Prehistory, the Neolithic Revolution, and River Civilizations.
Unit 1 – Early Civilizations Prehistory Prehistory – AD 1570.
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Transcript of Unit 1 – Early Civilizations Prehistory Prehistory – AD 1570.
Unit 1 – Early CivilizationsPrehistory
Prehistory – AD 1570
Homework Structure…• Outline – – Record these in your Notebook – Outline Format (do not rewrite the chapter)– Can use these Outlines on your quizzes
• Occasional Homework Assignments- – Section Questions – • Full sentence answers that draw conclusions from your
reading.
– Critical Thinking Questions – • 1 to 2 paragraph answer that analyzes the question &
often uses both the chapter & background information to draw conclusions.
How would you organize information?
Initiation• What types of things go through your mind
when you read a text? What can you do to improve your reading technique? – Read over sections that confuse you– Take notes on what you read– Write on handouts that are yours to keep/make
notes in the margins– Look up difficult words (in a dictionary)– READ EVERYTHING, not just the bare minimum– Define bolded vocabulary words
Reading Skills Reflection• What other reading skills do YOU think might help YOU?
– List five things that might help you to become a better reader.
• Highlight important sentences• Ask yourself questions along the way• Look at the end-of-section questions
(before/after)• Read at your own pace (don’t rush!)• Focus on titles/subtitles for a quick
overview• Read any included summaries• Relate reading to your own life or other
readings• Look at images/ask yourself why they
were included• Read captions• Look for root word of difficult words
• Highlight/underline• Find a focused place/atmosphere• Organizing your reading experience• Skim readings first with a quick glance• Read everything• Read aloud• Look at images/infographics first• Read chapter topics/headings first• Re-read material• Discuss readings aloud or in the mirror• Written summaries after reading• Read vocab first for consistent reading• Take breaks and RECALL• Ask questions throughout• Keep a steady reading pace• Note-taking• Reading activities/supplements• Ask a knowledgeable source
Reading the Textbook• Look for the following things: – RED section headings– BLACK sub-section headings– Focus questions at the start of every section– Important tables, maps, and infographics– CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS– Assessment Questions (end-of-section questions)
1.1: Understanding Our Past
Scholars Who Study the Past
Anthropologists-Study the origins and development of people and their societies-Modern ones specialize in certain fieldsSome study human bones; others study human cultures
Archaeologists-Are also AnthropologistsStudy past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts-Find artifacts at a site, and then analyze them-Use technology to study their findings
Historians-Study and write about the historical past-Learn from artifacts and written evidence-Evaluate evidence to determine if it is reliable-Analyze evidence to understand why events happened
1.1: Understanding Our PastHOMINIDS
GROUP SUMMARY
Australopithecines• Earliest hominids• Lived in Africa• Appeared as early as 7 million years ago
Homo Habilis• Emerged about 2 million years ago• Made stone tools for cutting, scraping, chopping, or sawing plants,
animals and wood
Homo Erectus• Appeared around 2 million years ago, walked upright• Had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth than other hominids• Thought to be first to use fire and to migrate out of Africa• Made hand axes
Homo Sapiens
• Emerged between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago• May have lived in Africa, then migrated into rest of world, or may
have developed from Homo erectus in different parts of the world• Divided into two groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans• Between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago Neanderthals disappeared;
early modern humans are now the only hominids on Earth
What Makes Us Human?
• “Ape Genius”• Human Children vs. Chimpanzee (Ability to Learn) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIAoJsS9Ix8• Cooperation - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOrgOW9LnT4&feature=related• Are you smarter than a Chimp? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q40YgjU1cs8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpOVNzhrc8w&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSmRNyhm0zk
What Characteristics are distinctly Homo Sapien?
1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic RevolutionNote Taking Practice
LIFE BEFORE FARMING LIFE AFTER FARMING
ERAS OF PREHISTORY
As you read the text, you should be able to - Understand and apply the key ideas, concepts, people and vocabulary.- Also, you should start to get comfortable with making additional
connections to the material in class, and to your life. When you read a section Read the title of the section. This is a quick way to know right away what
you will be reading. Read the focus question: Have this in your mind as you read and mentally
answer it as you go. Read the objectives: They tell you exactly what you will learn.
After you read a section, before you move on, take less than 1 minute to ask
yourself what was that about? Can you can answer the focus question?
1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution
• Old Stone Age/Paleolithic• Nomads; hunted and
gathered food• Lived in bands of 20 to 30• Made simple tools out of
stone, bone, and wood• Built fires and made clothing• Developed spoken language• Learned to cross water• Showed belief in a spiritual
world, buried their dead, and made cave paintings
LIFE BEFORE FARMING• New Stone Age/Neolithic• Grew own food, no longer
nomads• Farmers settled in the first
permanent villages, including Çatalhüyük and Jericho.
• Developed new skills and technologies, including plant and animal domestication, and calendars.
• Men began to dominate family, economic, and political life.
• Differences in wealth appeared.
LIFE AFTER FARMING
ERAS OF PREHISTORY
Old vs. New Stone AgeThe Neolithic Revolution
Paleolithic (old stone age) 2.5 mya
Begins with the use of stone tools
Neolithic (New Stone Age) 10,000 ya to 3,500 BCE
During the Neolithic era fundamental changes in society took place because of the new tools in use.
Life based on agriculture, domesticated animals and permanent settlements.
Nomadic, hunter gatherer life style
The Development of Stone Tools
Major River Valley Civilizations
Civilization River(s) of Importance
Sumer Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Egypt Nile River
Indus Civilization Indus River
Shang Civilization Huang River (Yellow River)
Why is there an Agricultural Revolution? Draw ConclusionsIce Age
The Present
River CivilizationsWhy did all early civilizations live near rivers?
1. Regular water supply2. Transportation3. Animals go to water = food supply4. Good for farming (floods spread silt, creating fertile soil)5. b/c of farming condition farmers can produce a surplus of food and support a growing population
Brainstorm
• List at least TEN things that you think of when you hear the word, “Civilization.”
Early Civilizations
Evolution of towns & cities• Farming produces a surplus (“extra” food)• Population Growth – more food = healthier population =
population boom– W/ more people --> Greater reliance on farming to sustain the
population • Domesticate animals & develop new farming tools = more food
– W/ a surplus food can be bartered (traded) = cultural/ technological exchange
• Division on labor – specialization – Farmers, craftsmen, artisans (things get made better & faster)– More time & More people = public building projects requires
leadership to organize & collect taxes to pay for it.• Wealthier, more comfortable & complex life style
develop…. Civilization
1.3: Beginnings of CivilizationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION
Rise of Cities and Civilizations
• Located near major rivers
• River valley civilizations arose in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China.
• In the Americas, early civilizations arose in the highlands; they may have begun as religious centers.
• Away from the cities, people lived as hunters, gatherers, famers, and nomads.
Features of Civilizations
• Cities• Organized
governments• Complex religions• Job specialization• Social classes• Arts and
architecture• Public Works• Writing
Changes Over Time• Changes in the
physical environment caused civilizations to change.
• Interactions among people and cultural diffusion caused civilizations to change.
• As rulers grew more powerful, civilizations began to center around city-states and empires.
4.5 BYA:Formation of Planet
3.5 BYA: Life Appears
on Earth
1.5 BYA:Dinosaurs
Roam Earth
65 MYA:Dinosaurs
Extinct; Primates Appear
12 MYA:Humans develop
separately from Apes
3 MYA:Distant humans climbed down
out of trees
250,000 YA:Homo
Sapiens emerged (“thinking person”)
40,000 YA:Humans
look basically as
they do today
12,000 YA:Neolithic
Revolution
Timeline of Earth & HumanityYA = Years Ago
MYA = Millions of Years AgoBYA = Billions of Years Ago
Culture Develops