TOA Psycho&Society
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Transcript of TOA Psycho&Society
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THEORY ON NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
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PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
ON SPACES
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THEORY ON NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
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THEORY ON NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
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THEORY ON NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
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THEORY ON NEEDS
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Acceptance/ Affiliation
Security
Physiological
MASLOWS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
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SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
.
Cognition:
the mental processby which knowledgeis acquired .
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SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
.
Symbol: somethingthat representssomething else by
association,resemblance, orconvention, especiallya material object usedto represent
something invisible orimmaterial, derivingits meaning chieflyfrom the structure inwhich it appears
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SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
.
Semiotics:
the science ofsigns
All cultural phenomenon are
systems of signs
Culture can be understood as
communication
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
.
Gestalt: objectsobserved have innatequalities that make
them independent ofthe perceiver and theenvironment
The theory or doctrinethat physiological orpsychological phenomenondo not occur through thesummation of individualelements, as reflexes orsensations, but throughgestalts functioningseparately or inter-relatedly
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
.
Ecological:conditions inthe
environmentaffect the wayan object isperceived
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
.
Ecological:conditions inthe
environmentaffect the wayan object isperceived
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
.
Transactional:recognizes the roleof experience; there
exists a dynamicrelationship betweenthe person and theenvironment;
perception is activerather than passive;perception isgoverned byexpectancies andpre-dispositions.
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Speculative
Aesthetics:relies on the
introspectiveanalysis of theindividual.
Sensory values
Formal values Expression or
associationalvalues: Aesthetic,Practical,
Negative Values
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Speculative
Aesthetics:relies on the
introspectiveanalysis of theindividual.
Sensory values
Formal values Expression or
associationalvalues: Aesthetic,Practical,
Negative Values
Generated by pleasurable sensations
The object is perceived as a system of
relationships that exist in patterns
arise from images evoked by sensory values
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Empirical
Aesthetics:relies on scientific
techniques in theanalysis of aestheticexperience
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
The formal or
structural aspects
of objects
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Peoples
subjective
feelings about
them
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Information
Theory:the environment as
a set of that act asstimuli
ENVIRONMENT
EFFECT OF
MESSAGES
PERCEIVER: processes
and restructures
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Semantic
Theory:focuses on the
meaning ofelements of theenvironment and noton the patterns ofthe structures per
se
ENVIRONMENT
EFFECT OF
MESSAGES
PERCEIVER: interprets
meanings
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Meanings:learned associationsbetween the object
and an idea
ENVIRONMENT
EFFECT OF
MESSAGES
PERCEIVER: interprets
meanings
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Meaning of
Built
Environment:Results from thecombination ofFORM with aparticularMEANING
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THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Figure-
ground: aproperty of
perception in whichthere is a tendencyto see parts of avisual field as solid,well-definedobjects standingout against a lessdistinctbackground.
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SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
Cognition:the mental processby which knowledgeis acquired
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SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
Cognition:the mental processby which knowledgeis acquired
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Behavior
Settings:are stable
combinations ofactivity andplace
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Behavior
Settingsconsist of :
a recurrent activity- a standingpattern of behavior
a particular layout of theenvironment- the milieu
a congruent relationship betweenthe two- a synomorphy
a specific time period
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
The same physicalsettingmay be partof more than one
behavior setting ifdifferent standingpatterns ofbehavioroccurwithin it at
different times
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
A standing pattern ofbehavior may consistof a number ofdifferent behaviors
occurringsimultaneously:
overt emotionalbehavior
problem-solving
behavior gross motor activity
interpersonalinteraction
manipulation of
objects.
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Rationale for
Designing
Spaces: toprovide forsome existing orpotential set ofhuman
activities.
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
NEED
GENERAL
ACTIVITY
SPECIFIC
ACTIVITY
GROSS
MOTOR
ACTIVITY
e.g. Self- Study Read Sit/ Hold a bookesteem
Social Interaction Attend Party DanceAcceptance
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
The attainment of almost all
human needs involves somesort of gross motor activityor Movement.
e.g., survival needs, access
to other people,developmental opportunities
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Ecological Psychology- forces ofthe extra-individual rather thanon individual behavior.
Behavior SettingActivity-Space Relationship
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
The Built
Environment-
consists of astructured set ofsurfaces of variousqualities:
EnclosureAestheticAffordance
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Physical settings or
milieus are usuallyarchitecturallydifferentiated
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
One behavior setting enables aperson to achievemultiplicity of
satisfactions
Same behavior setting- meetdifferent needs of different
people
Same behavior setting- meetdifferent needs for anindividual at different times
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Behavior setting boundary-where behavior stops
Boundary problem-insufficient segregation ortoo much segregation
Individual differences/Personalities- differentboundary requirements
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Demand
Qualities:
afford only onetype of activityor a limited setof activities
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BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
Invitational
Qualities:
afford varioustypes ofactivities
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KINESTHETIC QUALITIES
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Social
Organization
Webster: A systemof continuouspurposive activity of aspecific kind
Richard Hall: A
collectivity withrelatively identifiableboundary, a normativeorder, authority ranks,common system
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Reciprocitybetween the builtenvironment and
behavior
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Affording
interaction
functional distancefunctional centrality
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Formal &
Informal
interactions
opportunities to seeand be seen-prerequisite toinformal interaction
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Collection
Points
NodesElevators
Lobbies
Canteens
Bundy clocks
Corridors with alcoves
Seats
Acoustics
Clustering
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Socio-petal
Space
Layouts where it iseasy to maintain face-to-face contact
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SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE
Socio-fugal
Layouts where it iseasy to avoidinteraction
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PRIVACY,
TERRITORIALITY,
DEFENSIBILE SPACES
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PERSONAL SPACE
invisible boundary surrounding
the persons body into which
intruders may not come
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4 DISTANCE ZONES
Intimate Distance
Personal Distance
Social Distance
Public Distance
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PRIVACY
the ability of an individual or groups
of individuals to control their visual,
auditory, olfactory interactions with
others
the ability to have options and to
achieve desired level of interactions
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KINDS OF PRIVACY
Solitude: state of being free fromobservation by others
Intimacy: state of being with another person
but free from the outside world
Anonymity: state of being unknown even in
a crowd
Reserve: state in which a person employs
psychological barriers to control unwantedintrusions
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CROWDING
associated with a feeling of lack ofcontrol over the environment
leads to negative behavior because
they are related to social overload
results from overmanning of
behavior settings
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DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
need for privacy greater forintroverts than for extroverts
extroverts like contrast with the
environment
introverts like courtyards
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DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
extroverts like strong centralplans
introverts like complex
internal relationships and clear
territorial patterns
people under stress need
more privacy for workplaces
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LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND
CULTURE
traditional Islamic dwelling
vs.traditional American
dwelling
the delineation of spaces inthe traditional bahay kubo, the
bahay the bato
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LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND
CLIMATE
trade-offs between privacy and
comfort
physiological comfort vs.
cultural requirements
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PERSONALIZATION
staking claims to places
manifestation of desire for
control and expression of
aesthetic tastes
effort to make an environment
fit activity better
done for psychological security
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TERRITORIALITY
a delimited space that aperson or a group uses and
defends as an exclusive
preserve
involves psychologicalidentification with a place
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BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF TERRITORIES
ownership of and rights to a place
personalization of marking of an
area
defense against intrusions
serve functions ranging from
physiological to self-actualization
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SYSTEM OF HUMAN
TERRITORIES
Defensible Space: a space
that affords easy
recognition and control of
activities
Levels:
visual access
adjacency
monitored by computers
or cameras
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TERRITORIAL VARIATION
as a factor of:
social class
civil status
religion
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SOFT ARCHITECTURE
the building or environment
can be personalized without
damage to them or without
difficult surgery
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