Andrew Jackson

Chapter Tour

The Age of Jackson, 1824–

1840During his presidency,

Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect

the nation.

12-1: Politics of the People

Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy.

Essential Question:

What is the effect of expanding voting rights and Jacksonian Democracy?

Left Page of your notes:

Jacksonian

Democracy

The Election of 18241. Democratic-

Republican party has four presidential candidates:a. John Quincy

Adams has New England’s support

b. William Crawford has South’s support

c. Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson both have the West’s support

2. Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get majority of electoral votes

3. House of Representatives chooses Adams

Adams’ July 4th Speech

“America knows that by once enlisting under other leadership than her own, she would involve herself beyond the power of removal.”

WHAT DOES IT MEAN??

Adams’ July 4th Speech

“America knows that by once enlisting under other leadership than her own, she would involve herself beyond the power of removal.”America knows that permanent alliances with foreign countries is a bad thing!

Jacksonian Democracy

1. Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him

2. Aims to win next election, helps to split Democratic-Republican party

3. Split eventually creates 2 parties:a. Democrats grow out of

Jackson’s supportersb. National Republicans

grow from Adams’s supporters

Jacksonian Democracy1. Jackson backs interests of common people,

supports majority rule2. Jacksonian democracy - political power for all

people, majority rule3. Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas

Jefferson’s presidency4. Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph for

common people

The People’s President1. Andrew Jackson, first president not from

aristocratic background2. Grows up on frontier farm, fights in

Revolutionary War, taken prisoner3. After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812

Jackson Takes Office

1. Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel, dies soon after he wins presidency

2. Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on wife’s reputation

3. Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all levels of society

4. Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White House

A New Political Era Begins

1. Andrew Jackson replaces many government officials with his supporters

2. Giving government jobs to political backers - spoils system

3. Opponents charge that spoils system corrupt

4. Jackson defends system, breaks up one group’s hold on government

Finish Notes

Quiz Time!

1. The candidate who was elected president as a result of what some Americansbelieved to be a corrupt political deal was

a. John Adams.b. John Quincy Adams.c. Henry Clay.d. Andrew Jackson.2. What practice became known as the .spoils system.?a. supporters contributing money to candidates. election campaignsb. elected officials rewarding political backers with government jobsc. the House of Representatives choosing the presidentd. political party leaders choosing who will run in an election3. The president whose election was seen as ending control of the government byan educated elite wasa. Andrew Jackson.b. John Quincy Adams.c. James Monroe.d. Thomas Jefferson.4. The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rulewas characteristic ofa. federalism.b. nationalism.c. republicanism.d. Jacksonian democracy.

Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River.

Essential Question:

Evaluate Jackson’s Indian Removal policy.

Left Page of your notes:

• 1828

• 1830

• 1831

• 1835

• 1838

• 1842

Native Americans in the Southeast

1. In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain east

2. Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to their way of life

3. Others want Native Americans to move out

4. Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole: called civilized because

they have adopted some white culture

5. Tribes hold large areas of land

The Cherokee Nation1. Cherokee adopt

white customs more than any other Southeastern tribe

2. Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written language

3. Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing system

4. Draw up constitution based on U.S. Constitution, found Cherokee Nation

5. Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites demand Cherokee move

Jackson’s Removal Policy

1. Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of Mississippi

2. As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes treaties with southeast tribes

3. As a result, U.S. government gains large amounts of land

4. Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices:a. adopt white culture, become U.S. citizensb. move into Western territories

Jackson’s Removal Policy1. Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give whites right

to Cherokee land2. Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson supports

states3. Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which:

requires Native Americans to relocate west4. Policy forever changes relations between whites, Native

Americans

The Trail of Tears

1. Whites invade Native American homelands

2. Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties

3. Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory

4. Indian Territory - what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas, Nebraska

Based on this image, what were the conditions and challenges for the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears?

From the Text (377)

The Trail of Tears1. Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian

Territory2. Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to

protect land 3. Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it4. U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall, winter

of 1838 -18395. Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of Cherokees

die

Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears

Native American Resistance

1. Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his family

2. On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed

3. Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other Cherokees

4. Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to remain on their land

5. Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot, some Cherokee remain

Native American Resistance1. Seminole refuse to

leave Florida (1835), leads to Second Seminole War

2. Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise attacks on U.S. army

3. Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison

4. Some Seminole continue to fight in the Everglades, others move west

5. Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to their lands in Illinois

6. During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush Black Hawk’s uprising

Finish Notes

Quiz Time!

1. The region that was once known as the Cherokee Nation covers what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska.

2. In 1821, the brilliant Cherokee Osceola perfected a writing system that allowed his people to write and read their own language.

3. The long journey west that the Cherokee people were forced to make in the winter of 1838 and 1839 is known as the Trail of Tears.

4. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act to authorize the government to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move west.

5. A band of Seminoles led by Sequoya hid in the Everglades and used guerrilla tactics to defeat the U.S. Army.

If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make it true.

12-3: Conflicts over States’ Rights

Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs.

Essential Question:

How did the “Tariff of Abominations” lead to South Carolina threatening to secede?

Left Page of your notes:

Issues that led to

sectional differences

Rising Sectional Differences

1. In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections: the Northeast the South the West

2. Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices

3. Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories

4. Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers

Rising Sectional Differences1. Northeast, West back internal improvement such as

roads, canals2. Aids transportation of food, raw materials, manufactured

goods3. South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on

imports4. South opposes tariffs, economy depends on foreign trade5. Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase of

domestic products

Tariff of Abominations

1. At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passes tariff bill

2. Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials, manufactured goods

3. Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff of Abominations

4. Southerners claim Northeast interests control government policies

Crisis over Nullification1. Vice-president John C.

Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification:a. state has right to reject

federal law it considers unconstitutional

b. any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders

c. Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring one area of nation

2. Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff

3. Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union

The States’ Right Debate1. Senate debates

doctrine of nullification, Webster-Hayne debate (1830)

2. Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: gives states a lawful way

to defend their freedom

3. Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification: the people not the states

make the Union

4. President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification

South Carolina Threatens to Secede

1. Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not satisfied

2. South Carolina threatens secession - withdrawal from the Union

3. Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal laws

4. Congress passes compromise tariff (1833), South Carolina stays in Union

Finish Notes

Quiz Time!

1. What was the issue in the Webster-Hayne debate?a. whether John Quincy Adams or Andrew Jackson should become presidentb. whether or not to pass the controversial tariff of 1828c. whether the federal government or a state had more powerd. whether the government should collect the tariff in South Carolina2. What political leader from South Carolina was a strong nationalist beforebecoming a champion of states’ rights?a. Andrew Jacksonb. John C. Calhounc. Daniel Websterd. Thomas Jefferson3. Which statement explains why the tariff passed in 1828 was called the Tariff of Abominations?a. Northerners were upset that the tariff forced them to pay high prices for Southern cotton.b. Southerners were outraged because they felt they were being forced to pay for the North’s prosperity.c. The tariff was controversial and helped Andrew Jackson win the presidential election of 1828.d. Some Southerners threatened to not collect the tariff in their states.

12-4: Prosperity and Panic

Jackson’s policies cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election.

Essential Question:

How did Jackson’s war on the National bank lead to a depression?

Left Page of your notes:

National Bank

Closes

Mr. Biddle’s Bank

1. The Second Bank of the United States, most powerful bank in country

2. Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, controls nation’s money

3. Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much power, favors the wealthy

4. In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the bank’s charter

From the Text (385)

“It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes…Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government… [B]ut when the laws undertake to…make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society…have a right to complain of the injustice of their Government.” – Andrew Jackson

What are Jackson’s reasons for wanting to destroy the

National Bank?

Jackson’s War on the Bank1. Andrew Jackson

vetoes renewal of bank’s charter

2. Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly that favors the few

3. In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy the bank

4. Has government funds deposited in state banks

5. Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people to borrow money

6. Bank goes out of business, economy suffers

Prosperity Becomes Panic1. People take out loans,

banks issue too much paper money

2. Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise

3. Causes inflation - an increase in prices and decrease in money value

4. Jackson leaves office, nation has a false prosperity

5. Martin Van Buren takes office, economic panic spreads

6. Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837

7. People demand gold, silver in exchange for paper money, banks run out

8. Banks default, severe economic slump, or depression, follows

9. 90 percent of factories in East close, people go hungry

The Rise of the Whig Party1. Senators Henry Clay,

Daniel Webster want government to help economy

2. Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve if left alone

3. At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party

4. Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president

5. Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president

6. Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president

William Henry Harrison

The Election of 1840

1. William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election

2. Dies one month after being inaugurated

3. First president to die in office

4. Vice-president John Tyler becomes president

John Tyler

Finish Notes

Quiz Time!

a. depressionb. William Henry Harrisonc. inflationd. Panic of 1837e. John Tylerf. Martin Van Buren

1. candidate whose military record helped him to be elected president in 18402. resulted from a widespread concern about the nation’s economic health3. vice-president who became president because of the former president’s great popularity4. resulted from the failure of the nation’s money system5. vice-president who became president when the popular war-hero president died in office6. resulted from an increase in the money supply and a decrease in the value of money

I Am:

Andrew JacksonA Cherokee Indian

Nicholas Biddle