Tourism and air transport - common issues · The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) - A specialized...

Márcio Favilla Executive Director

UNWTO

Tourism and air transport

- common issues -

International Air Services

Negotiation Conference (ICAN)

Durban, South Africa

9 December 2013

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

- A specialized agency of the United ‎Nations (UN) and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a ‎global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how.‎

- plays a central and decisive role in promoting the development of responsible, ‎sustainable and universally accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the ‎interests of developing countries.

- intergovernmental organization with membership includes 162 countries and territories and over 400 Affiliate ‎Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations ‎and local tourism authorities.‎

- encourages the implementation ‎of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, with a view to ensuring that member ‎countries, tourist destinations and businesses maximize the positive economic, ‎ social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing its ‎negative social and environmental impacts.‎

- committed to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, geared ‎toward reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development.‎

www2.unwto.org/en/content/who-we-are-0

http://www2.unwto.org/en/content/who-we-are-0







Tourism Towards 2030

Long-term research

2012: for the first time over one billion

international arrivals in one year

International tourism, World International Tourist Arrivals, million

source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) ©

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

2,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

International tourist arrivals to reach

1.8 billion by 2030

1 bn

1.8 bn

1.4 bn

Inbound tourism by region of destination International Tourist Arrivals, million


0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Asia and the Pacific will gain most

of the new arrivals

Africa

Middle East

Americas

Asia and the Pacific

Europe

International tourism by (sub)region of destination International tourist arrivals, average annual growth %


6.6

7.5

6.1

7.7

6.2

6.8

4.8

6.5

10.5

7.4

3.3

2.4

3.7

2.4

2.1

3.2

1.3

6.0 5.95.8

5.25.1 4.9

4.6 4.6 4.64.3

3.1

2.42.3

2.01.8 1.8 1.7

0

2

4

6

8

10

South

Asia

Wes

t and

Cen

tral A

frica

East A

frica

Centra

l Am

erica

South

-Eas

t Asia

North

-Eas

t Asia

South

Am

erica

North

Afri

ca

Midd

le Eas

t

South

ern

Africa

Centra

l/Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Ocean

ia

South

ern/

Med

iter.

Eu.

Caribb

ean

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

North

ern

Europ

e

North

Am

erica

1995-2010

2010-2030

South Asia to have the fastest growth (%)

International tourism by (sub)region of destination International tourist arrivals, average absolute change over previous year, million


4.7

2.8

4.7

3.1

2.5

2.8

1.2

0.8 0.8

0.5 0.5

1.5

0.60.3 0.4 0.4

0.2

9.1

5.9

4.8

4.4

4.1

3.4

2.01.7

1.41.3 1.2 1.2

0.8 0.7 0.70.5

0.4

0

2

4

6

8

10

North

-Eas

t Asia

South

-Eas

t Asia

South

ern/

Med

iter.

Eu.

Midd

le Eas

t

Centra

l/Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

North

Am

erica

South

Am

erica

North

Afri

ca

East A

frica

South

Asia

North

ern

Europ

e

South

ern

Africa

Wes

t and

Cen

tral A

frica

Centra

l Am

erica

Caribb

ean

Ocean

ia

1995-2010

2010-2030

NE Asia to have the fastest growth (abs.)

NE Asia to be the most visited

subregion in 2030 International tourism by (sub)region of destination International tourist arrivals, million


41

98

112

28

58

14

81

36

127 5 4

14

4 3 28

112

169

154

70

95

61

98

58

2419

12 11

20

138 7

12

293

264

222

187

176

149

138

82

58

46

37 3630 29

22 2219

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

North

-Eas

t Asia

South

ern/

Med

iter.

Eu.

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

South

-Eas

t Asia

Centra

l/Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Midd

le Eas

t

North

Am

erica

North

ern

Europ

e

South

Am

erica

North

Afri

ca

East A

frica

South

Asia

Caribb

ean

South

ern

Africa

Centra

l Am

erica

Wes

t and

Cen

tral A

frica

Ocean

ia

1995

2010

2030

International tourism by (sub)region of destination International tourist arrivals received per 100 of population


62

47

42

38

15

9 9

28

8 86

21

3 42

1 0

81

71

63

48

2527

22

32

19

15

12

21

76

42 1

114

103

80

65

47 47 46

4038

2827 26

18

13

7

32

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

South

ern/

Med

iter.

Eu.

North

ern

Europ

e

Caribb

ean

Centra

l/Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Midd

le Eas

t

South

ern

Africa

Ocean

ia

Centra

l Am

erica

North

Afri

ca

South

-Eas

t Asia

North

Am

erica

North

-Eas

t Asia

South

Am

erica

East A

frica

Wes

t and

Cen

tral A

frica

South

Asia

1995

2010

2030

Europe to continue to lead in int´l arrivals

per 100 of population

Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East

and Africa to increase their shares

Africa

3%

Americas

23%


8%

Europe

63%

Middle East

3%

Middle East

6%

Europe

51%


22%

Americas

16%

Africa

5%

Africa

7%

Americas

14%


30%

Europe

41%

Middle East

8%

1980

2010

2030

International tourism by (sub)region of destination International tourist arrivals, average annual growth %


6.6

7.5

6.1

7.7

6.2

6.8

4.8

6.5

10.5

7.4

3.3

2.4

3.7

2.4

2.1

3.2

1.3

6.0 5.95.8

5.25.1 4.9

4.6 4.6 4.64.3

3.1

2.42.3

2.01.8 1.8 1.7

0

2

4

6

8

10

South

Asia

Wes

t and

Cen

tral A

frica

East A

frica

Centra

l Am

erica

South

-Eas

t Asia

North

-Eas

t Asia

South

Am

erica

North

Afri

ca

Midd

le Eas

t

South

ern

Africa

Centra

l/Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Ocean

ia

South

ern/

Med

iter.

Eu.

Caribb

ean

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

North

ern

Europ

e

North

Am

erica

1995-2010

2010-2030

Africa to grow much above world

average (2010-2030)

Average annual growth (2010-30):

- Global: 3.3%

- Africa: 5.0%

5.9% 4.6% 5.8% 4.3%

Asia and the Pacific to be also the

outbound region to grow the most

Outbound tourism by region of origin International Tourist Arrivals generated, million

12

11088

308

1030

160

204

509

37

90

265

541

832

81

6

169

25

71

6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Africa Americas Asia and the Pacific Europe Middle East

1980 1995 2010 2030

No major change in share by purpose of visit

International tourism by purpose of visit International Tourist Arrivals, million

Leisure, recreation and holidays

VFR, health, religion, other

Business and professional


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Travel between regions continues to grow slightly faster

than within the same region

International tourism by region of destination and origin International Tourist Arrivals, share, %

within same region

between regions


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Emerging / developing to surpass advanced

destinations before 2020

Inbound tourism, advanced and emerging economies International Tourist Arrivals, million

emerging economies

advanced economies


0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Air transport will continue to gain market

share but at a slower pace

International tourism by means of transport International Tourist Arrivals, million

by air

over surface


0

250

500

750

1,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

What if assumptions change?

Tourism Towards 2030: global projection and sensitivity analysis International Tourist Arrivals, million


0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

2,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Actual data 1980-2010

Transport costs continue to fall (scenario 3)

Central projection

Faster rising cost of transport (scenario 2)

A slower-than-expected economic recovery and future growth (Scenario 1)

Courtesy of Boeing

Cost of air transport has strongly

decreased Wages vs airfares

time taken to earn the lowest Sydney-London return airfare130

21

5 3.5 2.7 1.9 1.70

25

50

75

100

125

1945 1965 1985 1995 2000 2005 2009

we

eks

source: Qantas, page 40 of www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/FactFiles.pdf

http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/FactFiles.pdf

…and we keep on flying

Visa

facilitation

UNWTO and partners working closely with

stakeholders to move agenda forward

A number of meetings have taken place and three reports have

been prepared taking stock of and analysing the current situation:

For more information and download of reports, see

http://rcm.unwto.org/en/content/facilitation-tourist-travel






Visa facilitation: striking a balance

Visas provide essential

functions

Benefits of openness

security

immigration control

limitation of stay and

activities

reciprocity

revenues

=> however … visas can

be a constraint to int’l

travel and its benefits

tourism, but also:

doing business

trade and investment

infrastructure development

attracting and retaining

talent

education, cultural

exchange and ‘soft

diplomacy’

World Population Affected, 2008-2013

77%

6%

17%

75%

8%

17%

63%

16%

18% 2%

64%

15%

18%

3%

2008 2010 2012 2013

Request for traditional visa decreased from 77% to 64%

2013 Openness Index

Dark blue 0-10, Light blue 11-23, Yellow 24-39, Light green 40-69, Dark green 70-100

2013 Status – Openness Score


2013 Status – Most Open Destinations


2013 Status: Most Restrictive Destinations


Destinations Improving Visa Procedures, 2010-2013

195-180

Improvements

•Niue

•Micronesia

•Palau

•Sao Tome and

Principe

•Djibouti

•Haiti

•Mozambique

•Azerbaijan

•Rwanda

•Guinea-Bissau

179-128

Improvements

•Burundi

•Togo

•Cape Verde

•Mali

•Uganda

•Guyana

•Lao (P.D.R.)

•United Arab Emirates

•Kenya

•United Republic of

Tanzania

127-75

Improvements

•Ecuador

•Bolivia

•Macao

•Armenia

•Sri Lanka

•Georgia

•Nicaragua

•Montserrat

•Tajikistan

•Mauritius

Drivers of Change

• 44 destinations significantly facilitated the visa

process (20 or more countries improved)

• Between 2010 and 2013 visa requirements were

facilitated for 5,930 destination-source market

pairs

• Significant changes (20 or more) were

predominant

• Most common change was visa on arrival (60%

of all changes)

87 States Represented at the 1963 Conference

Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cambodia,

Cameroon, Canada, Ceylon, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo(Leopold-Ville), Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Federal Republic of

Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Guatemala, Holy See, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait,

Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of

Korea, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Republic of South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian

Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

United States of America, Venezuela, Yugoslavia.

UN Conference on Int’l Travel and Tourism

States agreed:

“Governments should extend to the maximum

number of countries the practice of abolishing,

through bilateral agreements or by unilateral

decision, the requirement of entry visas for

temporary visitors.”

Visa Facilitation in G20 Economies

• 5% to 25% international

tourist arrivals growth

• Up to US$ 206 billion in

tourism receipts

• Up to 5.1 million

additional jobs by 2015

Mexico G20 Leaders’ Declaration

The G20 Leaders recognized at their June 2012

Summit in Mexico the role of tourism as

“a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and

development”

and, furthermore, they committed themselves to

“work towards developing travel facilitation

initiatives in support of job creation, quality work,

poverty reduction and global growth.”

Visa Facilitation in APEC Economies

• 9% to 13% international

tourist arrivals growth

• Between US$ 62 billion

and US$ 89 billion in

tourism receipts

• 1.8 million to 2.6 million

additional jobs by 2016

Areas of opportunity for visa

facilitation: Recommendations

• Improve delivery of information (Availability and reliability of information – multiple languages, useful information)

• Facilitate processes to obtain visas (Tackle bottlenecks such as personal interviews, needed documents, wait times etc.)

• Differentiated treatment to facilitate tourist travel (For means of transportation (e.g. cruise ship passengers) or specific geographical areas or ports of entries)

• Institute eVisa programmes or visa upon arrival (If exempting from entry visa is not possible)

• Establish regional agreements (To move freely between member countries once admitted by one of them)

Connectivity

Connectivity

51% of international tourists arrive at their

destination by air air transport and tourism

are closely interconnected

Opportunity for open skies policies and

increased cooperation between tourism and

aviation authorities

Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements

Index measuring the average openness of Air Service Agreements

[0 = most restricted, 38 = most liberal] | 2011 or most recent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

New

Zea

land

E

l Sal

vado

rT

aiw

an, C

hina

N

icar

agua

A

ustr

alia

H

ondu

ras

Gua

tem

ala

Jam

aica

U

nite

d S

tate

s Ja

pan

Cos

ta R

ica

Dom

inic

an R

epub

lic

Trin

idad

and

Tob

ago

Can

ada

Pan

ama

Irel

and

Nam

ibia

C

hile

C

olom

bia

Bru

nei D

arus

sala

m

Per

u Ic

elan

d E

cuad

or

Sin

gapo

re

Arg

entin

a D

enm

ark

Bar

bado

s G

uyan

a H

ong

Kon

g S

AR

In

dia

Kor

ea, R

ep.

Bra

zil

Indo

nesi

a U

nite

d K

ingd

om

Luxe

mbo

urg

Net

herla

nds

Uru

guay

H

aiti

Sw

azila

nd

Mex

ico

Ger

man

y F

ranc

e S

urin

ame

Por

tuga

l V

ietn

am

Nig

eria

P

arag

uay

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Mal

aysi

a H

unga

ry

Sie

rra

Leon

e G

hana

C

roat

ia

Bel

gium

C

ape

Ver

de

Italy

E

thio

pia

Sw

itzer

land

S

outh

Afr

ica

Tan

zani

a Jo

rdan

F

inla

nd

Tur

key

Uni

ted

Ara

b E

mira

tes

Gre

ece

Phi

lippi

nes

Pol

and

Rw

anda

P

akis

tan

Sw

eden

A

lban

ia

Aze

rbai

jan

Mau

ritiu

s Z

ambi

a Q

atar

B

ahra

in

Nor

way

C

amer

oon

Mor

occo

B

osni

a an

d H

erze

govi

na

Bur

undi

Is

rael

M

alaw

i B

oliv

ia

Tha

iland

Le

bano

n S

eneg

al

Aus

tria

V

enez

uela

Li

thua

nia

Gam

bia,

The

M

ozam

biqu

e C

had

Mau

ritan

ia

Latv

ia

Zim

babw

e M

adag

asca

r S

erbi

a G

uine

a M

alta

C

ambo

dia

Sri

Lank

a S

pain

R

oman

ia

Om

an

Uga

nda

Ken

ya

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

A

rmen

ia

Mon

golia

B

ulga

ria

Mac

edon

ia, F

YR

C

hina

U

krai

ne

Kuw

ait

Egy

pt

Côt

e d’

Ivoi

re

Geo

rgia

S

audi

Ara

bia

Bot

swan

a M

ali

Alg

eria

B

angl

ades

h K

azak

hsta

n R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n Ir

an, I

slam

ic R

ep.

Cyp

rus

Mol

dova

B

enin

S

love

nia

Yem

en

Taj

ikis

tan

Nep

al

Est

onia

S

eych

elle

s K

yrgy

z R

epub

lic

Bur

kina

Fas

o Le

soth

o

Openness of bilateral Air Service Agreements

Index measuring the average openness of Air Service Agreements

[0 = most restricted; 38 = most liberal] | 2011 This index measures

the weighted average openness of all bilateral Air Service

Agreements (ASAs) concluded by International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) signatories as registered in ICAO’s World’s Air

Services Agreements (WASA) database (2010 update). The weights

are the bilateral scheduled passenger traffic taking place under each

ASA. Regulatory data come from ICAO’s WASA database and

traffic data were obtained from IATA.

Sources: World Trade Organization, based on ICAO and IATA data

Taxation Pieter Brueghel the Younger

Paying the Tax (The Tax Collector)

oil on panel, 1620-1640

Ticket taxes and airport charges

Index of relative cost of access (ticket taxes and airport charges) to

international air transport services | [0 = highest cost, 100 = lowest cost] |

2012 or most recent

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sw

azila

nd

Iran

, Isl

amic

Rep

. Lu

xem

bour

g P

uert

o R

ico

Cap

e V

erde

K

uwai

t B

otsw

ana

Bru

nei D

arus

sala

m

Om

an

Bah

rain

La

tvia

Q

atar

S

audi

Ara

bia

Indo

nesi

a T

aiw

an, C

hina

E

ston

ia

Phi

lippi

nes

Kor

ea, R

ep.

Nor

way

M

alay

sia

Trin

idad

and

Tob

ago

Vie

tnam

G

uyan

a U

nite

d A

rab

Em

irate

s N

epal

T

urke

y In

dia

Uru

guay

F

inla

nd

Zam

bia

Mal

ta

Bul

garia

E

gypt

T

haila

nd

Mon

golia

Y

emen

C

hina

H

ong

Kon

g S

AR

P

olan

d Li

thua

nia

Gam

bia,

The

S

inga

pore

S

wed

en

Alg

eria

Ic

elan

d H

ondu

ras

Leso

tho

Spa

in

Bur

undi

B

arba

dos

Chi

le

Pak

ista

n P

ortu

gal

Cam

bodi

a B

elgi

um

Par

agua

y D

enm

ark

Gua

tem

ala

Tan

zani

a C

osta

Ric

a M

oroc

co

Nic

arag

ua

Zim

babw

e R

oman

ia

Leba

non

Cyp

rus

Italy

G

reec

e M

alaw

i K

azak

hsta

n C

zech

Rep

ublic

P

anam

a N

ew Z

eala

nd

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

M

ozam

biqu

e M

onte

negr

o R

wan

da

Nam

ibia

Ir

elan

d Ja

mai

ca

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Cro

atia

M

adag

asca

r H

unga

ry

Isra

el

Geo

rgia

M

exic

o M

aurit

ius

Sey

chel

les

Sw

itzer

land

E

cuad

or

Ser

bia

Mol

dova

K

yrgy

z R

epub

lic

Eth

iopi

a Jo

rdan

N

ethe

rland

s S

love

nia

Mac

edon

ia, F

YR

U

gand

a B

oliv

ia

Alb

ania

N

iger

ia

Sur

inam

e S

outh

Afr

ica

Ban

glad

esh

Ukr

aine

M

aurit

ania

G

erm

any

Hai

ti A

rgen

tina

Ben

in

Japa

n E

l Sal

vado

rT

ajik

ista

n F

ranc

e S

ierr

a Le

one

Bra

zil

Bur

kina

Fas

o C

amer

oon

Aze

rbai

jan

Ken

ya

Bos

nia

and

Sri

Lank

a C

olom

bia

Aus

tria

U

nite

d S

tate

s A

rmen

ia

Gha

na

Aus

tral

ia

Gui

nea

Côt

e d’

Ivoi

re

Mal

i V

enez

uela

P

eru

Can

ada

Dom

inic

an R

epub

lic

Sen

egal

U

nite

d K

ingd

om

Ticket taxes and airport charges

Index of relative cost of access (ticket taxes and airport charges) to international air transport

services | [0 = highest cost; 100 = lowest cost] | 2012

This index measures the relative cost of access to international air transport services based on the

level of airport charges, passenger ticket taxes, and value-added taxation. It reflects the costs

associated with a narrow-body and a wide-body passenger plane arrival and departure at the

major international airports in each country. Charges include landing, terminal navigation, and

passenger and security charges as listed in the IATA Airport and Air Navigation Charges manual.

Ticket taxes applicable to international travel were applied as described in the IATA List of Ticket

and Airport Taxes and Fees manual. Per-passenger charges were calculated by applying a 75

percent load factor to a typical seating configuration of each type of aircraft. Value-added taxes

(VATs) were calculated based on an average ticket price for each country, applied to half of the

departing passengers, because the VAT is normally charged only on itineraries originating in the

country concerned. A higher score indicates a lower level of charges and taxes.

Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser

Taxation

Trend to impose taxes on tourism and tourists

Higher taxes tend to translate into higher prices for

international and domestic tourists

Tourists‎are‎not‎voters‎in‎destinations‎but‎…‎create‎the‎jobs‎for‎

the voters

Export sector competing with the exports of other countries

Tourism uses public goods, hence must contribute with its fair

share

Intelligent taxation, avoiding secondary negative effects

Leisure tourism shows higher price sensitivity

Thank you very much

for your attention!

World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO)

www.unwto.org

Tourism Towards 2030

• A broad research project in continuation of UNWTO’s work in the area of long-term forecasting initiated in the 1990s.

• Objectives: – Assist UNWTO Members in formulating policies and long-term strategic plans

– Provide a global reference on tourism future development

– Reinforce UNWTO’s role in agenda setting for tourism-related subjects

– Constitute a reference for UNWTO strategic documents, programme of work and activities

• Central in the study are the projections for international tourism flows in the two decades 2010-2030 – Data series on international tourist arrivals as reported by destination countries are

used as the key indicator, taking into account subregion of destination, region of origin, mode of transport and purpose of visit for the period 1980-2010

– The quantitative forecast is based on a causal econometric model with international tourist arrivals as the dependent variable and as independent variables growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a proxy for traveller affluence and business travel potential, and also cost of transport

• Further diversification of tourism products, although

some forms of tourism might reach saturation

• Demographic changes: – aging population

– change in composition of families

– Immigration / emigration

• Growth in VFR

• Increase in independent travel and ‘do it yourself’

• New opportunities offered by – Low cost carriers: broadening of market

– Internet: facilitating flexibility and transparency

• Use of non-hotel accommodation and 2nd home

Changes in markets: general

Changes in markets: shrinking world

• Continued growth of demand and supply

• Proliferation of destinations and source markets

• Increase in participation and trip frequency

• Also further away, within region and interregional:

– trips to other regions grow at faster pace (5.4% a year between

1995-2020) than within own region (3.8% a year)

• A truly global market has developed

– Economic Integration/Globalisation

– Cost of transport going down or growing at slower pace than

accommodation and other costs

– On the supply side: many destinations with ambitious expansion

plans

– Intensified competition

Outbound tourism to be highest in Europe and

still low in Asia and Pacific

Outbound tourism by region of origin International Tourist Arrivals generated per 100 population


9

2

14

3

36

6

14

3

17

5

57

1722

6

24

12

89

25

61

12

1

21

6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

World Africa Americas Asia and the

Pacific

Europe Middle East

1980 1995 2010 2030

Tourism Towards 2030 in one page

• Tourism Towards 2030 shows that there is still a great potential for further expansion in coming decades; emerging as well as established destinations can benefit from this trend and opportunity, provided they shape the adequate conditions and policies with regard to business environment, infrastructure, facilitation, marketing and human resources

• Along with opportunities, challenges also arise in maximising social and economic benefits and minimising negative impacts

Long-term tourism growth pattern: more moderate, sustainable and inclusive

World Population Affected, 2008-2013

77%

6%

17%

75%

8%

17%

63%

16%

18% 2%

64%

15%

18%

3%

2008 2010 2012 2013

The Least Restrictive Destinations

Openness: 100

Cook Islands

Dominica

Micronesia

Niue

Openness: 99-80

Haiti

Macao (China)

Philippines

Georgia

Hong Kong (China)

Mauritius

Turks and Caicos

Islands

Openness: 79-70 Fiji

Guyana

Montserrat

Seychelles

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Vanuatu

Rwanda

Ecuador

Mali

Cape Verde

Guinea-Bissau

Mozambique

Nepal

Togo

Uganda

Timor-Leste

Samoa

Tuvalu

Palau

Maldives

Comoros Islands

Madagascar

Djibouti

Reciprocity Selected Economic Blocs

G20 Reciprocal Policies, 2013

• Open reciprocity of 65% is above world

average of 16%

• Mutually closed policies are below world

average of 36%

Open Reciprocity – Selected Economic Blocs

18%

33%

40%

42%

43%

65%

78%

83%

99%

100%

16%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

PAFTA

NAFTA

APEC

SADC

CAFTA-DR

G20

ASEAN

OECD

ECOWAS

Schengen Area

World Average

Open Reciprocity, 2008-2013

100%

73%

46%

45%

100%

85%

79%

58%

100%

50%

38%

35%

100%

91%

83%

61%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Schengen Area

OECD

G20

APEC

Schengen Area

OECD

G20

APEC

Emer

gin

g ec

on

om

ies

Ad

van

ced

eco

no

mie

s

2008 2013

Open Reciprocity, 2013 (among members and between members and non-members)

1%

18%

20%

8%

22%

20%

14%

23%

1%

25%

18%

33%

40%

42%

43%

65%

78%

83%

99%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

PAFTA

NAFTA

APEC

SADC

CAFTA-DR

G20

ASEAN

OECD

ECOWAS

Schengen Area

Open Reciprocity among members

Open Reciprocity between members andnon-members

Open Reciprocity, 2013 (among members and between members and non-members)

1%

18%

20%

8%

22%

20%

14%

23%

1%

25%

18%

33%

40%

42%

43%

65%

78%

83%

99%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

PAFTA

NAFTA

APEC

SADC

CAFTA-DR

G20

ASEAN

OECD

ECOWAS

Schengen Area

Open Reciprocity among members

Open Reciprocity between members andnon-members

16% World average

Tourism in the global agenda

• G20 recognizes for the first

time Travel and Tourism as

a vehicle for job creation,

economic growth and

development, and commits to

work towards developing

travel facilitation initiatives in

support of job creation,

quality work, poverty

reduction and global growth. (G20 Declaration - June 2012)

• Rio+20 recognizes the

significant contribution of

sustainable tourism to the

three dimensions of

sustainable development,

its linkages to other sectors

and its capacity to create

decent jobs and trade

opportunities.

Tourism and air transport - common issues · The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) - A specialized...

Documents

Transcript of Tourism and air transport - common issues · The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) - A specialized...