TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 11 novembre 2008. Translation Strategies From J.L. Malone, The Science of...
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Transcript of TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 11 novembre 2008. Translation Strategies From J.L. Malone, The Science of...
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES11 novembre 2008
Translation Strategies From J.L. Malone, The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation (see C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp. 48-64)
Using examples from several language Malone provides a list of NINE translation strategies, i.e. nine different ways to deal with the differences between Source Language and Target Language at structural and lexical level.
Translation Stategies
• Equation• Divergence• Amplification• Diffusion• Reordering
• Substitution• Convergence• Reduction• Condensation
*
EQUATION/SUBSTITUTION
LOAN WORDS
• Culturally specific words are often loan words:Italians play rugby or footballThe English eat lasagna or pesto
• This also happens when the equivalent term exist:Italians play volley (pallavolo)The English buy rucola (rocket)corner/calcio d’angolo
• • Loan words are typical of technical language:• -software, business, screening…
Never take equation for granted: the same word may not mean the
same thing in two languages
• false-friends:
- actually = effettivamente (NON attualmente)- eventually = alla fine (NON eventualmente)- effectively = efficacemente (NON effettivamente)
• cultural differences: - the experience evoked by a word may not be
the same in TL and SL > spaghetti, caffé…> città/paese ≠ city/town> REALTA’ > REALITY?
REALTA’/REALITY
In this case the English equivalent has too high a level of
abstraction:
L’arte come imitazione della realtà/Art as imitation of REALITY?
La realtà è dura/REALITY? is hard
La sua malattia è una realtà/Her illness is A REALITY?
Spesso la non vediamo realtà... /Often we don’t see REALITY?
La realtà economica/The economic REALITY?
L’arte come imitazione della realtà/Art as imitation of NATURE
La realtà è dura/LIFE is hard
La sua malattia è una realtà/Her illness is GENUINE
Progetti che diventano realtà/Plans which are REALISED
Spesso non vediamo la realtà /Often we don’t see THINGS
Ha il senso della realtà /He is REALISTIC
Bisogna tenere presente la realtà locale/We must keep local
NEEDS in mind
La realtà economica/The economic SITUATION
CALQUE
The TL adapts the SL term to its own morphological framework:e.g.: dribblare, formattare radice inglese + suffisso italianoe.g.: bravo! parola italiana + assenza di concordanza in numero e genere (come in inglese)
Calque is used too often in everyday language…
- Questo jeans è un attimino stonewashato!- Li cutto, li pasto e te li sendo!
FIXED EQUATIONThe Holy Bible = La Sacra Bibbia≠ La Santa Bibbia≠The Sacred Bible
No smoking = Vietato fumare≠ Non si fuma
Burning bush = roveto (≠ cespuglio) ardente
In more general terms EQUATION refers to the default situation wherby a tarmi s translated with its one-to-one equivalent (e.g. GENTLE = GENTILE)
Lorenzo fermò la macchina e vide un uomo…
Lorenzo stopped the car and saw a man…
SUBSTITUTIONthe antithesis of equation
GRAMMARGulliver’s travels I viaggi di Gulliver
Farò in modo che si convinca a venire I’ll try to get her to come
I want you to know that …Voglio che tu sappia che…
SUBSTITUTION
SEMANTICS• La goccia che fa traboccare il vaso
• The straw that broke the camel’s back
PRAGMATICS• Do not lean out• E’ pericoloso sporgersi
DIVERGENCE/CONVERGENCE
DIVERGENCE (one-to-many)
Creampanna
Cremaglass
vetro
bicchiere
Se dovesse succedere
Were it to happen
If it were to happen
should it happen
If it should happen
• She saw a beautiful dress in the window• She opened the window• She lowered the window
Non ho niente da dire
Niente male
Niente scherzi
Non hanno un bel niente
NIENTE
I have nothing to say
Not bad
No messing about!
They have nothing at all
CONVERGENCE (many-to-one)
Commercialista
Contabile
RagioniereAccountant
Tu
Lei
Voi
You
AMPLIFICATION/REDUCTION
AMPLIFICATION
• Swansea is the birthplace of Dylan Thomas• Swasea è il luogo natale del famoso scrittore e poeta Dylan Thomas
• Display • Esporre ben in vista
REDUCTION
Carta geograficaMap
Psychologist Raymond Carpenter, PhD
Lo psicologo Raymond Carpenter
DIFFUSION/CONDENSATION
DIFFUSION
• A source text item or utterance is expanded without adding any extra layer of meaning
Cheap A buon mercato
Weatherwise Per quanto riguarda il tempo
The nineteen century sex role system
La divisione dei ruoli in base al sesso nel XIX secolo
CONDENSATION
A source text item or utterance is contracted without omitting any layer of meaning:
To look at guardare
To fall in love innamorarsi
To run after inseguire
REORDERINGProcedures introduced to the re-arrange syntactic
units into the most familiar patterns of the target language
Black and white Bianco e nero
Non è ancora giunto il tempo
The time has not yet come
È successauna disgrazia
Something terrible has happened
HIGH PRESSURE
• Pressione alta: high blood pressure
• Alta pressione: in the meteorological sense
According to 1998-2000 figures, 12% of Europe's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated by tourism and tourism-related activities and over 20 million jobs have been created in this sector, essentially within Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs).
> ... e in questo settore sono stati creati più di 20 millioni di posti di lavoro
HOMEWORK
Da C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp. 48-64Suggestions for further practice:1) download - TRAVELLING IN EUROPE 2008http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/72/index_en.htm
- VIAGGIARE IN EUROPA 2008http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/72/index_it.htm
2) compare the two texts in terms of translation strategies