Ch. 11, Section 1 Main idea: The United States’s political system changed under Andrew Jackson.
Transforming the Political Culture The Age of Jackson.
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Transcript of Transforming the Political Culture The Age of Jackson.
Transforming the Political CultureThe Age of Jackson
The people are the government, administering it by their agents; they are the government, the sovereign power
Mischief springs from the power which the moneyed interest
derives from a paper currency which they are able to control,
from the multitude of corporations with exclusive privileges;
which are employed altogether for their benefit.
It is to be regretted
that the rich and
powerful too often
bend the acts of
government to their
own selfish
purposes.
Andrew JacksonUS House Rep. 1796-7US Senator: 1796-7; 1823-5Military Governor of FL 1821President 1829-1837
Champion of the “Common Man” or “King” Andrew?
What conditions and values
gave rise to the new political
culture called “the era of the
common man”?
Challenging the “better sort”Egalitarianism
Equality (of opportunity)*
Self-made man
End of disinterested politics
*at least for white men
Extending the Right to Vote
Not for free African Americans or Women
Popular ParticipationPublic Meetings
“Penny Press”
Public Entertainment
The Emergence of Political Parties
New breed of politicians look for broad support
Parties are good for the countryOrganized contentious interests negotiate
Harmony and stability produced
Martin Van Buren• New political order
based on party not family connections
• 1821 in NY; the Bucktails• Internal Party Loyalty
• Party newspaper• Legislative caucus• Patronage and the
spoils system
Election of 1824“The Corrupt Bargain”
The “Common Man’s” Candidate
Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson
Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree
Jackson’s OpponentsJackson’s OpponentsJackson’s OpponentsJackson’s Opponents
Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]
•American SystemAmerican System•WestWest
John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams[MA][MA]
•American SystemAmerican System•New EnglandNew England
William CrawfordWilliam Crawford[GA][GA]
•Lower SouthLower South
John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun[SC][SC]
Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain”
Candidate Popular VoteElectoral Vote
Andrew Jackson 43% 99
J.Q. Adams 31% 84
William Crawford
13% 41
Henry Clay 13% 37
Election goes to the House
John Q. Adams(1825-1829)
Promoted manufacturing (Northeast) and commercial farming (Midwest)
Sectional tensions over tariffs build support for a new party
Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)Van Buren and Jacksonian allies conspireSoutherners in a rage
Adams called for fair negotiations w/ Creeks
Wanted diplomatic ties w/ new South American republics
Pillager of the South, ally to the savages, out
of touch with the people
AFTER ELECTION OF 1824
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYPolitical world changed during the New Democracy. Two new
political parties emerge
New parties
NATIONAL NATIONAL REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS
1. Adams, Clay and Webster
2. strong national govt.
3. Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery.
4. Best/privileged run the govt.
DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS1. Jackson and Calhoun2. Believed in state’s rights and
federal restraint in economic and social affairs.
3. Favored the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government.
4. Protected the common man.
The Election of 1828The Revolution of 1828
CaucusCaucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate
ConventionConvention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate.
Eliminated, “King Caucus”
Direct PrimaryDirect Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate
1790 to 18281790 to 1828
1828 to 1828 to 19001900
Current System Used
The “Democrats”• 1st modern campaign• “Equality among the
peoples”• Immigrants and artisans• Southerners appeased• Appealed to Mid-Atlantic
states by supporting a “judicious” tariff
• Hostility towards NAs• Focused on candidate;
corrupt bargain
One anti-Jackson newspaper declared,“General Jackson’s mother was a common prostitute, brought to this country by the British soldiers! She, afterwards married a mulatto man with whom she had several children, of which one was Andrew Jackson.”
•Accused him of hiring a servant girl for a visiting Russian ambassador…
•Accused of gambling in the White House.
•Intellectual, aristocrat
•Accused him of hiring a servant girl for a visiting Russian ambassador…
•Accused of gambling in the White House.
•Intellectual, aristocrat
•One of the worst elections in US History for its “mudslinging.”
•Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he became President…He blamed Adams and Clay
•One of the worst elections in US History for its “mudslinging.”
•Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he became President…He blamed Adams and Clay
Election of 1828A Dirty Affair
1828 Election Results1828 Election Results1828 Election Results1828 Election Results
The Election of 1824 The Election of 1828
•Election of 1824, 355,817 voted.
•Election 1828,
1,155,350 voted.
Inaugural
The New “The New “Jackson CoalitionJackson Coalition””The New “The New “Jackson CoalitionJackson Coalition””
3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South
3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier
3 State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils spoils systemsystem
3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.
3 City men w/ new wealthCity men w/ new wealth
Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common Man“Common Man””
Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common Man“Common Man””
3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern““establishment,establishment,”” monopolies, & monopolies, & special privilege.special privilege.
3 His heart & soul was with theHis heart & soul was with the““plain folk.plain folk.””
3 Belief that the common man was Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.
Rotation and the Spoils System
Public duties were “so plain and simple that men of intelligence” could do it.
“No one man has any more intrinsic right to official station than another.”
To the victor go the spoils
Party loyalty; protect against “property in office”
“Kitchen Cabinet”
What did Jacksonians do in office, and to what extent did they represent the values and aspirations of most Americans?
Indian Removal
The Cherokee Nation The Cherokee Nation After 1820After 1820
The Cherokee Nation The Cherokee Nation After 1820After 1820
Cherokee Indians• Adopted white culture• Owned slaves• Cherokee language• Charter based on
Constitution• Georgia legislature wanted
Cherokee land• Jackson removed federal
troops protecting Indians in GA, AL and MS
Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal3 JacksonJackson’’s Goal?s Goal?
3 1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act
3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831) * * ““domestic dependent nationdomestic dependent nation””
3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)
3 Jackson:Jackson: John Marshall has made hisJohn Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce decision, now let him enforce it! it!
Trail of Tears (1838)• 1838: only 2,000 of 17,000 Cherokee had moved• President Van Buren sends Gen. Winfield Scott• 14,000 march 1,200 miles• 3,000 die along the way
Black Hawk War of 1832
Sauk and Fox people from Illinois and Wisconsin Territory
Chief Black Hawk
Jackson sent troops
Jefferson Davis and Lincoln
Massacre at Bad Axe
Second Seminole War 1835-1842
In FL, runaway slaves and Seminoles
Half moved to the Indian Territory
Successful guerilla war and retained lands in FL
The Tariff and Nullification Issue
The “Peggy Eaton AffairThe “Peggy Eaton Affair””The “Peggy Eaton AffairThe “Peggy Eaton Affair””
1828 Tariff of Abominations
Southerners complaintsCotton sold in a world market, unprotected
Forced to buy manufactured goods in an American market protected by high tariffs
What really scared SouthernersGrowing fear of fed. interference w/ slavery
Britain to outlaw slavery in West Indies in 1833
Fluctuation of prices for staple crops
TheThe Webster-Hayne Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)Debate (1830)
TheThe Webster-Hayne Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)Debate (1830)
Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster
[MA][MA]
Sen. Robert Sen. Robert HayneHayne
[SC][SC]
South Carolina Reacts
1832: A new tariff
SC calls state convention
Ordinance of Nullification
Threatens to secede
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Jackson Responds
Ordinance was “unauthorized by its spirit…and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.”
“Disunion by armed force is treason.”
1833: Force Bill
Compromise Tariff of 1833
The Bank War
Jackson’s Use of Federal Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerPower
Jackson’s Use of Federal Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerPower
VETOVETO
1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]
The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate
The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate
NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle
PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson
As to mere power, I have been for years in the daily exercise of more personal authority than any President habitually enjoys.
The Bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it.
Opposition to the 2Opposition to the 2ndnd B.U.S.B.U.S.
Opposition to the 2Opposition to the 2ndnd B.U.S.B.U.S.
“Soft”(paper) $“Soft”
(paper) $“Hard”
(specie) $“Hard”
(specie) $
3 state bankers feltstate bankers feltit restrained theirit restrained theirbanks from issuingbanks from issuingbank notes freely.bank notes freely.
3 supported rapid supported rapid economic growth economic growth & speculation.& speculation.
3 felt that coin was felt that coin was the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.
3 didndidn’’t like any bankt like any bankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.
3 suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.
The Bank War
Clay and Webster push for renewal in 1832 (election year)
Political miscalculation
Jackson vetoesUnconstitutional (ignored Marshall’s McCulloch vs. Maryland
Election of 1832
Main Issue?
The Destruction of the Mother Bank
Changing Legal Doctrines
1837: Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge
Creative destruction of ancient rights
Challenges Dartmouth College v Woodward
Did Jacksonians reflect what it meant to be an American? How did other groups of people interact with Jacksonians to create important new meanings of “Americannes”?
The Whigs (1834)
Supporters of the American System
Southern states’ righters miffed by Jackson’s stand on nullification
Larger northern industrialists and merchants
Evangelical Protestants
Seen as part of the “fat cats” until…
Anti-Masonic Party
1826: Kidnap and murder of William Morgan (whistleblower)
Masons secret and aristocratic
Whigs recruited Anti-Masons
TemperanceEquality of opportunityEvangelical morality
1834: Whigs win majority in House
WHIGSWHIGS1. Strong national govt.
2. Favored the BUS, protective tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery.
3. Best and privileged run the govt.
4. New Englanders and residents of mid-Atlantic and upper Middle-western states; middle class urban professionals
DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS1. Believed in state’s rights and
federal restraint in economic and social affairs.
2. Liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. Pro-slavery
3. Protected the common man4. Southerners, westerners, small
farmers, urban workers
Election of 1836
Workingmen’s Parties
Urban artisans and workers
Problems?
Thomas Skidmore
Radicals siphoned off by social reformers
Demands?
Panic of 1837
“Wildcat Banks”
Specie Circular of 1836: Buy future land only with gold or silver
Credit pinched
Bank of England’s role
Cotton prices and drain of specie
States default
Labor unions undermined
“Van Ruin”
Criticism of Jackson
“the less govt interferes w/ private pursuits the better for the general prosperity”
Divorce BillIndependent Treasury
1840
Election of 1840
Democratic Nominee
Whig Candidates
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”
“Log Cabin & Cider” Campaign
• Whigs also welcomed women to campaign festivities
• Organized fundraisers through churches or benevolent societies
• Democrats likened politically minded females to “public” women
Log Cabin Campaign Pin
“His Accidency”
Former Democrat
Committed to states’ rights and slavery
Vetoed Whig bills dealing with American System
Allowed Democrats to regroup
DemocratizationWhite male suffrage increased
Party nominating committees
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors
Spoils system
Rise of third parties
Popular campaigning
Two-party system returnsDems-Reps Natl. Reps (1828) Whigs (1832) Republicans (1854)Democrats (1832)
Jackson’s Legacy
Political parties became acceptable
White men’s right to vote and inclusive political culture
Emerging American identity celebrating ambitious, entrepreneurial and individualistic activity
Diminish the American system
Put more control of institutions in state and local hands
Democratic Party became a big tent
Jackson’s Legacy
Increased the power of the presidency
Converted veto power into an effective presidential power
Shrank govt’s authority over peoples lives and paved the way for tremendous entrepreneurial activity
Jackson’s Failures
Growing social stratificationGap b/w rich and poor visibly widened
Working class organization rose to seek redress
Depression
Women’s role
African Americans
Native Americans
Whig’s Influence
Ambitions and fast-paced growth required checksControl, order, regulation and morality
Internal development
Protective tariffs
Moral and social control of the disadvantaged by the middle class
“The legitimate object of govt. is to do for the people what needs to be done, but which they can not, by individual effort, do at all, or do so well, for themselves.”
Photo of Andrew Jackson Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844in 1844
Photo of Andrew Jackson Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844in 1844
1767 - 18451767 - 1845