen

air sac in the lung

oxygen

1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen

air sac in the lung

oxygen

1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen

2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin

air sac in the lung

oxygen

1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen

2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin

3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down

air sac in the lung

oxygen

1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen

2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin

3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down

oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body

oxygen is used for respiration

air sac in the lung

oxygen

1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen

2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin

3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down

oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body

oxygen is used for respiration

4 the haemoglobin in the red cells goes back to the lungs to pick up more oxygen

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

Remember this!

DIAGRAM

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

LUNGS

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Body

Right Ventricle

Right Atrium

Pulmonary Circulation

HeartLungsHeart

Systemic Circulation

HeartBodyHeart

Low pressure circulation Walls of the right ventricle are thinner and less muscular than left ventricle

High pressure circulation

Blood has to be pumped to the furthest part of the body

Blood passes the heart twiceWHY DOUBLE CIRCULATION?

THE HUMAN HEART Source of life <3

THE HUMAN HEART

The human heart has four chambers – two smaller chambers (atria) and two large chambers (ventricles)

A muscular wall down the middle SEPTUM, divides the heart into right half and left half to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

The Heart

These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.

This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.

Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply

The heart has four chambers

2 atria

2 ventricles

The Heart

Left Ventricle

Left AtriumRight Atrium

Right Ventricle

valve

Vein from Lungs

Artery to Head and BodyArtery to Lungs

Vein from Head and Body

valve

How does the Heart work?

blood from the body

blood from the lungs

The heart beat begins when the

heart muscles relax and blood

flows into the atria.

STEP ONE

The atria then contract and

the valves open to allow

blood

into the ventricles.

How does the Heart work?

STEP TWO

How does the Heart work?

The valves close to stop blood

flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing

the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are

relaxing and once again filling with

blood.The cycle then repeats itself.

STEP THREE

SUMMARY

Chambers of the heart, made up of cardiac muscles, contract in pairs

Deoxygenated blood from two anterior vena cavae and a posterior vena cava

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

enters

Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein arising from the lungs

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Blood travels through the aorta to be distributed to other parts of body

entersRemember:Happen simultaneously

VALVES

MEMORIZE

LUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUPLUP-DUP

HEARTBEAT

HEARTBEAT

HEARTBEAT

DIASTOLE SYSTOLE

• Heart expands• Muscles of ventricle relax• Bicuspid and tricuspid valves open• Arterial valves open• Blood heart

• Heart contracts• Muscles of ventricle

contract• Bicuspid and tricuspid

valves close• Arterial valves open• Blood lungs & body

Each time a heart beats, it sets up a wave of pressure called a pulse wave along the main arteries

PULSE

STETHOSCOPE – MEASURE HEARTBEAT

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels

Hypertension (High blood pressure)

Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

Artherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries)

EXAMPLES

Occurs when coronary arteries become clogged less blood flows through and parts of heart muscles do not get suffi cient blood

Fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries make them

narrow atherosclerosisAtherosclerosis progresses graduallyCoronary artery becomes more and more clogged and

may eventually get blocked coronary occlusion

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

In coronary occlusion, the blood flow in the artery stops and so does the supply of oxygen and nutrients

CORONARY OCCLUSION

HEART ATTACK WHEN ONE OR MORE CORONARY ARTERIES

BECOME BLOCKED

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

ATHEROSCLEROSIS VS ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Unbalanced diet Stress, lack of exercise, smoking

CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE

Reduce consumption of items rich in fats and cholesterol

Eat more heart-healthy foodStay within ideal weight range by eating right dietExercise regularlyDon’t smokeReduce stress

PREVENTION

componentsBLOOD

WHAT IS BLOOD MADE UP OF?

Red blood cells White blood cells PlateletsPlasmaBreakdown products of digestion, such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Dissolved mineral saltsCarbon dioxideUreahormones

TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

Plasma

55%

Blood cells

45%

WHAT IS PLASMA?

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which carries everything else.

Plasma is a straw-yellow coloured liquidIf everything in plasma was removed, plasma

would look like this

Nutrients

Waste products

Dissolved gases

Hormones

SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY THE PLASMA

Amino Acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol

Urea, ammonia, bile pigments

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen

Insulin, oestrogen, testosterone

WHAT DO THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF BLOOD LOOK

LIKE UNDER A MICROSCOPE?

Red blood cells

White blood cells

WHAT IS THE JOB OF RED BLOOD CELLS?

They have a round, fl at disc shape for a large surface area

They do not have a nucleusThey contain haemoglobin

which combines with oxygen in areas of high concentration to form oxyhaemoglobin

Oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin

Red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body for use in respiration

WHAT DO WHITE BLOOD CELLS DO?

White blood cells help the body to fight invading bacteria

White blood cells will engulf and ingest invading bacteria

OTHER IMPORTANT JOBS OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

They produce antibodies which can recognise and fi ght bacteria

They produce antitoxins which neutralise the toxins (poisons) that bacteria produce, which make us feel ill

WHAT DO PLATELETS DO?

Platelets are fragments of cells The job of platelets is to help blood clot and form a

scabThe platelets are involved in the formation of fibrin,

which is needed for clotting bloodThis is useful for stopping bleeding, and for

preventing germs from entering the body through the cut

SUMMARY OF THE COMPOSITION OF BLOOD