FUNCTIONALISM

Functionalism in Architecture was a movement during the late 19th century and early 20th century was a product of one American architect Louis Henri Sullivan who coined the term ``form follows function. It was Distinct to have exposed architecture of the existence of ornamentation and therefore aesthetics so that a structure simply expressed its purpose or function.

By utilizing these aspects, the ornamentation and unnecessary forms of designs were obliterated and instead replaced by a plainer but functional look.

Villa Tugendhat

Villa Tugendhat is a historical building in the wealthy neighbourhood of Černá Pole in Brno, Czech Republic. It is one of the pioneering prototypes of modern architecture in Europe, and was designed by the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Built of reinforced concrete between 1928 and 1930[1] for Fritz Tugendhat and his wife Greta, the villa soon became an icon of modernism.

Mies' design principle of "less is more" and emphasis on functional amenities created a fine example of early functionalism architecture, a groundbreaking new vision in building design at the time.

MODULOR

Commemorative Swiss coin showing the modulor.

The Modulor is an anthropometric scale of proportions devised by the Swiss- born French architect Le Corbusier (1887–1965).

It was developed as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the imperial and the metric system. It is based on the height of a man with his arm raised.

It was used as a system to set out a number of Le Corbusier's buildings and was later codified into two books.

The graphic representation of the Modulor, a stylized human figure with one arm raised, stands next to two vertical measurements, a red series based on the figure's navel height (1.08 m in the original version, 1.13 m in the revised version) then segmented according to Phi, and a blue series based on the figure's entire height, double the navel height (2.16 m in the original version, 2.26 m in the revised), segmented similarly. A spiral, graphically developed between the red and blue segments, seems to mimic the volume of the human figure.

Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles

In his first book The

Modulor, Le Corbusier has a chapter on the use of the modular in the Unité d'Habitation. The modular governs: the plan, section and elevations; the brise- soleil; the roof; the supporting columns and the plan and section of the apartments

It was the first opportunity to implement Corbusier's theories, to a scale that would lead to Modulor.

This self- intended by nature Corbusier was an expression of concern that began to emerge in the twenties, in their analysis of urban phenomena of distribution and circulation began to impact on modern society.

ART DECO

Art Deco, also called style moderne , movement in the decorative arts and architecture that originated in the 1920s and developed into a major style in western Europe and the United States during the 1930s. Its name was derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925, where the style was first exhibited. Art Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion. Its products included both individually crafted luxury items and mass- produced wares, but, in either case, the intention was to create a sleek and antitraditional elegance that symbolized wealth and sophistication.

The distinguishing features of the style are simple, clean shapes, often with a “streamlined” look; ornament that is geometric or stylized from representational forms; and unusually varied, often expensive materials, which frequently include man- made substances (plastics, especially Bakelite; vita- glass; and ferroconcrete) in addition to natural ones (jade, silver, ivory, obsidian, chrome, and rock crystal).

Rockefeller Center, a 12- acre (5- hectare) complex of 14 limestone buildings in midtown Manhattan in New York City, designed by a team of architects headed by Henry Hofmeister, H.W. Corbett, and Raymond Hood. The group of skyscrapers was built between 1929 and 1940.

Wood veneering, mural painting, mosaics, sculpture, metalwork, and other allied arts were integrated with the architecture as it was being planned and executed. Although much criticized in its early days, Rockefeller Center has since served as a model for other such urban developments. It is a focal point of tourism, particularly in winter when it is home to an ice- skating rink (first installed 1936) in its sunken plaza, which includes the famous Prometheus Fountain statue (1934) designed by Paul Manship and a large Christmas tree (first installed 1933).

UNIVERSAL DESIGN

Universal design (often inclusive design) refers to broad- spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to older people, people without disabilities, and people with disabilities.

The term "universal design" was coined by the architect Ronald L. Mace to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life. However, it was the work of Selwyn Goldsmith, author of Designing for the Disabled (1963), who really pioneered the concept of free access for disabled people. His most significant achievement was the creation of the dropped curb - now a standard feature of the built environment.

Universal design emerged from slightly earlier barrier- free concepts, the broader accessibility movement, and adaptive and assistive technology and also seeks to blend aesthetics into these core considerations. As life expectancy rises and modern medicine increases the survival rate of those with significant injuries,

illnesses, and birth defects, there is a growing interest in universal design. There are many industries in which universal design is having strong market penetration but there are many others in which it has not yet been adopted to any great extent. Universal design is also being applied to the design of technology, instruction, services, and other products and environments.

Curb cuts or sidewalk ramps, essential for people in wheelchairs but also used by all, are a common example. Color- contrast dishware with steep sides that assists those with visual or dexterity problems are another. There are also cabinets with pull- out shelves, kitchen counters at several heights to accommodate different tasks and postures, and, amidst many of the world's public transit systems, low- floor buses that

"kneel" (bring their front end to ground level to eliminate gap) and/or are equipped with ramps rather than on- board lifts.

FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION

Form follows function is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose.

"Whether it be the sweeping eagle in his flight, or the open apple- blossom, the toiling work- horse, the blithe swan, the branching oak, the winding stream at its base, the drifting clouds, over all the coursing sun, form ever follows function, and this is the law. Where function does not change, form does not change. The granite rocks, the ever- brooding hills, remain for ages; the lightning lives, comes into shape, and dies, in a twinkling.

It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law." - Louis Sullivan

Cathedral of Brasília

The Cathedral of Brasília (Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida- "Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of Aparecida" ) is the Roman Catholic cathedral serving Brasília, Brazil, and serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Brasília. It was designed by Oscar Niemeyer, and was completed and dedicated on May 31, 1970. The cathedral is a hyperboloid structure constructed from 16 concrete columns, weighing 90 tons each.

This concrete- framed hyperboloid structure, appears with its glass roof to be reaching up, open, to heaven. Most of the cathedral is below ground, with only the 70- meter (230 ft) diameter 42- meter (138 ft) roof of the cathedral, the ovoid roof of the baptistery, and the bell tower visible above ground. The shape of

the roof is based in a hyperboloid of revolution with asymmetric sections. The hyperboloid structure consists of 16 identical concrete columns assembled on site.

ALVAR AALTO (1898- 1976)

- Finnish

“We should work for simple, good,

undecorated things, but things which are in harmony with the human being and

organically suited to the little man in the

street.”

“The very essence of architecture consists of a variety and development reminiscent of

natural organic life. This is the only true style in architecture.”

“Architecture is not merely national but clearly has local ties in that it is rooted in the

earth.”

He started to produce his innovative plywood chairs in the1930s, and create a new trend in use of plywood.

He designed the Villa Mairea, one of the most admired buildings of modern architecture with his perception of organic links between people, nature and buildings.

His design philosophy was influenced by nature and organic materials, unlike other furniture of the same period with materials as tubular steel, which were quite modern at the time.

The beauty of his work is hidden in his design approach of Functionalism but with a strong connection to the organic relationship between man, nature and buildings. He

coordinated those three components and created a synthesis of life in materialized form.

Paimio Sanatorium

Municipal building in Säynätsalo

TADAO ANDO (1941-

- Japanese

- professional boxer by the age of seventeen

- Pritzker Architecture Prize 1995

- "critical regionalism"

- Zen influences vividly show in Ando’s work and became its distinguishing mark.

- Ando's architectural style is said to create a "haiku" effect, emphasizing nothingness and empty space to represent the beauty of simplicity.

“If I can create some space that people haven't experienced before and if it stays with them or

gives them a dream for the future, that's the kind of structure I seek to create.”

“You can't really say what is beautiful about a place, but the image of the place will

remain vividly with you.”

“The speed of change makes you wonder what will become of architecture.”

"To change the dwelling is to change the city and to reform society."

Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas

Church of the Light

Honpuku Temple (Water Temple)

Suntory Museum in Osaka

Hyogo prefectural museum of art

RICHARD FULLER (1895- 1983)

- Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller

- American neo- futuristic architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and inventor.

- Famous for his design of the geodesic

dome

- Dymaxion House was a pre- fabricated, pole- supported dwelling.

- Buckminster Fuller never obtained a degree in architecture.

"What the little, penniless, unknown individual might be able to do effectively on behalf of all

humanity."

"Whenever I draw a circle, I immediately want to step out of it."

"You must choose between making money and making sense. The two are mutually exclusive."

"…(ways of) doing more with less"

Dymaxion House

Dymaxion Car

Geodesic Dome

ANTONI GAUDI (1852- 1926)

- Spanish Catalan architect from Reus

- Catalan Modernism

Upon graduation, Gaudí initially worked in the artistic vein of his Victorian predecessors, but he soon developed his own style, composing his works with juxtapositions of geometric masses and animating the surfaces with patterned brick or stone, bright ceramic tiles and floral or reptilian metalwork. The salamander in Park Güell, for instance, is representative of Gaudí's work.

Güell Estate

Güell Palace

Sagrada Familia

PHILIP JOHNSON (1906- 2005)

- postmodernist

- Pritzker Architecture Prize 1979

- "the best known openly gay architect in America."

“Architecture is the art of how to

waste space.”

“Architecture is art, nothing else.”

“All architects want to live beyond their deaths.”

“Doing a house is so much harder than doing a skyscraper.”

“Concrete you can mold, you can press it into - after all, you haven't any straight lines in your

body. Why should we have straight lines in our architecture? You'd be surprised when you go

into a room that has no straight line - how marvelous it is that you can feel the walls talking

back to you, as it were.”

“I got everything from someone. Nobody can be original.”

Glass House

Seagram Building (with Mies van der Rohe),

53rd at Third (Lipstick Building)

OTTO WAGNER (1841-1918)

- Austrian architect and urban planner

- a proponent of Architectural Realism

- "Vienna Secession" artistic group

Viennese Wiener Stadtbahn

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station

Nussdorf weir and lock

Post Office Savings Bank

Kirche am Steinhof

CHARLES GARNIER (1825-1898)

- Jean-Louis Charles Garnier

- French architect

- Beaux-Arts style

- He won the 1860 competition for the new Paris Opera House.

Paris Opera

Villa Garnier

Grand Concert Hall of the Monte Carlo Casino

Nice Astronomical Observatory

Panorama Marigny in Paris

SANTIAGO CALATRAVA (1951-

- Spanish neo-futuristic architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter

- Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and railway stations, with designs that elevated the status of civil

engineering projects to new heights.

“It's very atmospheric. It's not a building that is a severe statement in the skyline. We need the

height; otherwise, the building almost disappears because it is so slender.”

“There was a wish to get something exceptional, ... I also wanted to deliver something

technically unique.”

Montjuic Communications Tower

Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto

Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum

Turning Torso

KENZO TANGE (1913-2005)

- Japanese architect

- Pritzker Prize for architecture 1987

- He was one of the most significant architects of the

20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism, and designed major buildings on five continents.

- Metabolist movement

“There is a powerful need for symbolism, and that means the architecture must have something

that appeals to the human heart. There is a powerful need for symbolism, and that means the architecture must have something that appeals to

the human heart.”

“I feel however, that we architects have a special duty and mission (to contribute) to the socio-

cultural development of architecture and urban planning.”

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

St Mary’s Cathedral, Tokyo, Japan

Yoyogi National Gymnasium for the 1964 Summer Olympics, Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo City Hall Complex

DANIEL LIBESKIND (1946-

- Polish-American architect, artist, professor and set designer of Polish Jewish descent

- known for introducing complex ideas and

emotions into his designs

- He began to study architecture under John Hejduk and Peter Eisenman at Cooper Union

“Life it is not just a series of calculations and a sum total of statistics, it's about experience, it's

about participation, it is something more complex and more interesting than what is obvious.”

“Cities are the greatest creations of humanity.”

“To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history but to articulate it.”

Studio Weil

The Wohl Centre

The Ascent

MGM Mirage's City Center

ART NOUVEU

  or Jugendstil is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art – especially the decorative arts – that was most popular during 1890–1910. English uses the French name Art Nouveau ("new art"), but the style has many different names in other countries.

A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines. Architects tried to harmonize with the natural environment.

Art Nouveau interior at the 1900 Paris Universal Exhibition by Bruno Möhring, German pavilion.

Art Nouveau is rarely so fully in control of architecture: doorway at place Etienne Pernet, 24 (Paris 15e), 1905 Alfred Wagon, architect.

The Casa Batlló, already built in 1877, was remodelled in the Barcelona manifestation of Art Nouveau, modernisme, by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol during 1904–1906

Leiden Townhouse

Art nouveau stairs

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas, of residences, industry and agriculture.

Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'

The City Peninsula / from Lyle Park

City architecture urban garden rooftop

HIGH TECH

(Late Modernism)

High-tech architecture, also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design. High-tech architecture appeared as a revamped modernism, an extension of those previous ideas helped by even more technological advances.

Like Brutalism, Structural Expressionist buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside, but with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure as opposed to exterior concrete walls.

The Lloyd's building, completed 1986, London

Seara Willis Tower

Olympic Stadium Munich (Germany)

Richard Rogers high tech building

BAUHAUS

Commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was an art school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught.

The Bauhaus was first founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design and architectural education.

Thus the Bauhaus style, also known as the International Style, was marked by the absence of ornamentation and by harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design.

The Bauhaus Dessau.

Modern Architecture, with Bauhaus inspired elements

The most common characteristics of International Style buildings are said to be: i.

rectilinear forms; ii. light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; iii. open interior spaces; iv. a visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction. Glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete, are the characteristic materials of the construction.

DUPLI.CASA; near Ludwigsburg, Germany; Architects: J. Mayer H. Architects; Associate Architects: Uli Wiesler

SUSTAINABLE STYLE

Is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.

The association of sustainability with architecture only began after the publication, in 1987, of Our Common Future, the report of the Brundtland Commission.

The term “sustainability” in relation to architecture has so far been mostly considered through the lens of building technology and its transformations. Going beyond the technical sphere of “green” design, invention and expertise, some scholars are starting to position architecture within a much broader cultural framework of the human interrelationship with nature.

Loblolly House was assembled on-site in less than six weeks. The aluminum structural frame provides the means to connect every piece of the house with a simple bolt, and it can be disassembled just as easily. “I see this as a critique of the wastefulness of contemporary construction, and as a provocation for architects as builders,” Kieran (architect) says.

As one teenage visitor commented, “I get it. It’s like camouflage.” Kieran explains further, “We wanted to connect the house to the forest, have it feel a bit random, akin to nature. The effort on our part was to make the house not just in nature but of nature.”

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE

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MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE

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ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND MOVEMENT

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T h e o r y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e 2

PREPARED & SUBMITTED BY:

PINON, ALLHEN J.

BS ARCHITECTURE II – SECTION1

SUBMITTED TO:

Ar. Renato Vergara Santos, uap

FACULTY IN CHARGE