Toward Precision Medicine in Neurological Disease by David Goldstein

39
Towards precision medicine in neurodevelopmental disease David B. Goldstein Duke University (January Columbia University)

Transcript of Toward Precision Medicine in Neurological Disease by David Goldstein

Page 1: Toward Precision Medicine in Neurological Disease by David Goldstein

Towards  precision  medicine  in  neurodevelopmental  disease  

David  B.  Goldstein  Duke  University  

 (January  Columbia  University)  

 

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If you have any questions during the webinar, please enter them in the GoToWebinar pane. We will answer as many as possible at the end.

Questions!

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Epi4K  Consor,um.  Epi4K:  gene  discovery  in  4,000  genomes,  Epilepsia,  2012  Aug;53(8):1457-­‐67.  

Erin  Heinzen      Elizabeth                        Ruzzo  

Andrew  Allen   Slave  Petrovski   Yujun  Han   Jonathan  Keebler  

Yi-­‐Fan  Lu  

Project  1:  Epilep8c  Encephalopathies      

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Gene8cs  of  Epilep8c  Encephalopathies  

Performed  Sequence  Analysis  on  356  trios  with  one  of  two  classic  encephalopathies    

•  Infan8le  Spasms  (IS):  CharacterisQc  chaoQc  interictal  &  EEG  paSern  of  hypsarrhythmia,  the  sine  qua  non  of  the  syndrome  

•  Lennox-­‐Gastaut  syndrome  (LGS):  Characterized  by  mixed  seizure  types  and  intellectual  disabiliQes  

Epi4K  Consor,um.  De  novo  muta,ons  in  epilep,c  encephalopathies.  Nature.  2013  Sep  12;501(7466):217-­‐21  

 EuroEpinomics  and  Epi4K,  accepted  for  publica,on  in  AJHG    

 

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Distribu8on  of  de  novo  muta8ons    in  356  trios  

EuroEpinomics  and  Epi4K,  accepted  for  publica,on  in  AJHG    

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Effec8ve  Gene  Muta8on  Rate  

EuroEpinomics  and  Epi4K,  accepted  for  publica,on  in  AJHG    

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12%  of  paQents  geneQcally  explained  by  a  causal  de  novo  mutaQon    Causal  mutaQons  very  rare,  but  clearly  organized  into  specific  biological  process  including  for  infanQle  spasms  and  LGS    

–  8  /  356  paQents  with  GABA  receptor  mutaQons    

–  >  12  /  356  with  mutaQons  influencing  vesicle  trafficking  (or  membrane  dynamics  more  generally)  

 

Rare  Muta8ons,  More  Common  Pathways  

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Muta8ons  Influencing  Vesicle  Trafficking    

DNM1  

STXBP1  

*  

=  SNV  

*  =  stop  gained  

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DNM1  Func8on  

•  ParQcipates  in  receptor-­‐mediated  endocytosis.  Localizes  to  pre-­‐synapQc  terminal  

•  Mechanochemical  protein  –  binding  of  GTP  causes  a  conformaQonal  change,  allowing  DNM1  to  pinch  vesicles  from  membrane  

•  Fihul  mouse  mutaQon  causes  epilepsy  in  mice  (Boumil,  2001)  

DNM1  

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DNM1  Muta8ons  

G domain" Middle domain" PH" GED" PRD"314   499   631   746   864  

K206N"

A177P" G359A"

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Quan8fica8on  via  High-­‐Content  Imaging  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

110  

Wildtype   A177P   K206N   G359A  

%  W

T  Intensity

 

Transferrin  Uptake  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

120  

WT   A177P   K206N   G359A  %  W

T  

Punctae  Per  Cell  

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•  All  three  mutaQons  show  possible  dominant  negaQve  effects  on  endocytosis.  

•  Vesicle  trafficking  dysfuncQon  as  a  mechanism  of  epilepsy  (DNM1,  STXBP1,  SYN1).  

•  Mouse  Qfl  mutaQon  shows  aberrant  vesicle  formaQon  in  brain  (Boumil,  unpublished  data).  

Implica8ons  

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Iden8fying  “signatures”  of  causal  muta8ons  amongst  de  novo  muta8ons    

PrioriQzing  mutaQons  using  both  intolerance  score  (gene  level)  and  Polyphen  (variant  level)  

Petrovski  et  al.  Genic  intolerance  to  func,onal  varia,on  and  the  interpreta,on  of  personal  genomes.    PLOS  Gene,cs  2013;9(8):e1003709  

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Degree  to  which  genes  have  more,  or  less,  common  func8onal  varia8on  than  expected  given    the  amount  of  presumably  neutral  varia8on  they  carry  

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Among  the  control  populaQon  1.9%  of  sequenced  controls  had  a  hot  zone  de  novo  mutaQon  occurring  in  an  essenQal  gene.  

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Among  the  control  populaQon  1.9%  of  sequenced  controls  had  a  hot  zone  de  novo  mutaQon  occurring  in  an  essenQal  gene.    This  is  compared  to  the  15.2%  of  cases  

(Fisher’s  Exact,  p  =  4.5x10-­‐8;  88%  excess  observa8ons  among  cases).    

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First  iden8fied  deglycosyla8on  syndrome  

•  Symptoms:   Developmental  delays,  involuntary  movements,  mulQfocal  seizures,  abnormal  liver  funcQon,  absent  tears.    

 

PaQent  had  compound  heterozygous  variants  in  N-­‐glycanase  1  (NGLY1).  He  inherited  a  frameshiq  variant  from  his  mother,  and  a  nonsense  mutaQon  from  his  father  

•  Previously  tested  negaQve  for  congenital  disorders  of  glycosylaQon    

Need  et  al.  Clinical  applica,on  of  exome  sequencing  in  undiagnosed  gene,c  condi,ons  J  Med  Genet.  2012  Jun;49(6):353-­‐61  

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Therapeu8c  Implica8ons  

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KCNT1  and  Epilep8c  Encephalopathies  

•  MutaQons  in  KCNT1  have  been  implicated  in  two  epilepsy  disorders  –  Autosomal  Dominant  Nocturnal  Frontal  Lobe  Epilepsy  (ADNFLE)  

–  Epilepsy  of  Infancy  with  MigraQng  Focal  Seizures  (EIMFS)      

•  Expression  of  mutant  and  wild  type  protein  in  oocytes  shows  that  all  idenQfied  mutaQons  are  Gain  of  FuncQon  (Petrou  Lab)    

 

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KCNT1  and  Quinidine    

•  KCNT1  GoF  mutaQons  are  quinidine  sensiQve  

Milligan  et  al.  KCNT1  gain  of  func,on  in  2  epilepsy  phenotypes  is  reversed  by  quinidine.  Annals  of  Neurology.  2014  March  3  epub  ahead  of  print  

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KCNT1  Pa8ent  1    •  Intractable  seizures,  global  developmental  delay,  cerebral  

atrophy,  severe  microcephaly  

•  de  novo  mutaQon  in  KCNT1  (K629N,  c.1887  G>C)    

KCNT1  Pa8ent  2    

•  Over  40  nocturnal  seizures  a  night  by  age  4,  regressed  to  non-­‐ambulatory  non-­‐verbal  state  

•  De  novo  mutaQon  in  KCNT1  was  found  (  Y796H,  c.2386  T>C)  

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KCNT1  Y796H  

Courtesy  of  Steve  Petrou,  University  of  Melbourne  

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Response  to  Quinidine  Therapy  •  Quinidine    12  mg/kg/d    on  first  day  

•  Quinidine  19  mg/kg/d  on  second  day  

•  Seizures  dropped  to  2/d,  level  1.6  ug/ml  (cardiac  therapeuQc    2-­‐5).  

•  Dose  maintained  on  12  mg/kg/day  

•  Seizures  over  the  next  2  weeks:    3/day,  level  0.4  ug/ml  

•  Improved    alertness  head  control  siung  and  interacQon  observed  

•  Plan  to  increase  dose  while  monitoring  ECG  

•  Duke  a  KCNT1  Related  Epilepsy  Clinic  for  other  paQents  started  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

Seizures/day  

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-­‐0.1  

-­‐0.05  

0  

0.05  

0.1  

0.15  

0.2  

-­‐0.1   -­‐0.08   -­‐0.06   -­‐0.04   -­‐0.02   0   0.02   0.04  Caucasian  compared  to  *Middle  Eastern*   Ashkenazi  (selfDec)   KCNT1_Q543R_posi8ve  

Q543R  chr9:g.138662152A>G  

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SeqClinic  –  “rapid  mode”  sample  

•  18  month  old  girl  with  sudden  onset  of  opsoclonus,  ataxia,  weakness  of  the  upper  extremiQes  that  have  been  waxing  and  waning.    

•  Highly  progressive  •  Consider  for  aggressive  treatment  on  presumpQon  of  an  

autoimmune  condiQon  •  Enrolled  in  sequencing  protocol  on  March  27  and  flagged  as  

“urgent”  

•   compound  heterozygote  for  LoF  mutaQons  in  SLC52A2    –  Gene  has  9.5%Qle  RVIS  –  Missense  reported  pathogenic  in  four  of  14  unrelated  cases  recently  summarized.  –  Stop  gain  variant  not  previously  implicated..  

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SLC52A2  is  required  for  Riboflavin  uptake    

•  Compound  het  genotypes  have  been  shown  to  produce  essenQally  no  SLC52A2  protein  

•  FuncQonal  assessment  in  previous  literature  illustrated  that  observed  missense  variant  “abolished”  riboflavin  uptake.  

•  Early  death  from  respiratory  failure  may  occur    

•  Some  pa8ents  show  significant  clinical  improvement  with  riboflavin  supplementa8on  

 

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TIMELINE  

Day  1    –  Bloods  drawn  from  family  Day  3  –  Samples  submiSed  for  sequencing      Day  7  –  Samples  fragmented  –  sequencing  iniQated  on  trio        Day  12  –  Released  to  BioinformaQcs  team    Day  15  –  Available  for  analysis      Day  20  –  Analyses  completed    Day  22  –  Compound  het  in  disease  gene  reported  to  Clinical  team    Day  24  Family  visit  clinic  –  Riboflavin  treatment  ini8ated  

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A.      3  weeks  pre-­‐treatment.          B.  Day  2  of  treatment.  C.      3  weeks  post-­‐treatment          D.  4  weeks  post-­‐treatment  

C

BA

D

Riboflavin  Treatment  

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•  Current  clinical  sequencing  only  looks  for  geneQc  changes  known  to  be  solidly  associated  with  epilepsy,  leaving  much  DNA  unexplored  

•  The  EGI  will  create  a  data  repository  of  clinical  exome  and  genome  sequences    

•  Data  will  be  reanalyzed  every  6  months  for  novel  geneQc  changes    

•  New  results  will  be  communicated  back  to  paQents  via  their  doctor.  

•  Data  will  also  be  made  available  to  advance  epilepsy  research  

EGI  Repository  

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Efforts  by:  •  David  Goldstein  (Duke)  •  Erin  Heinzen  (Duke)  •  Dan  Lowenstein  (UCSF)  •  Sam  Berkovic  (University  of  Melbourne)  •  Tracy  Dixon-­‐Salazar  (CURE)  

Inaugural  Academic  Medical  Center  Partners:  •  Duke  University  (Bill  GallenQne  and  Mohamad  MikaQ)  •  University  of  San  Francisco  (Joe  Sullivan)  •  Children’s  Hospital  of  Philadelphia  (Dennis  Dlugos)  •  Children’s  Hospital,  Boston  (Anna  Poduri)  •  New  York  University  (Orrin  Devinsky)  •  University  of  Melbourne  (Ingrid  Scheffer)  

IRB  approved  at  Duke  University    

First  sequence  making  its  way  though  analysis.    

EGI  Par8cipa8ng  Sites  

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•   Establish  standards  for  geneQc  diagnosQcs  •  Increase  the  speed  of  geneQc  diagnoses  •  Establish  generalizable  modeling  frameworks    •  Establish  mechanism  to  organize  clinical  experiences  of  geneQcally  informed  therapies  

 

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Mul8  Electrode  Array  (MEA)  

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Celf4  mouse  model  and  seizure  

•  Celf4:    –  Encode  an  RNA-­‐binding  protein  –  Involves  in  RNA  processing,  such  as  pre-­‐mRNA  splicing,  RNA  stability,  and  translaQon  

–  widely  expressed  in  the  brain    

•  Celf4  deficiency  and  seizures  in  mice  was  described  Dr.  Wayne  Frankel’s  lab  –  A  new  epilepsy  mouse  model  called  ‘‘frequent-­‐flyer’’  –  DisrupQon  of  the  coding  region  of  Brunol4  (Celf4)    –  Limbic  and  tonic–clonic  seizure  started  from  the  third  month    –  Younger  mice  had  lowered  seizure  threshold      

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Elevated  number  of  spikes  in  network  spike  

•  Four  independent  MEA  experiments  showed  elevated  spikes  in  network  spike  in  Celf4  knockout  neurons  compared  to  wild-­‐type  

Days  in  vitro  (DIV)   Days  in  vitro  (DIV)  

Mean  spikes  

 in  network  spike  

Mean  spikes  

 in  network  spike  

Mean  spikes  

 in  network  spike  

2014/07/16  

2014/07/30  

2014/07/28  

2014/08/26  

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RaQonale  to  test  FluoxeQne  (Prozac)  on  MEA    

•  CELF4  deficiency              down-­‐regulates            serotonin  receptor  2c  

 •  FluoxeQne  (Prozac)  blocks  serotonin  reuptake  

•  FluoxeQne  (Prozac)  can  reduce  seizure  phenotype  in  mice  (measured  by  spike-­‐wave  discharges/hour)  by  50%  

%  protein  expression  to  wt  

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FluoxeQne  prevented  network  phenotype  to  occur  in  Celf4  KO  neurons  

•  Treat  FluoxeQne  (3  uM)  in  Celf4  neurons  on  MEA  at  DIV15  

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IdenQfied  human  CEFL4  mutaQons  in  epilepsy  paQents    

•  Idiopathic  generalized  epilepsy  

 •  Nonlesional  focal  epilepsy  

18_34846495_T         het         epprnd35229awb1        case         splice  donor   Family  history  +  

18_34846517_T         het         epprnd41146bgn1         case         missense         Family  history  +  

18_34854293_C         het         dukeepi119         case         missense       No  Family  history  

18_35145382_T         het         epprnd36043ary1         case         missense         Family  history  +  

18_34844669_A   het   epprnd29001uw1   case   missense        

One  pa,ent  with  a  CELF4  missense  muta,on  is  seizure-­‐free  during  10  months  of  Prozac  treatment  

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Acknowledgements  

         Alterna8ng  Hemiplegia  Erin  Heinzen    Sophie  Nicole      Nicole  Walley    Fiorella  Gurrieri  Mohamad  MikaQ  Mary  King  Sanjay  Sisodiya  David  Webb  Kathryn  Swoboda  Ingrid  Scheffer  Samuel  Berkovic    Peter  Uldall    Boukje  de  Vries  Domininque  Ponceli  Arn  M.J.M.  van  den  Maagdenbergn  

Bioinforma8cs    Team  Liz  Cirulli  

Mingfu  Zhu  Jessica  Maia  

Jonathan  Keebler  Hee  Shin  Kim  Zhong  Ren  Nanye  Long  

   

       

Genomic  Analysis    Facility  

Erin  Heinzen  Brian  Krueger  Joshua  Bridgers  Linda  Hong  

Erin  Campbell  Evan  Kazura  

Romelia  Perez-­‐Marco  

Richard  and  Pat  Johnson  

Epi4K  NINDS,  5U01NS077303-­‐02  

5U01NS077274-­‐02  Erin  Heinzen,    Elizabeth  Ruzzo    Slave  Petrovski    Andrew  Allen    Yujun  Han  

 Epi4K  ConsorQum  

Duke,  UCB  Vandana  Shashi  Mohamad  MikaQ  Yong-­‐Hui  Jiang  

Rebecca  Spillmann  Kelley  Schoch  Slave  Petrovski