TPP Sean Flynn American University Washington College of Law.
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TPP Sean Flynn American University Washington College of Law
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Transcript of TPP Sean Flynn American University Washington College of Law.
TPP
Sean FlynnAmerican University Washington College of Law
Territorial Period1st Globalization 1880s
-Paris, Berne2nd Globalization 1950s+
-national experimentation 3rd Globalization 1984+
-Unilateral (Special 301)-Multilateral (WTO)-Bilateral (eg US-
Colombia)-Plurilateral (ACTA, TPP)
Post-TRIPS FTAs
• Australia• Bahrain• Chile• Costa Rica• Columbia*• Dominican Republic• El Salvador• Guatemala• Honduras• Israel• Jordan• Morocco• Nicaragua• Oman• Panama• Peru• Singapore
ACTA
• Japan• United States• Canada• European Union (27 countries)• Switzerland• Australia• New Zealand• Republic of Korea• Singapore• Mexico• Morocco
TPP
• United States• New Zealand• Singapore• Australia• Brunei• Chile• Malaysia• Peru• Vietnam • [Mexico]• [Canada]
P4
• Brunei • Chile• Singapore• New Zealnd
TPP: FTA v. Non FTA
FTA• Chile• Peru• Australia• Mexico• Canada
Non-FTA• Brunei• Malaysia• New Zealand• Vietnam
Income
High + Middle• U.S. • Canada• Brunei• Australia• Mexico
Low• Peru• Malaysia• New Zealand• Vietnam
Knowledge Importers v. Exporters
Exporters• U.S.
Low• Peru• Malaysia• New Zealand• Vietnam• Brunei• Mexico• Canada• Australia
Development Economics
Abbreviated Lit. Review
infojustice.org/tpp
Fink and Mascus, 2005
“Existing research suggests that countries that strengthen their IPR are unlikely to experience a sudden boost in inflows of FDI. At the same time, the empirical evidence does point to a positive role for IPRs in stimulating formal technology transfer.”
“Developing countries should carefully assess whether the economic benefits of such rules outweigh their costs. They also need to take into account the costs of administering and enforcing a reformed IPR system”
“We still know relatively little about the way technology diffuses internationally.”
Foreign Direct Investment
infojustice.org/tpp
2006 2010 Change
Guatemala 11.13 12.90 1.77t=0.99
Peru 12.03 11.71 -0.03t=-0.13
Nicaragua 09.03 11.08 2.04t=0.75
Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey.
Flexible Copyright and FDI2001-2010
infojustice.org/tpp
Flexible Copyright and GDP Growth
infojustice.org/tpp
Monopoly economics
“[T]he ability of patent holders to charge for the use of their patent rights, either in the form of royalties or through end product prices is constrained by the ability of the country granting the patent to pay. Poor countries will inevitably pay proportionately less than wealthy countries for the use of patent rights.”
-Edmund Kitch (1994)
Price Volume Revenue
100 0
90 10
80 20
70 30
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50 50
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30 70
20 80
10 90
0 100
Price Volume Revenue
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90 11
80 12
70 13
60 14
50 15
40 16
30 17
20 18
10 19
0 11
Price Volume Revenue
100 0 0
90 10 900
80 20 1600
70 30 2100
60 40 2400
50 50 2500
40 60 2400
30 70 2100
20 80 1600
10 90 900
0 100 0
Price Volume Revenue
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90 11
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70 13
60 14
50 15
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30 17
20 18
10 19
0 11
Price Volume Revenue
100 0 0
90 10 900
80 20 1600
70 30 2100
60 40 2400
50 50 2500
40 60 2400
30 70 2100
20 80 1600
10 90 900
0 100 0
Price Volume Revenue
100 10 1000
90 11 990
80 12 960
70 13 910
60 14 840
50 15 750
40 16 640
30 17 510
20 18 360
10 19 190
0 11 0
U.S.
Norway
South Africa
Income by Decile
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Income Decile
An
nua
l Inc
ome,
US
D
Profit Maximizing SAFigure 4.2 Revenue per Quantity Sold (USD)
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
160,000,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Quantity (100,000s of people)
Lowest Price for d4T+3TC+NVP for Poorest Countries Reported by MSF
Brand Name Price | Generic PriceGeneric Price
Source: Médecins Sans Frontières, Untangling the Web of Price Reductions: a Pricing Guide for the Purchase of ARVs for Developing Countries. Editions 1-9, published 2001 through 2007.
0 20 40 6080
100
Software
Film
Music
Games
Russia
India
Brazil
US 17 -------
Brazil 14 80
South Africa 20.5 164
India 8.5 378
Legal Price (US$) CPP Price
Coldplay: Viva la Vida (CD) GDP/ Capita
US 46,857
Brazil 8,200
South Africa 5,824
India 1,031
US 24 ------- 5 -------
Russia 15 79 5 26.5
Brazil 15 85 3.5 20
South Africa 14 129 1-2.8 22
India 14 635 .75-1.2 54
Mexico 27 154 .75 4.25
Legal Price (US$) CPP Price Pirate Price Pirate CPP
The Dark Knight (DVD, 2008)
Hot Issues
Temporary CopiesTPP
Each Party shall provide that authors, . . . have the right to authorize or prohibit all reproductions . . . permanent or temporary (including temporary storage in electronic form).
Colombia FTA
(A) transmitting, routing, or providing connections(B) caching carried out through an automatic process; (C) storage at the direction of a user(D) referring or linking users to an online location
Copyright Term
Colombia FTA• 70 years “other than life of
the author”• Not published w/in 50
years, then 70 yrs from date of creation
TPP• 95 years “other than life of
the author”• Not published w/in 25
years, then 120 yrs from date of creation
Technological Protection Measures
FTA/TPPEach Party shall confine exceptions and limitations to measures implementing subparagraph (a) to the following activities . . .
Colombia L&E BillParodyDisability AccessLibrariesEducational Institutions
Internet Retransmission
FTA/TPPNo Party may permit the
retransmission of television signals (whether terrestrial, cable, or satellite) on the Internet without the authorization of the right holder or right holders of the content of the signal and, if any, of the signal.
ColombiaSupreme Court held
unconstiutional
Parallel Importation
FTAEach Party shall provide. . . the
right to authorize or prohibit the importation into that Party’s territory of copies of the work . . . made without authorization, or made outside that Party’s territory with the authorization of the author
US Law Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons
(pending)
Damages
FTA“Pre-established damages shall
be in an amount sufficiently high to constitute a deterrent “
U.S.“the copyright owner may
elect . . . instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages . . . in a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the court considers just.”
Patentability
India 3(D)The following are not
inventions within the meaning of this Act, . . . the mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance
TPPARTICLE 8: PATENTS“patents shall be available for
any new forms, uses, or methods of using a known product; . . . even if such invention does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that product.”
Number Relevant Claim
1991 5,648,497 RTV molecule Product New Chemical Entity
1993 5,674,882 use of RTV with a PI for inhibiting HIV Use
5,635,523 use of RTV with an RTI for inhibiting HIV Use
5,541,206 use of RTV for inhibiting HIV Use
5,846,987 combination of RTV and an RTI Product Combination
5,886,036 combination of RTV and a PI Product Combination
1996 6,037,157 use of RTV to boost a PI Use
6,703,403 use of RTV to inhibit cytochrome P450 monoxygenase
Use
1996 5,914,332 LPV molecule Product New Chemical Entity
6,284,767 use of LPV with RTIs or PIs Use
1997 6,232,333 soft-gel formulation of RTV Product Formulation
6,458,818 soft-gel formulation of RTV & LPV Product Formulation
6,521,651 soft-gel formulation of LPV Product Formulation
*
*
U.S. Patents related to Kaletra
Patentability
TPPPlant and animals and
methods
Andean CommunityCannot patent “any living thing”
Patentability
TPP 8.10-.11Disclosure complete when other can make
Andean CommunityArt. 3. Protect TK and genetic resources.
Medicines Issues
TPP“Access window”+ data exclusivity, linkage, patent term extensions
Colombia FTA, May 2007Concurrent Data ExclusivityPermissive linkage
Limitations and ExceptionsTPP
“each Party shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases that do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work, performance, or phonogram, and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.”
Global Expert Network
“In addition to uses specifically authorized by law, any use that promotes general economic social and cultural objectives is not infringing if its character and extent is appropriate to its purposes and does not unduly prejudice the legitimate interests of the copyright owner, taking account of the legitimate interests of creators, users, third parties and the public.”
