Transformations Around the Globe, 1800–1914

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

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SECTION China Responds to Pressure from the West 1

SECTION Japan Modernizes 2

SECTION U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America 3

SECTION The Mexican Revolution 4

28CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Countries in East Asia and Latin America respond to Western imperialism in different ways. China and Japan try to modernize. Latin America becomes dependent on exports and foreign investments. Mexico fights for independence and political stability.

28CHAPTER Transformations

Around the Globe, 1800–1914

1823 Monroe Doctrine reflects special U.S. interest in Americas.

1839 China and Britain clash in Opium War.

1853 Commodore Perry enters Tokyo harbor.

28CHAPTER

Time Line

1800 1914

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Transformations Around the Globe, 1800–1914

1910 Mexican Revolution begins.

1914 Panama Canal opens.

1898 United States wins Spanish-American War.

China clings to its ancient traditions and self-sufficiency, but eventually succumbs to both external pressure from Western powers and internal population and governmental pressures.

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Key Idea

China Responds to Pressure from the West

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade and influence.

China has become an increasingly important member of the global community.

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China Responds to Pressure from the West

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• Opium War

• extraterritorial rights

• Taiping Rebellion

• sphere of influence

• Open Door Policy

• Boxer Rebellion

 

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major events in China’s dealings with foreign nations between 1830 and 1900. Include both policies and actual confrontations in your discussion.

China Responds to Pressure from the West

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Section 1 Assessment

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1842Treaty of Nanjing

1850-1864Taiping

Rebellion

1899Open Door

PolicyBoxer

Rebellion

1830 1839Opium War

1900

2. Do you think the opium trade was finally more harmful or beneficial to China? Explain. THINK ABOUT

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China Responds to Pressure from the West

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1 Assessment

• the effects of the Opium War • other Chinese responses to foreign influence • the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion

ANSWERANSWER

Harmful—It had a negative effect on the people’s health and triggered numerous wars and uprisings.

Beneficial—It ultimately forced the Chinese government to face the discontent of the people and begin to reform.

Possible Responses:

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Japan also faces pressures from Western nations, but, unlike China, it begins to modernize rapidly. It also emulates the Western imperialistic model and annexes Korea.

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Japan Modernizes 2HOME

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Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and expanding its foreign influence.

Japan’s continued development of its own way of life has made it a leading world power.

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• Treaty of Kanagawa

• Meiji era

• Russo-Japanese War

• annexation

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Japan Modernizes

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Japan Modernizes 2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the steps that Japan took toward modernization and the events that contributed to its growth as an imperialistic power.

Section 2 Assessment

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Modernization Imperialism

Claimed feudal lands for government

Studied Western ways

Industrialized

Abolished extraterritorial rights

Forced Korean ports to open

Fought Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars

Annexed Korea

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Japan Modernizes 2

2. In your view, was Japan’s aggressive imperialism justified? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• reasons for Japan’s early isolation • what Japan could gain from imperialism • Japan’s treatment of conquered peoples

ANSWERANSWER

Justified—Japan had to expand to compete in the global economy.

Not justified—Japan didn’t have to rule Korea as harshly as it did.

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Possible Responses:

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Japan Modernizes 2

2 Assessment

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Because Japan is a small island, it was vulnerable to invaders. Having huge empire builders as neighbors forced Japan to expand in self-defense. The Japanese feared they might lose control of their country to the Western powers that traded at its ports.

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3. What influences do you think were most important in provoking Japan to build its empire? THINK ABOUT

• Japan’s size and geographical features • Japan’s relations with China and Russia • the interest of countries such as Britain and the

United States in Japan

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With its colonial legacy and political instability, Latin America remains economically under-developed after independence. In the late 1800s, the United States begins to exert great economic and political influence in Latin America.

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Key Idea

U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America

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The United States put increasing economic and political pressure on Latin America during the 19th century.

This policy set the stage for 20th-century relations between Latin America and the United States.

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• caudillo

• Monroe Doctrine

• José Martí

• Spanish-American War

• Panama Canal

• Roosevelt Corollary

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major events of U.S. involvement in Latin America.

Section 3 Assessment

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U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America

Monroe Doctrine

Spanish-American

War

Panamanian Rebellion

Roosevelt Corollary

Panama Canal

opened

19141904190318981823

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Beneficial—The jobs and export income that U.S.-owned companies generated helped poor farmers and working people.

Harmful—Foreign intervention prevented Latin American countries from becoming truly independent.

Possible Responses:

2. Do you think that U.S. imperialism was more beneficial or harmful to Latin American people? Explain. THINK ABOUT

• the benefits provided by U.S.-owned companies • the harmful effects of foreign economic and

political influence

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U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America

End of Section 3

After territorial struggles with the United States, Mexico fights to achieve independence from France. It remains politically unstable, however, under the rule of military dictators. In the early 1900s, economic and political inequality incite the Mexican people to rebel.

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The Mexican Revolution

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Political, economic, and social inequalities in Mexico triggered a period of revolution and reform.

Mexico has moved toward political democracy and is a strong economic force in the Americas.

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• Antonio López de Santa Anna

• Benito Juárez

• La Reforma

• Porfirio Díaz

• Francisco Madero

• Francisco “Pancho” Villa

• Emiliano Zapata

The Mexican Revolution

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

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1. List the major accomplishment of each Mexican leader discussed in this section.

The Mexican Revolution

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Section 4 Assessment

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Santa Anna Led Mexican forces in revolt against the U.S.

JuárezWorked for reforms in education, land distribution, and separation of church and state

Díaz Promoted growth and industrialization

Madero Started the Mexican Revolution

Villa and Zapata Fought for peasants’ rights

Carranza Revised Mexican constitution

Obregón Promoted education, land reform, and workers’ rights

Leader Major Accomplishment

Section 4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

2. Why did Juárez have trouble putting his liberal program La Reforma into action? THINK ABOUT

• the types of reforms Juárez wanted

• how those reforms would affect Mexicans of theupper and lower classes

The Mexican Revolution

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• the political climate of the country

He faced powerful opposition from Santa Anna, who was against reform, and from the upper classes, who didn’t want to give up their land or power.

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The Mexican Revolution

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Assessment

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• Loss of political freedom

• Human rights abuses

• Growing gap between rich and poor

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3. Juárez’s motto for change in Mexico was “Liberty, Order, and Progress.” Díaz’s slogan was “Order and Progress.” What did this difference in goals mean for the country? THINK ABOUT

• Juárez’s accomplishments

• Díaz’s accomplishments

• the value of order and progress without liberty

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