Transformation of Vernacular Houses in Coastal Andhra …ijceng.com/gallery/cej-2443.02-f.pdfIndia...

Venkata Krishna Kumar Sadhu*

Transformation of Vernacular Houses in Coastal Andhra Pradesh

Venkata Krishna Kumar Sadhu1, Dr. Srikonda Ramesh2 Research Scholar / Associate Professor, School of Planning and Architecture,

Vijayawada, Professor, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Dwellings in rural areas of India are examples of indigenous construction techniqueswhich were evolved from time to time. Architecture is understood to be a result of informed decisions taken by the people based on beliefs, geography, geology and climate. Thus, residential dwellings of rural areas are a result of time tested beliefs, climate, locally available building materials and socio-economic aspects of the respective regions. Vernacular architecture is closely related to culture, climate, materials and construction techniques of a time and place. However, the present trend of globalisation and industrialisation has led to changes in various aspects like availability of building materials, urge to tide along with modern building styles as well as construction techniques, lack of skilled human resources who can execute old construction methods using old materials, finishes etc. The reasons for transformation may vary from place to place and from one case to the other more as a response to available means and actual needs of every place. The users may be or may not be in favour of transformation but the physical fact is that transformation is observed in vernacular houses. In the said scenario, it is pertinent and rational to ascertain the level of acceptance of people towards vernacular houses. The purpose of this paper is to describe the scenario and causes of transformation of vernacular houses in selected districts of coastal Andhra Pradesh of India and ascertain the level of attachment of people to vernacular houses. Keywords: Vernacular, architecture, causes of transformation, attachment, level of acceptance

1. Introduction

Vernacular architecture is the regional or local lingo, the common language of the particular region or a building form. Vernacular architecture of a region is the development of relationships among economic, social factors, climatic conditions, culture and technology prevalent in that region. The globalisation had a major impact on the human lives, since the beginning of the 21st century. We humans put a continuous effort in bringing more and more comfort and convenience into our daily life style, as a result of which is the continuous transformation patterns observed over time in different regions. Vernacular architecture is transforming or evolving over ages as a result of trial and error methods. Yash S. Khandekar (2017) [12] opines that it is the informal functional architecture of structures, often in rural areas of India, built of local materials and designed to meet the needs of local people. Deniz ErġNsel Önder (2010) [3] mentions that “Home reflects a person’s view, and his or her place and status in the society and collectively contains a different meaning than shelter” while according to Bachelard (1964), home is defined as the nucleus of one’s personal space. Arias (1993) [2] asserts that meaning of home is variable, depending on the perception of the user. Smith (1994) [11] discusses about the necessity of continuation, self-expression, personal or family’ identity and social relations for a shelter to become the home.

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Compliance Engineering Journal

Volume 10, Issue 11, 2019


India is one the oldest civilizations of the world. The building traditions of a particular

region are not static but keeps on transforming or evolving with time, with due integration of the changing circumstances where the building forms also adapt to and reflect the changing needs. Oxford institute for sustainable development estimated that over 90% of current structures throughout the world has been designed by the users itself (P.Oliver, 2003 [8]; Ramesh, 2016 [10]) number of dwellings estimated according to this is about 800 million (A.S Dill, 2010 [1]). Vernacular architecture can be explained as a style of architecture where design decisions are influenced by tradition, cultural significance and climate responsiveness. Vernacular architecture varies from place to place according to the topography, local materials and technical knowhow (P Jayasudha, 2014 [7]; Ramesh, 2015 [9]).

2. Transformation in vernacular houses Kotharkar, R (2012) [5] points that transformations of settlements whether urban rural

or tribal, is an inevitable phenomenon. But changes occurring in the past were natural and took place from within. It was a gradual process and occurred with due respect to climate, community and cultural needs as a process of refinement. With the forces of modernization, the societies have witnessed the change in their patterns of living, which is more intense in the developing countries. To understand the direction of growth, it is imperative to map the pattern of change seeking clues for future trends. The transformation may be quantitatively partial if its due to the repairable state of an existing vernacular house or it be full if it’s a new additional construction beside the existing vernacular house. The said transformation may be observed with reference to Plan, Walls, Openings, Roofing, Flooring, Columns / Beams (Struc. Supports), Mouldings, exterior open spaces like Courtyard, Outside seating, Manduva and other visual features. In addition, the transformation in the aforementioned components may be in terms of the material used, ornamentation, colour, finish etc.

The transformed houses may bear resemblance to the vernacular houses despite the use of new materials and construction techniques or they may be a totally different typology. Thus, the reasons for transformation in vernacular houses vary from place to place and from one case to the other, more as a response to available means and actual needs of every place. The users may be or may not be in favour of transformation but the physical fact is that transformation is observed in vernacular houses. In the said scenario, it is pertinent and rational to ascertain the level of acceptance of people towards vernacular houses. Deniz ErġNsel Önder (2010) [3] demonstrated the use of t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test for measuring user participation and degree of satisfaction in the context of after-earthquake houses in Düzce, Turkey.

In this context, vernacular houses in Pippara village of West Godavari district and Ghantasala village of Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh (A.P) were studied for mapping the transformations. Location of the selected villages is presented as Figure 1. A brief introduction and the scenario of transformation of each of the said locations is presented chronologically with Culture, climate and tradition which are understandably integral part of vernacular architecture. Hence, focus of this paper is on physical aspects of the transformations which took place in existing vernacular houses, and on ascertaining the acceptance and attachment of people to vernacular houses.

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Figure 1: Location of Pippara and Ghantasala in A.P

Source:https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pippara,+Andhra+Pradesh+534197/@16.7170341,79.3038334,7z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a37caed0fa1b5dd:0x57ec58c362185ef8!8m2!3d16.7108663!4d81.5418158, accessed 29.10.19

3. Case I - Pippara vllage, West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh

Pippara is one of the villages of West Godavari district situated at a distance of 12 km from Tadepallegudem and 65 km from Eluru town which is the district headquarter. Population of the village is nearly 7,700 with 2,200 houses as per the Census of India, 2011. 3.1 Climate

It falls in the hot and humid climate region with relatively longer duration of the year bearing Summer season. 3.2 Culture

This village is an example of rich culture and tradition. One can observe the traditional aspects of design in many of the village settlements in this region. The streets follow Grid-iron pattern as shown in Figure 1. There is a gradual transformation in the spatial organisation of previously existing plans, in line with the changing needs of users from time to time. The apparent reason may be the changing socio economic condition of the people and other circumstances.

Ghantasala

Pippara

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Figure 2: Layout of Pippara Village, West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Pippara-Village-with-grid-iron-Street-pattern_fig1_315597555 accessed on 24.10.2019

A dwelling of nearly 100 years age has been studied for its transformation over a period of time. The dwelling built up area is nearly 500 sq.m on a plot admeasuring nearly 1000 sq.m. A joint family occupies the house and the principal bread earner is a third-generation farmer. 3.3 Salient features of the vernacular house of Pippara

The elements which depict the vernacular character are namely, the exterior semi-open spaces, detached kitchen, wooden carvings, ceiling drops, wooden columns, terracotta tiled roof, Manduva, overall ornamentation etc. Details are presented in Table 1. A few key aspects, which characterise the selected house, are as follows: Mud for wall construction

Mud is used in the form of sun-dried bricks’ leading to a 35-45 cm thick wall. The houses extend a good thermal comfort where the difference between indoor and ambient air temperature levels is more than 7 degrees Celsius, during the discomfort hours of average hottest day in the hottest month of May.

Lime for mortar and plaster Raathi sunnam as its locally called is used for mortar as well as fine plaster for the walls. This is also considered as one of the factors to aid the indoor thermal comfort.

Pitched roof The vernacular houses in the village are predominantly pitch roofed with terracotta tiles wooden rafters. The clear height of the ridge is 4-5 metres, depending upon the size of the main living area of the house and also as per the economic condition of the house owner of the then time.

Manduva / internal courtyard This is a puncture in the pitched roof through which rain water is collected into a pit dug on the floor of the living room. This internal courtyard is in addition to the front, rear and side courtyards.

Spatial organisation The whole dwelling has two detached portions each measuring of 355 Sq.M and 110

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Sq.M, used for living and kitchen portion has space for cooking, dining and storage of grains and grocery.

Table 1: Vernacular character of the house in Pippara

S.No. Components Image Significance

1 View of the house from abutting road

Shaded seating Slender timber columns Shaded verandah Raised traditional

verandah Sloped roof High plinth Timber drop from the

roof Ornate columns

supporting the timber beam in the verandah

2 Front view of the house

Terracotta Tiled roof Timber supports Traditional windows

with Iron Grills Main entrance door

3 Entrance door

Traditional door frame Turmeric painted

threshold of main door frame.

Non-figurative timber carving

Cornice work

4

Roof drops and underside of the ceiling

Roofing of verandah Purlins with insulated

planks Cornice work Painting to stop termite

attack. Ornamental drop to

protect from the direct beam

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5 Internal doors

Teak wood door frames and door shutters

Secondary doors thin frames

Ornamental pelmet for door to support the door curtains

Redoxide pigmentation to the IPC flooring

6 Rear profile of the house

Security grills Roof drop in timber

painted in blue (synthetic enamel paint).

Iron grill in MS fixed at 750 mm level on a low wall, plastered with cow dung.

Place for washing dishes and clothes

7 Roofing and lighting - sky light

Cut-out covered to collect the rain water and to dispose with the help of a PVC pipe.

Cut-out covered with a disk for glazing

Central place of a house and slits for ventilation

Rooms on either side

8

Manduva (Transformed from open courtyard)

Cut-out covered with disc

Drain pipe to collect the rain water into the floor and dispose further

Glazing all around the water collection disk for daylighting

Redoxide mixed cement concrete flooring

Stone slab to cover the water harvesting pit

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9 Shelves, wall hangings and seating

Religious images as wall

hangings Living space with seats Shelf with timber

shutters Ceiling with timber

rafters

10 Structural support and treatments

Bracing in timber Floral carving work

depicting

3.4 Transformation scenario

The house underwent transformation in three different stages since the year 1960, till date. The transformation was more in terms of spatial organisation in two stages, which in turn lead to transformation in the overall roof form as well as the internal spatial volume in three stages. The same is presented in the Figures 3 to 7.

Stage-I (Plan form, Roof form): As learnt from the house owner, the plan form of the house in the year 1960 or Stage-I is presented as Figure 3. By the said year, the house had eight rooms altogether, including Kitchen and Store rooms in the detached portion of the overall house. The house had a central courtyard which was the focal point of the house, where people of the house gathered for various domestic and social activities. Roof of the house at Stage-I is presented as Figure 5.

Stage-II (Plan form, Roof form): The plan of the house at Stage-II in the year 1990

is presented as Figure 4. The transformation happened in spatial organisation or plan form as well as in the roof form. Transformation from Stage-I to Stage-II is as follows: o A full-fledged Living room has been laid out in the place of Puja room,

Bedroom and part of internal courtyard o Study room on the north west has been converted into a bedroom o Paddy room beside the Kitchen on the south east has been converted into Dining

room including the modification of toilets on the south west o Form of the earlier roof was rectangular with an oblong cut-out above the

central courtyard. However, owing to the change in the plan form, the roof in Stage-II which was rectangular with the oblong cut-out was replaced by two smaller square cut-outs. Roof of the house at Stage-II is presented as Figure 6

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Stage-III (Roof form): Transformation was only in the roof form but not in the plan form. Roof form at Stage-III is presented as Figure 7. Transformation of roof form from Stage-II to Stage-III is as follows: o Form of the earlier roof as in Stage-II with two cut-outs of a square form

remained the same o However, the both the cut-outs are converted into Manduva for collection of

rain water o Sections showing the transformation from Stage-I to Stage-III is presented as

Figure 8

Figure 3: Plan at Stage-I Figure 4: Plan at Stage-II,III

Figure 5,6,7: Roof form of the house Stage-I, II and III

As per the stage-wise transformation described above, there was a transformation in the plan form, roof form and internal spatial volume. However, there is no transformation in terms of building material, construction technique and finishes. This was understandably due to the attachment, willingness and affordability of the house owner to sustain the vernacular construction process despite the problem of non-availability of skilled labour

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as well as the high expenditure involved in the process of retention of the vernacular character.

Figure 8: Section of the house at Stage-I, II and III

4. Case II – Ghantasala village, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh

Ghantasala is a village in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is situated at a distance of 60 km from Vijayawada city and 11 km from Machilipatnam town. It was one of the places of Indo-Roman trade in the yesteryears, besides being a religious centre along the river Krishna and Bay of Bengal.

There are nearly 3200 houses in the village, as per the Census of India, 2011. Out of the said number, there are nearly 50 houses which are the surviving ones among the vernacular style. Most of them are more than 60 ears old wherein third or fourth generation is using the house. 4.1 Climate

It falls in the hot and humid climate region with relatively longer duration of the year bearing Summer season.

4.2 Culture

Ghantasala village is one of the prime transit centres of trade in the region due to its proximity to river Krishna, Machilipatnam and Vijayawada. Limestone columns belonging to the hypostyle halls of Buddhist monasteries dating to 2nd BCE have been discovered in and around the place. There are Buddhist edifices like Stupa and many Hindu worshipping places which indicate the past glory of Ghantasala village. However, it can be said that there is no visible influence of Buddhist architecture on the built fabric of the village.

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A dwelling of nearly 60 years age has been studied for its transformation over a period of time. The dwelling built up area is nearly 400 sq.m on a plot admeasuring nearly 700 sq.m. The house is owned by a joint family and the principal bread earner is a third-generation farmer. 4.3 Salient features of the vernacular house of Ghantasala

The elements which depict the vernacular character are namely, the exterior semi-open spaces, outdoor seating / Arugu, wooden carvings, ceiling drops, wooden columns, terracotta tiled roof, Manduva, overall ornamentation etc. Details are presented in Table 2.

Mud (locally called Paati Mannu / mud) is used in the form of baked or unbaked bricks for wall bearing 45-60 cm thickness, wood for openings and mouldings, Napa stone for floor, lime for mortar and plaster. A few key aspects which characterise the vernacular style of the village are as follows: Mud for wall construction

Mud (locally called, Paati Mannu) is used in the form of baked or unbaked bricks bearing 45-60 cm thickness. The houses extend a good thermal comfort where the indoor temperature is less by 5-7 degrees Celsius than the outdoor temperature.

Lime for mortar and plaster Raathi sunnam as its locally called, is used for mortar as well as fine plaster for the walls. Mud (locally called Paati Mannu / mud). This is also considered as one of the factors to aid the indoor thermal comfort.

Pitched roof The vernacular houses in Ghantasala village are predominantly pitch roofed with clay pan tiles and bamboo sections for the roof. The clear height of the ridge is 4-5 metres, depending upon the size of the main living area of the house and also as per the economic condition of the house owner of the then time.

Manduva This is a puncture in the pitched roof through which rain water is collected into a pit dug on the floor of the living room. This internal courtyard is in addition to the front, rear and side courtyards.

Spatial organisation The functional spaces in the vernacular house are laid out as per the convenience of the user and a set of unwritten beliefs. The convenience aspect lead to the location of Grannary near the front porch, space in the verandah for storing agricultural tools, kitchen detached from the main house or placed at the rear side of the house, toilets detached from the main house, front garden, kitchen garden etc.

Table 2: Vernacular Character Of The House In Ghantasala


1 View of the house from abutting road

Outdoor seating / Arugu adjoining the boundary wall

Flat roof on the front portion and terracotta tiled roof on the later portion

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2

Side View of the house from the abutting road

Flat roof (extension of the house) and pitched roof seen in combination

Single flight Staircase to access the terrace

3 Front view of the house

Front verandah Newly added tin

sheet roofed parking area

4 Entrance door

Traditional teak wood main entrance door and frame

Teak wood windows on either side of the main entrance door

Locally available Naapa stone for flooring

Aloe Vera plant hung to the ceiling to keep bad omen at bay

5 Roof types

Flat Roof of verandah (left) with wooden rafters, terracotta flat tiles and madras terracing

Pitched Roof Truss of inner house (right) with wooden rafters, plain wooden strips for the underside and clay pan tiles atop

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6 Parking porch (transformation)

Car parking porch with steel columns and moulded tin sheet roof, in contrast to the materials used for the rest of the house

7 Rear profile of the house

Rear portion of the house with a bed room added on south west corner for reasons of Vaastu

Material and roof pattern like the main house

Tin sheet shading device added in front of bedroom

8 Roofing (Old and New)

Original Pitched Roof Truss of inner house (left) with main wooden rafters, bamboo sections and clay pan tiles atop

Transformed pitched Roof Truss of inner house (right) with bamboo sections replaced by plain wooden strips for the underside

9 View of immediate surroundings

View of the surroundings from flat roof portion of the house, showing the modern houses alongside a few vernacular houses

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9 False ceiling in a bedroom

Madras terracing roof for the flat roof portion of the main house

Thermocol panel false ceiling added in one of the bedrooms of the main house due to termite infestation for the wooden truss roof

Indoor temperature is a few degrees celsius more than the other rooms

10 Outdoor seating in front of the house

Outdoor seating / Arugu in front of the house

Typical feature of vernacular houses in rural areas which acts as an element of social interaction and relationships

4.4 Transformation scenario

The house underwent transformation in three different stages since the year 1961, till date. The transformation was in terms of additional built up area which in turn lead to transformation in the overall roof form as well as the internal spatial volume. The same is presented in the Figures 8 and 9.

Stage-I (Plan form, Roof form): As learnt from the house owner, transformation of

the house is as follows:

o The original house has pitched roof with clay tiles and wooden truss. A bedroom was added on the south west portion in the year 1978 due to reasons of Vaastu. The extended portion of the house has the same character of that of the main house in terms of building materials used, construction technique employed, roof form and finish.

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Figure 9: Plan of the house showing all stages of transformation

Stage-II (Plan form, Roof form): The house was extended on the north in the year

2000, to accommodate additional rooms on the front portion.

o This resulted in the reduction of front open courtyard. o Roof of the extended portion is flat with wooden rafters and madras terracing

atop while the old one has pitched roof. o A staircase has also been added to access the terrace.

Stage-III (Plan form, Roof form): A small steel structure was added recently on the

north west portion of the house for car parking.

o Materials used are steel columns for support and moulded tin sheet for the roof cover

o This is a transformation in terms of materials used as well as the overall aesthetic appeal

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Figure 9: Section of the house showing all stages of transformation

As per the stage-wise transformation described above, there was a transformation in the plan form, roof form and internal spatial volume. There was also a transformation in terms of building material, construction technique and finishes. The house owner said that the house requires periodical upkeep of the wooden members and all other vernacular elements and the expenditure is high. Even if one can afford the said expenditure, sourcing skilled labour and vernacular building materials is a challenge and is time-consuming. Due to the said constraints, he was forced to undertake the building extensions in a way that was convenient for him from time to time. This scenario lead to a doubt whether at all there is people’s acceptance and attachment to vernacular components, vernacular houses etc. in the present day context. To ascertain the acceptance and attachment of the house owner in particular, a test was conducted as part of personal interview with the help of a questionnaire.

Questions were asked to the users of the house about their attachment towards the original house and towards transformed house in terms of Plan, Openings, Roofing, Flooring, Columns / Beams (Structural Support), Mouldings, Outside seating, Manduva, Walls and Open space. Response of the owner was scored on Likert scale and ‘Critical – t’ test was conducted using the scores.

A t-test is used as a hypothesis testing tool, which allows testing of an assumption applicable to a population. A t-test looks at the t-statistic, the t-distribution values, and the degrees of freedom to determine the probability of difference between two sets of data.

The two sets of data are

o attachment of the house owner to the earlier condition of the house o attachment of the house owner to the present condition of the house (after

Transformation)

� = (�� − ��)

�

The rationale of the test is that if the Absolute value of the 't' is higher than the critical 't', then it can be construed that

S tan dard Deviation "S1"= (x1 - x1)2å(n1 -1)

S tan dard Deviation "S2 "= (x2 - x2 )2å(n2 -1)

Testing Hypothesis "t"=(x1 - x2 )

S12

n+

S22

n

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the transformed house is not to the satisfaction of the inhabitants. If the Absolute value of 't' is lesser than critical 't', then it can be construed that the transformed house is to the satisfaction of the inhabitants. Table 3: Critical – t test for house in Ghantasala

S.No. Items C Present

C Earlier

X

Z=X-Xbar Z

2 X

Z=X-Xbar Z

2

1 Plan 4 1.9 3.61 2 -1.3 1.69

2 Openings 1 -1.1 1.21 3 -0.3 0.09

3 Roofing 3 0.9 0.81 4 0.7 0.49

4 Flooring 1 -1.1 1.21 3 -0.3 0.09

5 Columns 2 -0.1 0.01 4 0.7 0.49

6 Mouldings 2 -0.1 0.01 4 0.7 0.49

7 Outside seating 1 -1.1 1.21 3 -0.3 0.09

8 Manduva 1 -1.1 1.21 4 0.7 0.49

9 Walls 4 1.9 3.61 3 -0.3 0.09

10 Open space 2 -0.1 0.01 3 -0.3 0.09

Total Weightage 21

12.9 33

4.1

mean: X bar 2.1

1.433333333 3.3

0.455555556

SD

1.197219

0.674948558

s-error

0.37859389

0.213437475

T-Test 2.249763967

A+B 0.434613494

t - Critical

1.833 Level of significance for one

tailed test 0.05

5. Results and discussion

As per the Table 3, the Absolute value of 't' was 2.249 and the value of critical 't' was 1.833. As the Absolute value of 't' is higher than the critical 't', it can be construed that the transformed vernacular house is not to the satisfaction of the inhabitants. Furthermore, it can be concluded that there is people’s acceptance and attachment for vernacular houses.

The scenario of Case - I of this paper was that the vernacular character of the house was retained despite the problem of non-availability of skilled labour as well as the high expenditure involved in the process of retention and maintenance of vernacular character. This shows that the user had acceptance and attachment towards vernacular houses and the underlying character. The scenario of Case 2 of this paper was that the vernacular character of the house could not be fully retained due to the problem of non-availability of skilled labour as well as the high expenditure involved in the process of retention and maintenance of vernacular character. Nevertheless, the Critical-t test showed that the user had acceptance and attachment towards vernacular houses and the underlying character but for his practical ability to retain the vernacular character.

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6. Conclusion and the way forward

In this context, it can be concluded that there is people’s acceptance and attachment to vernacular houses and the same may be considered by public housing agencies while making any proposals for housing in rural areas. Such considerations can lead to contextual design, happiness amongst the end users and thus culminate in meaningful and successful housing schemes. It is also recommended that the Government encourage private housing agencies also to adopt the said practice. The Government may also incentivise such private agencies so as to eventually ensure cohesion in the housing scenario as a whole.

Acknowledgements The Author thanks the members of the house for allowing the documentation, for sharing their valuable and unbiased opinions regarding their attachment to the original vernacular house and the transformed vernacular house.

REFERENCES [1] A.S Dill, M. N., Passive environment control system of Kerala vernacular residential architecture.

Energy and Buildings, (2010). [2] Arias, E.G., 1993. “Housing Preferences and Their Intensity, The Meaning and Use of Housing:

International Perspectives, Approaches and Their Application”, Ed. Ariasi E.G., Avebury, England. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, New York: Orion Press, (1964).

[3] Deniz ErġNsel Önder., Emine KöseoğLu., Ömer BġLen., Venhar Der., “The effect of user participation in satisfaction: Beyciler after-earthquake houses in Düzce”, Istanbul Technical University Journal ITU A|Z - 7/1, (2010).

[4] Karthik Chadalavada., K. Naga Viswatej., Dr. Ramesh, S., 2017. “Analyzing Vernacular Sustainable Design Principles- A Case Study of a Vernacular Dwelling in Godavari Region of Andhra Pradesh, IndiaInternational Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, (2017), pp 5010-5017.

[5] Kotharkar, R., Deshpande, Roopal., “A Comparative Study of Transformations in Traditional House Form: The Case of Nagpur Region, India” Journal of the International Society for the Study of Vernacular Settlements, 2(2), (2012) p. 33.

[6] Malouf Belz, M, 2012. “Spirit of place and the evolution of the vernacular house in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India”, Ph.D dissertation, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, (2012).

[7] P Jayasudha, M. D. (2014). A Study on Sustainable Design Principles : A Case study of Vernacular Dwelling in Tanjaore Region of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge .

[8] P.Oliver., The Vernacular House World Wide. Dwellings, (2003). [9] Ramesh, S., “Initiatives in Climate Responsive and Energy Efficient Architecture” First International

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[10] Ramesh, S., “Energy Efficient Landscape for Thermal Comfort in Buildings and Built-Up Areas”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology,Vol.8, N0:5, (2016), pp 338 to 344.

[11] Smith., The essential Qualities of a Home, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 14, no1, (1994) pp. 31-46.

[12] Yash S. Khandekar., Ojas P. Rahate., Ashish B. Gawande., Kartik A. Sirsilla., Sakshi M. Govindani., 2017. Vernacular architecture in India: International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume: 04, Issue: 05, (2017).

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