Towards Energy Efficiency in Ghana’s Higher Educational ...€¦ · Presentation Outline...

Towards Energy Efficiency in Ghana’s Higher Educational Institutions for

Sustainable Development

Presented by

Dr. Edward Kweku Nunoo (PhD)

UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST

College of Humanities and Legal StudiesFaculty of Social Sciences

Institute for Oil and Gas Studies

4th Ghana Renewable Energy FairEnergy Commission, Ghana @ AICC, Accra

9th -11th October, 2018

Nunoo, E.K., Miriwah, S. & Suleman, S

UCC: Institute for Oil and Gas Studies

Presentation Outline

Introduction

Statement of the problem

Goal and Objectives

Method and Tools

Findings and Discussions

Conclusion and Recommendations

ReferencesUCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

IntroductionEnergy efficiency has an important role to play in

response to climate change adaptation and the drive

towards achieving the sustainable development

goals (SDGs) at both the household and institutional

levels.

Responding to growing concerns on global warming,

higher educational institutions (HEIs) are adapting

to energy efficiency (EE) initiatives as integral

aspects of their institutional ethics through pro-active

policy; teaching and learning activities.UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

Statement of the Problem, Goal & Objectives

In spite of global awareness, little is known about

energy efficiency dynamics in Ghana’s HEIs.

Using the survey research design and mixed

sampling methods, this paper assessed EE policies,

systems and in Ghana.

Examined HEIs energy consumption practices in

two sectors; infrastructural designs and energy

consumption culture, using CUs Miotso-Campus as

a case study.

UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

Expected Outcome

This study lead to retrofitting the built environment

in HEIs into an energy-saving one

Particular attention will be paid to benchmarked

standards in the design, sitting and use of building

materials for sustainable infrastructural

development.

Enforce proactive energy efficient standards and

discipline in HEIs


What is Energy Efficiency?Efficient energy use, according to IEA (2014), is a

calculated attempt to use less environmentally

friendly energy sources to maximise the amount

of energy required to provide products and

services.

For example, proper insulation of an office or

lecture theater allows the building to use less

heating and cooling energy to achieve and

maintain thermal comfortable (Djamila et al,

2013; Peng, 2010 and; Ljungberg, 2007).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313000322#!

What is Energy Efficiency?

In the same vein, installing LED lights, natural

skylights, fluorescent lights or transparent

roofing sheets have a tendency to reduce the

amount of energy required and lightening

systems needed to attain the same level of

illumination compared to using traditional

incandescent light bulbs which still persist in

some universities.


Why Energy Efficiency is Needful in HEIsHEIs in Ghana, like other corporate organisations,

are under increasing pressure to manage electricity

demand deficit, beat down cost of electricity and

reduce carbon emissions by becoming energy

efficient (Asumadu-Sarkodie et al, 2016) in recent

times.

Residential energy consumption in Ghana has

increased by over 60% between 1983 and 2017 with

corresponding increase in electricity tariffs by over

200% during the same period (Kumi, 2017).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

The rising energy cost faced by HEIs comes at a

time when Universities operation budgets face

competing demands with very limited

opportunities to increase income (Maistry &

McKay, 2016; Kartiwi et al, 2014).

In addition, Ghana’s main source of energy supply

(Akosombo hydro-dam power supply) is unable to

keep up with demand resulting in periodic load

shedding (locally referred to as ‘Dumsor’).


Why Energy Efficiency is Needful in HEIs

Global Outlook & Energy Efficiency

Energy demand is expected to increase by 37% come

2040. Envisaged to come from developing countries

where energy consumption is driven by expanding

economy and demographic growth (IEA, 2014;

Acheampong & Stephenson, 2014; Amewode, 2010).

Global energy consumption, still dependent on fossil

oil. The energy sector is still in danger of fulfilling

the hopes and expectations placed on it in three key

areas; sustainability, emissions and cost.


Is Energy Efficiency Discourse Relevant?

‘Yes’. It is expected that improvements in energy

efficiency, reduction of waste and subscribing to

novel energy technologies (solar, wind, waste to

energy etc), could pave way for relieving the stress

on conventional global energy systems (ES).

Hence a shift in global energy trends toward a

decentralised low-carbon ES is inevitable to ensure

access to affordable, reliable and sustainable

energy for all (Amos-Abanyie et al, 2016; IMANI

Ghana, 2014 and IEA, 2014).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

Energy Efficiency Policies in Ghana

Within the National Energy Policy designed to

address all issues in the energy sector of the

economy is the energy efficiency policy.

The policy is to ensure efficient energy production,

transportation and use of energy in Ghana (ECG,

2013), Establish appropriate pricing regime to

induce consumers manage their energy and also to

support education and awareness creation on the

methods and importance of energy conservation

(ECG, 2009).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies


i. The Energy Efficient Standards and Labelling

Regulation (LI 1815, 2005)

Passed in 2005 to ensure labelling of all electric appliances

such as non-ducted air conditioners and self–ballasted lamps

(ECG, 2005).

Mandates manufacturers, importers and retailers of non-

ducted air conditioners and self-ballasted lamps to abide by

efficiency standards and to label their appliances with

stickers showing the various efficiency rating of the various

appliances sold in the domestic market (ECG, 2005).



The Efficient Lighting Project 2007

To achieve the policy directions of the energy efficiency

and conservation policy (LI 1815), the Energy Commission

of Ghana (ECG) implemented the efficiency lighting policy

in 2007.

To procure and distribute for free, 6 million compact

florescent lamps (CFL) to replace an estimated 6 million

incandescent lamps (locally called onion bulbs) envisaged to

be in the country.

Reported saving of about 112320 tons of Carbon emissions

after a 3-year period of its implementation.UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

Energy Efficiency Policies in GhanaThe Energy Efficiency Regulation (LI 1932, 2008)

In 2008 the Energy efficiency regulation LI 1932 was

passed to prohibit the manufacturing, importation and sale

of incandescent filament lamps, used refrigerators, used

refrigerators-freezers, used freezers and used Air-

conditioners (ECG, 2013).

Prohibition of importation of used and inefficient home

appliances

Refrigerator exchange and rebate scheme to phase out

existing used refrigerators and freezers in homes and in the

market (UNDP, 2014).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies

Diffusion of energy efficiency culture

Off-grid Solar Electrification programme 2005-2020

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6

2005–2005 2006–2008 2009–2011 2012–2014 2015–2017 2018–2020

1-year 3-years 3-years 3-years 3-years 3-years

14 towns 2000 towns 2000 towns 4000 towns 800 towns 2986 towns

0.1% p* rate 10% p* rate 10% p* rate 22% p* rate 42% p* rate 16% p* rate

Source: Based on ECG (2015 & 2017) data.



Results and Findings





Efficiency labelling (Stars) Efficiency ratio (Btu/hr/watt)

5- Stars 4.00 < EER

4- Stars 4.00 ≥ EER > 3.75

3- Stars 3.75 ≥ EER > 3.45

2- Stars 3.45 ≥ EER > 3.15

1- Star 3.15 ≥ EER > 2.80

Energy efficiency rating for air-conditioners (Non-ducted)






Energy efficiency rating of Lamps (Self-ballasted)

Lamp configuration Power rating (LP watt) Minimum Efficiency

(lumen/W)

1. Bare lamp LP watt < 15

LP watt ≥ 15

lumen/W ≥ 45

lumen/W ≥ 60

2. Converted lamps

without reflectors

Less than 15;

LP watt ≥ 15 but LP

watt < 19

lumen/W ≥ 40

lumen/W ≥ 48

LP watt ≥ 19 but LP

watt < 25

LP watt ≥ 25

lumen/W ≥ 50

lumen/W ≥ 55

3. Lamp with reflectors

LP watt < 20;

LP watt ≥ 20

lumen/W ≥ 33

lumen/W ≥ 40

Returned

responses to the

preposition;

Key university personnel University students

Age: < 35 = 15; 36-45 = 5;> 45= 5

Age: < 22 = 65; 23-25 = 75;

26-31= 75; >31= 8

‘Energy efficient building materials are not considered for the HEI’s built environment’

Male

frequency

% Female

frequency

% Male

frequency

% Female

frequency

%

Strongly agree 7 54 6 50 23 24.5 24 19

Agree 2 15 4 33 22 23.4 30 23

Not sure 2 15 1 8.3 15 16 26 20

Disagree 1 8 0 0 11 12 24 19

Strongly disagree 1 8 1 8.3 23 24 25 19

Total 13 100 12 100 94 100 129 100


Energy efficiency in buildings


Energy audit in selected halls of residence and offices –CU Miotso

Daily energy consumption(Ave.) Annual energy

consumption(Ave.)

Electrical appliances Quantity

#

Ave. Daily

Energy

Ave. Energy

used

Wasted

Energy

Ave. Annual

energy

wasted

Energy

Percentage

waste

Watt hours Watt hours Watt hours KWh KWh %

Refrigerators 30 275162 241370 33792 32705 8110 25

Printers 25 1078 784 294 279 103 37

Computers 20 4916 1477 3439 1533 353 23

Kitchen appliances 5 43 271 315 75 10 13

Microwaves 15 527 2292 2819 677 126 19

Television sets 20 668 3338 4006 962 160 17

Phone chargers 25 189 418 606 146 46 32

Incandescent floor lamp 30 1928 11340 13268 3184 463 15

Incandescent desk lamp 10 402 2364 2766 664 96 14

Overhead light 24 444 2462 2906 698 106 15

Bathroom appliances 16 96 1072 1168 280 22 8

Ironing appliances 22 448 3444 3892 934 108 12

Sound systems 18 158 598 746 180 36 20

Air conditioners 11 352000 440,000 88000 84480 21120 25

Fluorescent desk lamps 5 94 551 645 155 22 14

Fluorescent floor lamps 24 350 2058 2408 578 84 15

Total 300 39906 27916 10067 7971 1935 19

Energy audit in selected halls of residence and offices –CU Miotso

25

37

23

13

19

17

32

1514

15

8

12

20

25

1415

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

W

a

s

t

e

Electrical appliances

Selected appliances average annual energy waste (%)

Field data, 2018


Conclusion

Managing university campus as business as usual, is

fraught with inefficiencies in the energy, material and

manpower resources. From the study;

Where as HEIs in Ghana are ‘HECs.

University management, key personnel and students were

found to be completely disengaged with energy

conservation dynamics.

An average of 19% of annual energy bills goes to waste


Conclusion


The way forward with HEIs is to;

Imbibe in them the tenants of energy efficiency culture

Energy star label awards for halls of residents, offices etc

Intensify awareness creation & sensitisation campaigns on

energy efficiency on campuses

Adopt novel renewable energy technologies

Solar, biogas etc

Install electrical appliances with sensors


ReferencesDjamila, H., Chu, C and Kumaresan, S. (2013). Field study of thermal comfort in

residential buildings in the equatorial hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Building and

Environment.62(1): 133-142

IEA, (2014). Energy efficiency indicators. Essentials for policy making, 15(1): 18

IMANI Ghana. (2014). Price and Deregulation of the Energy Sector in Ghana:

Challenges and Prospects.ImaniPublication. Accessed on 23 July, 2018 from:

http://www.imanighana.com/2014/01/pricing-and-deregulation-of-the energysector.

Kartiwi, M., Hasan, H., Gunawan, T.S and Husein B.A. (2014). Green IT Attitude and

Behaviour in Higher Educational Institutions: A Gender Perspective. Journal of Applied

Science. 14(7):714-718

Ljungberg, L. (2007). Materials Selection and Design for Development of Sustainable

Products. Materials and Design, 28, 466-479.

Peng, C.(2010). Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural

conditions in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing. Frontiers of Architecture and

Civil Engineering in China. 4(4):503–511

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313000322



https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03601323

https://link.springer.com/journal/11709


Thank You For Your Attention!!

Your contributions and comments are

welcome

The Institute of Oil & Gas, UCC Runs the following programmes

MPHIL in Oil & Gas Resource management

MSc in Oil & Gas Resource Management

MBA in Oil & Gas Management

MA in Communication in Oil & Gas Management

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