Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical...

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Transcript of Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical...

Page 1: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws.
Page 2: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws.
Page 3: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws.

Topographic Effects

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The Physical Environment

Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws.

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Properties of Water• liquid at ambient temperature

• solid state less dense than liquid- max density @ 4o C

• specific heat- absorbs heat; stabilizing temperatures within geographic regions

• thermal conductivity• heat of vaporization• transparent- absorbs IR & UV• polar solvent

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Statistics for Earth's Water

• water covers >70% of the earth's surface

Oceans 97.61% Polar Ice & Glaciers 2.08 Groundwater 0.29 Freshwater lakes 0.009 Saline Lakes 0.008 Soil Moisture 0.005 Rivers 0.00009 Atmosphere 0.0009

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Hydrologic Principles• The amount of water that soil holds,

and its availability to plants, varies with the physical properties of the soil.

• Capillary Action and Surface Tension

• Soil Water Potential and Field Capacity• As soil water decreases, the remainder is held

by increasingly stronger forces.

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Temperature• life processes occur within the

range at which water is a liquid (0-100 o C)

• few plants and animals can survive body temperatures above 45 o C

• the freezing point of water may be lowered by dissolved substances

• tissues of most animals freeze at a higher temperature than that of sea water

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Inorganic Nutrients

nitrogen phosphorus

sulfur potassium

calcium magnesium

iron

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Major Nutrients and Functions

• Nitrogen (N): component of proteins

and nucleic acids

• Phosphorus (P): component of nucleic

acids, phospholipids, and bone

• Sulfur (S): component of many

proteins

• Calcium (Ca): bone; regulator of cell

permeability

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Major Nutrients and Functions

• Magnesium (Mg): component of chlorophyll; involved in enzyme function

• Iron (Fe): component of hemoglobin and many enzymes

• Sodium (Na): major solute in extracellular fluid of animals

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Hydrology and Drainage Basin Morphology

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Water Balance EquationInputs-Outputs + Storage = 0

or

P=RO+ET+ Swhere:

P= precipitationRO= runoffET= evapotranspirationS= storage

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Processes in the Hydrologic Cycle

precipitation (P)- liquid or solid state

evapotranspiration (ET)-

evaporation- conversion of solid or liquid water to gaseous water; can take place from open water, soil, or vegetative surfaces

transpiration- water taken up by plants is released in the gaseous phase

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runoff (RO)-that part of precipitation that flows out of a watershed.

– 1. overland flow- flow occurs on impermeable surfaces or when the infiltration capacity of the soil is exceeded.

– 2. subsurface flow- lateral movement of water through the soil

– 3. groundwater flow- slow discharge of water from an aquifer into a stream

– 4. stream flow

• storage (S)

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Geomorphology

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Lake Formation• graben- downfaulted trough; e.g. Lake Tahoe

• caldera- subsidence of magma chamber; e.g. Crater Lake, OR

• Landslides

• glacial activity- e.g. scour, morain dams, & ice melt

• solution- CaCO3 (limestone)

• Oxbow

• wind- playa lakes

• humans & beaver

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Oxbow Lake

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Drainage Basin

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Stream Type

1. ephemeral- channels not well defined; flow during and shortly after precipitation events

2. intermittent- generally flow only during the wet season

3. perennial- year round

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spatial scale in lotic ecosystems

World

Continent

Drainage

Watershed

Stream

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Sedimentation & Channel Patterns

• erosion- chemical and mechanical processes by which stream channels are formed

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Deposition

process where particles that have been entrained and transported are deposited.

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factors effecting deposition

1. stream gradient

2. flow volume

3. particle size

4. impoundments

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results of deposition

• delta- results when flowing water meets standing water

• alluvial fan- sediments are deposited on land after eroding from higher elevation

• alluvial flood plain-

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Delta

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Alluvial Fan

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Alluvial Floodplain

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Flood Plain

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Global Climatic Patterns

Global climatic patterns result from differential heating and cooling of the earth’s surface.

Winds and ocean currents redistribute energy over the earth.

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Global Precipitation

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Global Ocean Currents

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Topographic Effects & Local Variation

riparian zones

xeric

mesic

outcrops

endemics

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Riparian Zone

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Xeric

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Mesic

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Rocky Outcrops

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Soils

Four factors generally determine the characteristics of soils:

parent material climate

vegetation topography

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Soil Horizons

O (litter)

A1 (humus-partially decomposed organics)

A2 (region of extensive leaching)

B (chemically resembles underlying rock)

C (slightly altered parent material)

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Soil Horizons

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Weathering

• “the physical and chemical alteration of rock material near the earth’s surface”

freezing

thawing

dissolution

oxidation