Training Report 11.06.2013
-
Upload
vurdalack666 -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Training Report 11.06.2013
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
1/30
1 | P a g e
INDIAN RAILWAYS
INTRODUCTION: -
Indian Railway is the state-owned railway company of India,
which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the
Ministry of Railways of the Government of India. India boasts one of the worlds largest
railway networks in the world. Every day, 20million people travel around the country in
hundreds of trains running between various stations smoothly and safely. The formal
inauguration ceremony of IR was performed on 16th April 1853, with the first
passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of
36 km, on 15th August, 1854.
SNAPSHOTS:- It encompasses 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028
kilometers of route length and a track length of 111,600 km.
It is one of the world's largest commercial or utility employers, with morethan1.6 million employees.
It moves 2 million tons of freight & 20 million people daily across the county
with the help of 200,000 (freight) wagons. 7,000 passenger trains across the country services 20 million people to their
destinations.
Mr Vinay mittal is the current Chairman of Railway Board.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:-
IR is a department owned and controlled by
the Government of India; the Ministry of Railways IR is administered by the
Railway Board, which has a financial commissioner, five members and a chairman.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
2/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
3/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
4/30
4 | P a g e
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a
single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic
radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between
neighboring pair In balanced pair operation, the two wires carry equal and oppositesignals and the destination detects the difference between the two. This is known as
differential mode transmission. Noise sources introduce signals into the wires by
coupling of electric or magnetic fields and tend to couple to both wires equally. The
noise thus produces a common-mode signal which is cancelled at the receiver when
the difference signal is taken. This method starts to fail when the noise source is
close to the signal wires; the closer wire will couple with the noise more strongly
and the common-mode rejection of the receiver will fail to eliminate it. This problem
is especially apparent in telecommunication cables where pairs in the same cable lie
next to each other for many miles. One pair can induce crosstalk in another and it is
additive along the length of the cable. Twisting the pairs counters this effect as on
each half twist the wire nearest to the noise-source is exchanged.
Providing the interfering source remains uniform or nearly, so over the distance of
a single twist, the induced noise will remain common-mode. Differential signaling
also reduces electromagnetic radiation from the cable, along with the
associated attenuation allowing for greater distance between exchanges.
The twist rate (also called pitch of the twist, usually defined in twists per meter)
makes up part of the specification for a given type of cable. Where nearby pairs
have equal twist rates, the same conductors of the different pairs may repeatedly
lie next to each other, partially undoing the benefits of differential mode. For this
reason it is commonly specified that, at least for cables containing small numbers
of pairs, the twist rates must differ.
In contrast to FTP (foiled twisted pair) and STP (shielded twistedpair) cabling, UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cable is not surrounded by any
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-mode_rejection_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(metal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(metal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-mode_rejection_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit -
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
5/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
6/30
6 | P a g e
DISADVANTAGES:-
Twisted pairs susceptibility to electromagnetic interference greatly depends on
the pair twisting schemes (usually patented by the manufacturers) staying intact
during the installation. As a result, twisted pair cables usually have stringentrequirements for maximum pulling tension as well as minimum bend radius.
This relative fragility of twisted pair cables makes the installation practices an
important part of ensuring the cables performance.
In video applications that send information across multiple parallel signal wires,
twisted pair cabling can introduce signaling delays known as skew whichresults in subtle color defects and ghosting due to the image components not
aligning correctly when recombined in the display device. The skew occurs
because twisted pairs within the same cable often use a different number of
twists per meter so as to prevent crosstalk between pairs with identical numbers
of twists. The skew can be compensated by varying the length of pairs in the
termination box, so as to introduce delay lines that take up the slack between
shorter and longer pairs, though the precise lengths required are difficult to
calculate and vary depending on the overall cable length.
2. ANALOG AND DIGITAL MICROWAVE LINKS:-
Microwave link:-A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam
of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or databetween two locations, which can be from just a few feet or meters to several milesor kilometers apart. Microwave links are commonly used by televisionbroadcasters to transmit programmes across a country, for instance, or froman outside broadcast back to a studio.
Mobile units can be camera mounted, allowing cameras the freedom to move
around without trailing cables. These are often seen on the touchlines of sportsfields on systems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew -
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
7/30
7 | P a g e
Properties of microwave links:-
Involve line of sight (LOS) communication technology. Affected greatly by environmental constraints, including rain fade. Have very limited penetration capabilities through obstacles such as hills,
buildings and trees Sensitive to high pollen count Signals can be degraded during solar proton events.
.Uses of microwave links :-
In communications between satellites and base stations
As backbone carriers for cellular systems In short range indoor communications Telecommunications, in linking remote and regional telephone exchanges to
larger (main) exchanges without the need for copper/optical fiber lines.
TYPES OF SYSTEM :-
Following multichannel radio system is working on Indian Railways:
(a) UHF: 12, 24, 60,120 channel analog &10, 30, 120 channel digital
(b) Microwave: 60,120,300, 960 channel analog and 2 Mbit, 8 Mbit, (34+2) Mbit
digital.
UHF ANTENNA:-
The UHF antenna shall be of following types:(a) YAGI ANTENNA:-
These are directly fed antennas providing a gain of 8-12 dB
depending on the no of elements and frequency.
(b) CORNER REFLECTOR ANTENNA:-
These are used with dipole feeder, providing a gain of 10-15 dB, depending
upon the size and frequency.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_fadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_proton_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_proton_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_fadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation -
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
8/30
8 | P a g e
(c) GRIDPARABOLIC ANTENNA:-
These antennae are used with dipole feeder and grid parabolic reflector. The
gain provided by these antennae is in the range of 12-25 dB depending upon
the size and frequency.
UHF FEEDER CABLE:-
(a) Flexible coaxial copper cable, air or dielectric types of approved specification
shall be used as the feeder cable for UHF specifications. Either 7/8" or 11/8
diameter cables are generally recommended for UHF frequencies.
(b) Flexible coaxial jumper cable of about 1M length shall be used at either end of
the main feeder cable to connect the antenna and the radio equipment.(c) The characteristics impedance of the feeder cable shall be same as that of the
radio and antenna.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDER CABLE:-
The selection of the feeder cable shall be passed on the following characteristics: Impedance
Frequency Band Attenuation Power rating Size & Weight Flexibility Cost
MICROWAVE ANTENNA:-
The microwave antenna may be of following types:
(a) STANDARD PERFORMANCE ANTENNA (SP):-
These are economical type of antenna suitable for low
density routes.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
9/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
10/30
10 | P a g e
SELECTION OF THE ANTENNA:-
The selection of the antenna shall be based on following factors: Frequency Band
Gain Half Power Bandwidth Front to Back Ratio VSWR Cross Polarization Discrimination Size and Weight Wind load Maximum sustainable wind speed The beam deflection thereof Economy
3. OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES:-
Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of Ofc Communication
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
11/30
11 | P a g e
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE:-
Fig.3.2 Optical Fiber Cable
Limitations of copper network:- Copper is costlier and scarce material. Fault prone Maintenance difficult Vulnerable for EMI
Installation time consuming
Advantages of Optic Fiber:- More Bandwidth - Thousands of Channels Low Loss - 0.5db per km Less number of Repeaters Electro Magnetic Immunity Small size & Light Weight - Easy to handle Greater Safety - No Electric Hazards Higher Security
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
12/30
12 | P a g e
OFC Applications:- Telecommunication Network Junction Network & Long Distance Network Submarine cable
High EMI areas Explosive environment Computer links & Local Area Network Cable television Medical Field, Automobile Field
OFC Construction:- Centre Core Glass More RI 8-10 micrometer
Light is transmitted through the core Cladding Glass Less RI 125 micro meter
Outside optical layer that traps the light into the core by Total Internal
Reflection and guides the light along the core
Primary Coating Protection & Identification of Fiber
Principle of Working:-
Fig.3.3 Total Internal reflection
TIR is achieved since Core and Cladding having different Refractive Indices.
Core RI 1.48Cladding RI 1.47
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
13/30
13 | P a g e
Fig.3.4 Centre Strength
Centre Strengthening Member GRP, FRP Loose Tube Buffers 2.4 mm Dia, Fibres are placed inside along with jelly. Primary Strength Member Aramid Yarn Inner Sheath Black Outer Nylon Sheath Orange
Propagation of Light inside the Fiber:-
Fig. 3.5 Propagation of Light inside the Fiber OFC Types:-
Single Mode Fiber Multi-Mode Fiber Plastic Optic Fiber
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
14/30
14 | P a g e
OFC Sizes:-
6 Fibers 12 Fibers 24 Fibers 48 Fibers 96 Fibers
Standard drum length is 2000M +10% 0r 4000 m
4. DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING EQUIPMENT PRINCIPLE OF DIGITALMULTIPLEXER:-
All digital multiplexing equipment shall be based on 2048 Kbps; PDH8.448/34.368Mbps, SDH (STM -1, STM -4, STM 16 or higher) 10 Mbps, 100
Mbps, 1 Gbps (Ethernet) based hierarchy.
MEDIA OF TRANSMISSION :-
Digital UHF/MICROWAVE relay system
Symmetric cable pairs / HDSL modems Star quad cable in 25 KV AC electrified areas Optical fiber
PRIMARY MULTIPLEXING EQUIPMENT:-
(a) This equipment shall multiplex 30 analogues and/or data channel to 2048 kbps
ITU compatible digital stream on transmit side and on receive side, it shall DEmultiplex ITU compatible 2048 kbps digital stream to 30 analogue voice /data
channels.
(b) Following type of primary multiplexers is in use.
TERMINAL MUX :-
It shall have one 2048 kbps port each for Trans and receive side and shall be used
as end multiplexer.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
15/30
15 | P a g e
PRIMARY DROP/INSERT MUX:-
This shall have at least two 2048 kbps ports (P1 and P2 port) each for send and
receive side. It shall be possible in drop/insert any channel to P1/P2 port or make
a time slot through P1 port toP2 port and vice versa.
DROP/INSERT MUX WITH CONFERENCE FACILITY:-
Its function is similar to drop insert MUX described above with additional facility
of at least 3 party conferences between any combination of time slots of either P1
port or P2 port and voice interface.TYPE OF INTERFACE CARDS FOR THE PRIMARY MULTIPLEXER:-
Following types of interface cards are provided in primary digital
Multiplexer
- 2W speech card with E&M Signaling
- 4W speech card with E&M signaling
- Exchange end interface cards- Subscriber side interface cards
- Hotline interface cards
- Magneto telephone interface cards
- Conference circuits, omnibus voice circuits
Data interface cards of various types like:-
(i) G703 co directional/contra directional
(ii) V.24/RS232C interface
(iii) V.35 interface
(iv) NX64 Kbps data interface cards etc.
Second Order Multiplexing Equipment:-
This equipment shall convert four 2048 kbps tributary signal into a 8448kbps digital signal and vice versa with positive justification.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
16/30
16 | P a g e
Third Order Multiplexing Equipment:-
This equipment shall convert four 8448 kbps tributary signal into a
34368 kbps signal and vice versa with positive justification .
Third Order Skip Multiplexer:-
This equipment shall convert sixteen 2048 kbps tributaries signal into a 34368 kbps
signal and vice versa with positive justification.
Third Order Drop Insert Multiplexer:-
This equipment shall be used for dropping inserting either 8448 kbps
Tributary or 2048 kbps tributary from/to 34368 kbps main tributary signal
And vice versa with positive justification.
All digital multiplexing equipment shall be as per approved specification
Of RDSO.
REQUIREMENT OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE:-
(i) The overall system performance with the proposed transmission media shall be
so designed and ensured that it meets ITU-T parameters. The system availability
shall be at least 99.5%.(ii) The characteristic of complete circuit shall be measured on the basis of audio
frequency 4W/2W interface in respect of characteristic and parameters defined in
ITU-T G.712.
SYNCHRONOUS TRANPORTIt convert optical signal to electrical signal and electrical
signal to optical signal with 155mbps speed
Fig. 4.1 MODULE (STM-1)
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
17/30
17 | P a g e
DDFIt is use for E1 Termination for 63 E1
Fig. 4.2 DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME
Fig. 4.3 FIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Fig. 4.4 WEBFIL MUX
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
18/30
18 | P a g e
Fig. 5.1 Network Management System
Fig. 5.2 Network Management System
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
19/30
19 | P a g e
PLANNING AND SYSTEM DESIGN:-
Optical Fiber communication system shall be provided for followingTypes of communication needs:-(a) Control Communication with emergency communication
(b) Administrative voice and data communication.
(c) Both for control and long haul communication backbone for mobile train
Capacity of Fiber Optic System:-
a) For Control Communication application, SDH System having capacity of STM-1
shall be used. Generally, one E1 shall be used for various control applications.
b) For Long Haul Communication, SDH System with capacity of STM-4 or above
shall be used.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF OPTIC FIBRE CABLE ROUTE:-
Following main items of work shall constitute the survey. Selecting the route in general. Deciding the number of drop and insert locations. Deciding the size and assessing the length of cable required. Working out the requirement of circuits which are to be provided in the cable. Working out the requirements of heavy tools and plants depending upon the
nature of the territory, availability of roads along the tracks, etc. Assessing the special problems of the section such as type of soil, long
cuttings, new embankments, water logged areas, types of major bridges,
major yards. Collecting details of the existing telecommunication facilities andthe additional requirements due to electrification and preparing tentative
tapping diagrams. Assessing the number of track crossings and other protective works required
to be done. Avoiding burrow pits and areas prone to water logging.
Avoiding soil made up of cinders, coal ashes, etc.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
20/30
20 | P a g e
PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM:-
DEFINITIONS:-
A method or technological gadget to give information to publicabout status of Train running /rescheduling /accident etc. to the passenger in
Person or remotely . Status of Reservation either on Public Telephone lines or on
Internet
INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM ( IVRS):-
Interactive Voice Response System, the technical system giving the
information of Train Running, Passenger PNR etc. on a PSTN / Mobile Network
through a centralized data base, which is at present maintained at Divisions / HQ./
CRIS or through NTES servers.
PRERECORDED ANNOUNCEMENT AND AUTO ANNOUNCEMENT
SYSTEM:-
It is an IVRS System, generally provided as standalone system, to
give the information to public on PSTN Telephone either for Train Running
Information or to work as Announcement System in Platform with suitable
interface to PA system.
TRAIN INDICATOR:-
It is a display device which gives the information regarding
running of Train Arrival / Departure timing and Platform No. etc. The system is
either operated locally at a particular station or can be fed from Central location.
They are mainly provided at Platform and Public utility location.
COACH GUIDANCE SYSTEM:-
It is a display device, which indicates the position of each coach
from engine with description of train number and Coach Position.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
21/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
22/30
22 | P a g e
i. Manual Input data by taking the position from the Control office and feeding
to NTES terminal.
ii. Manual feeding of the data on the respective location at the Control office
where the input terminals are provided for periodically updating the Traininformation by obtaining the data from the Control office.
iii. By taking the input automatically from the "Control Charting System".
ON LINE TRAIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT STATION :-
At the individual station, where the system input is fed by the Stationmaster/
Supervisory Staff at stations "as standalone system . The information is up datedperiodically. When any predefined number is dialed the caller gets the information
of the train for fixed duration.
TYPES OF DIFFERENT DATA NETWORKING USED IN INDIAN RAILWAYS:-
The various applications are utilised to meet present and future
challenges and to fulfil the complete information and accountable of the IndianRailways business. The main few systems data network systems are as under:
1. Passenger reservation system ( PRS )
2. Unreserved ticketing system ( UTS )
3. National train enquiry system ( NTES )
4. Freight operations information system ( FOIS)
5. Crew management system
6. Management information system ( MIS )
7. Material management information system ( MMIS )
8. Coaching operation information system ( COIS )
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
23/30
23 | P a g e
Beside this above coach guidance, boards, train time displayboards and digital clocks are also introduced in Indian Railways for betterinformation to the passengers.
1. PRS: - Passenger reservation system used in the Railway for advancereservation all over India in the existing running trains. Basically this systemwas connected between five major cities of India known as Pandav havingmain servers there.
Fig. 6.1 Passenger reservation system
2. UTS: - for the accurate and quick booking of Railway tickets UTS system isbeing introduced at several stations of Indian Railways resulting a fast bookingof tickets and collection of fair.
3. NTES: - using a centralized train information system and NTES is introducedfor easy enquiry regarding train positions from anywhere by dialing a BSNLnumber.
4. FOIS: - this system is a intranet networking within India to keep theinformation of goods cargo all over India by using a master computer at RailBhavan and many nodes throughout Indian Railways.
5. Crew management system crew management system and managementinformation system and other material management information system are
used for Railways different management system.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
24/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
25/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
26/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
27/30
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
28/30
28 | P a g e
1) Cisco-Switch and Router
Fig. 6.8 Cisco-Switch and Router
2) WAN-Port Architecture
Fig. 6.9 WAN-Port Architecture
3) Connection
Fig. 6.10 Connection
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
29/30
29 | P a g e
OTHER DETAILS AT GLANCE:-
Any data network requires the following factors for smooth running of the system:
Network security : only the intended receiver should receive data sender. This is
achieved through encryption at various levels. The various data encryptionstandard are IP sec, DES, 3DES, AES, private/public key.
Access control : the access control protocol performs three function authentication,
authorization and accounting. Authentication is the process of identifying and verifying a user. Only
authorized personal should be permitted access to use the network
resources. This is achieved through password protection.
Authorization determines what a user can do after being authenticated.
Accounting is recording what a user is doing or has done.
Network protection: all computers on the network should be protected against
viruses by installing suitable antivirus software because virus can also slow downthe network speed apart from affecting the computer network. All the servers
should be protected by firewalls.
Network scalability: it should be possible to add new network devices either at
existing locations or at new locations by extending the WAN. Therefore network
components should be selected to permit scalability. At least 25% spare equipments
like modems, Hubs, UPS, switches, LAN extenders PCs to be arranged for efficient
maintenance of the network.
Network convergence: a single data network can support many applications
through selection of proper network devices like routers etc. It is better to have
separate n/w for management information systems and for critical applications like
PRS, FOIS, UTS having financial databases and transactions. Hence the operation of
these systems is required to be very carefully and in a very coordinate manner.
-
8/13/2019 Training Report 11.06.2013
30/30
CONCLUSION:-
In this project I have studied few types of data networks
functioning over Indian Railways and year-by-year rapid expansion of the networks
taking place to fulfill the present demands in the business by using different types
of software. Besides these more and more data systems are used in passengers
information system like interactive voice response system (IVRS), computerized
announcement system, train indicators, coach guidance system and online train
running information system are still more to study. These are very interesting
subjects towards computer application for public amenities.
Further the advancement of data communication to be
achieved by Indian Railways through very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
networks which is used through satellite communication system. Therefore, as
mentioned above is a small study of different type of software/data communication
systems in Indian Railways. It is hereby concluded that it will be a small clear light
to familiar with the digital/data communication in Indian Railways.