Towards neutrino mass determination by electron capture Yuri Novikov PNPI (St.Petersburg) PNPI...
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Towards neutrino mass determination by electron capture
Yuri Novikov Yuri Novikov
PNPI (St.PetersburgPNPI (St.Petersburg)) and GSI (Darmstadt)
Symposium in Milos: May 20, 2008
Agenda Ideas
Experimental base
Experimental feasibility
First experimental steps
Problems
NeuMa programme and collaboration
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
History of m measurements
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20101
10
100
1000
10000
Year
Lim
it on
m,
eV
from - decay from decay
3 H
35S
3 H3 H
37A
r &
22N
a
3 H
3 H16
3 Ho
193 P
t16
3 Ho
3 H
187 R
e
163 H
o
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Do we need to measure the neutrino mass since the
antineutrino mass limit is known?
To confirm the results taken from tritium measurements (with completely different systematic uncertainties).
To check the conservation of CPT:• mν = mνˉ ?
significant difference might be expected because of neutrino mass smallness
·
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Yes !
Nuclear processAtomic process
Time rangestart
0 10-18s 10-10s
Z-1N+1
ZN
Electron vacancy
KX
LX
Auger electron
e
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08courtesy of J. Khuyagbaatar
General information on the capture energetics
(Z-1,A)g
(Z-1,A)h
(Z,A) + e (Z-1,A)h + E
Q = E + m = Q–i
(Z-1,A)g + Bi
Q–i should be as small as possible
QkeV
The less Qν, the bigger contribution of m
(Z,A)
Q Bi
Q
Z,A
E
EmQi
smaller Ehigher contribution of m
(precision ~1 eV)BBi i – – ееlectron binding energylectron binding energy : :
QQ::1110~
M
M(precision ~1 eV)
mm10 10 eVeV
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08Courtesy of S. Eliseev
163Dy
2.0468 M1
1.8418 M2
1.6756 M3
1.3325 M4
1.2949 M5
5-
2
N1-7
163H o
7 -
2
The best candidate for mν-measurement
Qε=
2.4-
2.8
keV
T1/2=4.57 ky
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Ultra-precise mass measurements
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Principle of Penning Trap Mass Spectrometry
Cyclotron frequency:
Bm
qfc
2
1
B
q/m
B
q/m
• PENNING trap• Strong homogeneous
magnetic field• Weak electric 3D
quadrupole field
z0
r0
ring electrode
end capFrans Michel
PenningHans G.Dehmelt
Typical frequenciesq = e, m = 100 ,B = 6 T
f- ≈ 1 kHzf+ ≈ 1 MHz Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
(courtesy of K. Blaum)
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
High resolution bolometers
Low temperature micro-calorimeters
Operation at low temperatures (T<100mK):
• small heat capacity
• large temperature change
• small thermal noise
Temperature rise upon absorption:
Recovery time:
absorber
x-ray
thermometer
thermal link
thermal bath
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08(courtesy of L. Fleischmann)
totC
E
T
MT
T
MM
BMetallic magnetic calorimetersMetallic magnetic calorimeters
Magnetic FieldE
nerg
y
Very simple theory :
Sensor material consists of magnetic moments only 2 level systemsZeeman like energy splitting E = mB 1.5 eV
Energy deposition of 100 keVNumber of flips 1011
Change of magnetic moment
10 B12
BE
m
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08(courtesy of L. Fleischmann)
Advantages of cryogenic micro-calorimeters
Very high energy resolution (σE ≈ 1 eV for Е ≈ 1 keV).
Very small internal background due to small detector dimensions (≈ 100 μ).
Due to long pulse rise (≈ 1 μs), all the atomic (molecular) de-excitations, being shorter than ns, are detected.
Small detector dimensions allow the use of a multi-detector system, which avoids pile-up background.
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500100
101
102
103
104
Q=2580 eV Q=2300 eV
Sig
na
l /
a.u
.
O1
N2
N1
M2
E / eV
M1
Simulated calorimetric spectrum of 163Ho→163Dy
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
How can we derive the neutrino mass from electron-capture ?
Total capture probability for allowed transition:
Capture ratios for '2' and '1' atomic levels:
, where Wi = Qε - Bi
(i = 1,2)
η can be determined from – ratio, where
i
iiiii bWqnMMg 221
20
22 })1,1()1,1({4
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
q
q
W
W
)( 22mWq ii
2/1
2ln
T /i
CalorimeterCalorimeterPenning trapPenning trap
Calorimeter + SpectroscopyCalorimeter + Spectroscopy m
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Dependence of neutrino mass value on Q and λM2/λM1 for 163Ho-decay
eVm ,
12 /
eVm ,
12 /on dependence mass Neutrino value-on dependence mass Neutrino Q
eVQ,
095.01
2 105.0
1
2 eVQ 2700
eVQ 2600
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
A. De Rujula and M. Lusignoli
Calorimetric spectrum dS/dEC and "figure of merit"
EQEC
42)0(
2222/1222 h
hCh
hhCC
CBEmEQEQGMdE
dS
hB -is electron binding energy for the hole "h"
2/12222 )0( mBQBQGMS hh
hh
)(163163 EDyHo e
h
CEDy 163
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Q
mQ CC dE
mEdSdE
QSmQq
)0,(
)(
1),(
Shapes for “calorimetric” lines of 163Ho→163Dy for Qε=2580 eV
2577,0 2577,5 2578,0 2578,5 2579,0 2579,5 2580,00
2
4
6
8
M1
m=0 eV
Sig
na
l /
a.u
.
E / eV
M1
m=2 eV
M2, Ni, Oi (i=1,2)
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
-12,0
-11,5
-11,0
-10,5
-10,0
-9,5
-9,0
-8,5
-8,0
-7,5
-7,0
-6,5
m / eV
Lo
g(q
)
Q=2300 eV Q=2580 eV Q=2800 eV
"Figure of merit" q for different Qε and m 163Ho→163Dy
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
mNeutrino mass, eV
Figure of merit q
Rate / s Expected T, days
2 10-10-10-11 2·105 60-600
10 10-8-10-9
2·105
2·104
2·103
1-106-60
60-600
Data acquisition time T for S=20 events at the edge
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Feasibility of the Programme
Most precise mass measurements worldwide:
• performed with Penning traps
• stable nuclides
• closed systems
• detection of the image current
Nuclide Relative uncertainty
Reference
4He 1.6*10-11 R.S. Van Dyck et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 220802.
13C2H2 – 14N2
7*10-12 S. Rainville et al., Science 303 (2004) 334.
32S 5.0*10-11 W. Shi et al., Phys. Rev. A 72 (2005) 022510.4He 2.5*10-10 T. Fritioff et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 15 (2001) 141.
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08 (courtesy of S. George)
Energy resolution
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08(courtesy of L. Fleischmann)
C
ount
s /
0.24
eV
C
ount
s /
0.12
eV
Energy E [keV] Energy E [eV]
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Search for new candidates
BK
BL
BM
BN
(Z,A)
Q b-
(Z -1 ,A)
(Z-1,A)
Qb -
(Z-1,A)
Qb -
(Z-1,A)
Qb -
Qec
(Z+1,A)
Qec
(Z+1,A)
Qec
(Z+1,A)
Qec
(Z+1,A)
Differences in the neutrino massdetermination in β- and EC- processes
m < Qβm < Qec- Bi
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Candidates with evaluated Q100 keV
80 100 120 140 160 180 2000
20
40
60
80
100
163 H
o
205 P
b
202 P
b
194 H
g
193 P
t
178 W
157 T
b
150 P
m
136 C
s
123 T
e
Q(
keV
)
A
82B
r
163Dy
2.0468 M1
1.8418 M2
1.6756 M3
1.3325 M4
1.2949 M5
5-
2
N1-7
163H o
7 -
2
Qε=
2.6
keV
T1/2=4.57 ky
EE≈≈0.55 keV0.55 keV
Qε=
(69±
14)
keV
T1/2=444 y
EE=(-12±14) keV=(-12±14) keV
194Hg0+
194Au
80.725 K
1-
Qε=
(50±
15)
keV
T1/2=50 ky
EE≈≈(-35±15) keV(-35±15) keV
202Pb0+
202Tl
15.35 L1
2-
Electron capture
Qε (keV) Method Group
194Hg→194Au ≈35 from T1/2 ISOLDE (1981)
30±40 Schottky ESR-GSI (2005)
69±14 Evaluationwith measured
194Hg at ISOLTRAP
AME (2003)
202Pb→202Tl 55±20 X-ray spectroscopy Argon (1954)and AME
(2003)
50±15 Evaluation with the revised value for Qε=35±25 keV of
Yale (1971)
AME (2003)
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Resonant neutrinoless double-capture
(Z,A)
(Z-1,A)
(Z-2,A)
ГГ
εεεε
QQεεεε
BBii(2)(2)
BBjj(1)(1)
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
22)2()1(
22
21
2
00
41
)0()0(
ji
eeres
BBQmMc
Candidates for resonant neutrinoless double-capture
εε- transition Qεε (keV) E=Eγ+B1+B2 (keV) Δ=Qεε-E (keV) First prediction
74Se+74Ge 1209.7(6) 1207.14(1)(γ+L1+L2) 2.6±0.6 D. Frekers (2005)
112Sn+112Gd 1919(4) 1925.6(2)(γ+K+K) -6.6±4.0 J. Bernabeu et al., (1983)
152Gd+152Sn 54.6(12) 56.26(K+L1)54.28(L1+K)
-1.6±1.2-0.32±1.20
Z. Sujkowski andS. Wycech (2004)
154Er+154Dy 23.7(21) 19.01(L1+L1) 4.7±2.1 “—————”
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
First steps in implementation
First steps implemented
• FaNtOME – conception for FaNtOME – conception for FaFacility for cility for NNeueuttrino rino OOriented riented MMass ass EExploration, based on 5-Penning trap spectrometer, has been elaborated xploration, based on 5-Penning trap spectrometer, has been elaborated at MPI-K (Heidelberg).at MPI-K (Heidelberg).
• Careful analysis of possible pile-up background for Careful analysis of possible pile-up background for 163163Ho-decay in the Ho-decay in the calorimetric spectrum has been performed.calorimetric spectrum has been performed.
• The background for micro-calorimeter was measured in the keV-region. The background for micro-calorimeter was measured in the keV-region. The result 1 event/100 days, obtained in Genova-Uni, opens very The result 1 event/100 days, obtained in Genova-Uni, opens very promising possibility to implement long-term measurements. promising possibility to implement long-term measurements.
• Experiments to search for new candidates for neutrino mass Experiments to search for new candidates for neutrino mass determination by electron capture are prepared at CERN (ISOLTRAP). determination by electron capture are prepared at CERN (ISOLTRAP). The runs are scheduled for 2008. The runs are scheduled for 2008.
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
• The investigation of calorimetric spectrum of The investigation of calorimetric spectrum of 163163Ho, implanted in absorber Ho, implanted in absorber by irradiation from ISOLDE mass separator at CERN, was started in by irradiation from ISOLDE mass separator at CERN, was started in Genova.Genova.
Problems, which hopefully can be solved
• Systematic uncertainty in the Penning trap measurementsSystematic uncertainty in the Penning trap measurements
((can be solved by using of 5 Penning trap systemcan be solved by using of 5 Penning trap system))
• Perturbations to spectra and decay rates in the calorimetric absorbers Perturbations to spectra and decay rates in the calorimetric absorbers ( (effect can be measured by using an external sourceeffect can be measured by using an external source))
• Pile-up backgroundPile-up background
((can be measured independentlycan be measured independently))
• Other problems ???????Other problems ???????
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
We are eager to overcome forthcomingWe are eager to overcome forthcoming
difficulties, meanwhile the neutrino physicsdifficulties, meanwhile the neutrino physics
community should be patient to long-termcommunity should be patient to long-term
efforts and should be keenly aware thatefforts and should be keenly aware that
""Rome was not built in a Rome was not built in a dayday""
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
ConclusionsConclusions
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Absolute neutrino mass measurements by electron capture have two motivations:
• to confirm the existing limit for mass taken from the antineutrino mass measurements (if CPT is conserved),• to check the CPT conservation itself.
To implement this task, a combination of measurements with new generation Penning trap systems and low energy cryogenic micro- calorimeters is proposed.
First steps in the NeuMa project show the feasibility of neutrino mass determination at the level ≤10 eV for electron capture in 163Ho.
We can expect further improvements in the development of ingenious technique, and also in the search for new candidates for precise neutrino mass determination.
The proposed method could also be used to search for neutrinoless resonant double electron capture.
CollaborationCollaboration NeuMaNeuMa
• GSI, GSI, DarmstadtDarmstadt ─ (H.-J. Kluge)
• MPI-K, Heidelberg ─ (K. Blaum)
• University, Genoa ─ (F. Gatti)
• KIP, Uni-Heidelberg ─ (C. Enss)
• PNPI and University, St.Petersburg ─ (Yu. Novikov)
• ISOLDE, CERN ─ (A. Herlert)
• JYFL, Jyväskylä ─ (J. Äystö )• University, Mainz ─ (K. Blaum)
Expected cost of NeuMa program is a few M€
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08
Nuclear Physics
High Energy Physics
AstroPhysics
AtomicPhysics
ParticlePhysics
νFortes Fortuna juvat !!! Fortes Fortuna juvat !!!
Yu. Novikov, Milos – 20.05.08