Toward CivilizationPrehistory - 3000 BC

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• To put it simply, history began when man began to document events in writing.

• What is meant “ Toward Civilization?”

Top 10 Archaeological Discoveries

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•ARCHAEOLOGY HISTORY GEOGRAPHY

WHAT IS IT?

WHO DOES IT?

WHAT DO THEY DO?

WHY DO THEY DO IT?

Understanding Our PastPrehistory refers to the long period of time before people invented systems of writing. Prehistoric people had no cities, countries, organized central governments, or complex inventions.

About 5,000 years ago, some people in different parts of the world began to keep written records, thus marking the beginning of recorded history.

How do we learn about early peoples?Archaeologists and historians help us learn about the past.

Archaeology is the study of the ways of life of early peoples through the examination of their physical remains.

Archaeologists have learned about the human past by studying artifacts, or objects made by people. Artifacts include tools, weapons, pottery, clothing, and jewelry.

Archaeologists at WorkBy studying thousands of items, archeologists have traced how early people developed new technologies. Technology refers to the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs.

Archaeologists themselves use modern technology to support their findings:

Computers store and sort dataPhysicists measure radioactivity to determine the age of objectsGeologists determine the age of nearby rocks to help date rocksBotanists and zoologists examine seeds and animal bones to learn about the diet of early peopleBiologists analyze human bones, as well as bloodstains found on old weapons

Working Together

• Archaeologists are scientists who learn about early people

• study traces of early settlements, prehistoric people• figure out the age, meaning of artifacts—human-

made objects• Anthropologists study culture—way of life of a group

of people• study beliefs, common language, shared ways of

doing things

How do archaeologists uncover the story of early

peoples?

Studying Fossils

• Evidence of early people can be found in fossils

• fossils—remains of early life preserved in ground

• human fossils include pieces of teeth, skulls, other bones

• Archaeologists try to fi gure out ages of fossil remains, artifacts

Historians at WorkHistorians also study how people lived in the past. Like archaeologists, historians study artifacts. However, they rely even more on written evidence, such as letters or tax records. Historians also use such evidence as photographs or films.

Historians…evaluate the evidence to determine if it is reliable. interpret the evidence, explaining what it means. try to give a straightforward account of events

One of The GreatestArcheologist findings

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF3z4FcZegA

Geography and History Linked?Geography is the study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them. It is a key to understanding history because it shows us the connections between people, places, and events.

Five themes sum up the impact of geography on the human story…

Location: A location is a place where something is or could be located. It asks the question “Where is it?”

LOCATION,LOCATION,LOCATION

Location (continued…)Every place has a(n)…

• Relative Location(where a place is in relation to another place)

– Described by landmarks, time, direction or distance. From one place to another.

• Absolute Location (a specific place on the Earth’s

surface)

– A latitude and longitude (global location) or a street address (local location)

All places have characteristics that give them meaning and character and distinguish them from other places on Earth. Geographers describe places by their physical and human characteristics.Physical Characteristics: Human Characteristics:

• Landforms• Bodies of water • Ecosystems

• People• Culture• Language• Religion

PLACE

Physical Characteristics: Human Characteristics:

Human/Environment Interaction: In studying human/environment interaction, geographers look at all the effects-positive and negative- that occur when people interact with their surroundings. For example, people…depend on itEx: People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation.

modify itEx: People modify our environment by heating and cooling buildings for comfort

adapt to itEx: We adapt to the environment by wearing clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and winter (coats), rain and shine.

PEOPLE INTERACTING W/ENVIRONMENT

People interact with other people, places, and things almost every day of their lives. They travel from one place to another, they communicate with each other, and they rely upon products, information, and ideas that come from beyond their immediate environment.

Movement:

A basic unit of geographic study is the region, an area on the earth’s surface that is defined by certain unifying characteristics. When places have certain characteristics (human, physical, cultural) in common, geographers can classify them as regions.

Regions:

"OTZI THE ICEMAN" PART 2: 1:52 TO 14:56

"Otzi the Iceman" part 1: beginning to 8:50