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PHYSICS PROJECT

Submitted by :Utpanna HotaClass: XII

1. Acknowledgement2. Certificate3. Introduction4. Types of logic gates5. Truth tables 6. Circuit diagrams7. Experiment Aim Apparatus Theory Procedure Observations Result8. Bibliography

InTRODUCTION

LOGIC GATESA gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain logical relationship between the input and output voltages. Therefore, they are generally known as logic gates gates because they control the flow of information.

The five common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR. Each logic gate is indicated by a symbol and its function is defined by a truth table that shows all the possible input logic level combinations with their respective output logic levels.Truth tables help understand the behavior of logic gates.

TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

(i) NOT gate (Inverter)This is the most basic gate, with one input and one output.It produces a 1 output if the input is 0 and vice-versa.That is, it produces an inverted version of the input at its output.

(ii) OR GateAn OR gate has two or more inputs with one output.

The output Y is 1 when either input A or input B or both are 1s, that is, if any of the input is high, the output is high.

(iii) AND GateAn AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output Y of AND gate is 1 only when input A and input B are both 1. It kind of looks for the minimum of the two signals.

(iv) NAND GateThis is an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. If inputs A and B are both 1 then output Y is not 1.It is also called as Universal Gates since by using this we can realize other gates.

(v) NOR GateIt has two or more inputs and one output. A NOT- operation applied after OR gate gives a NOT-OR gate (or simply NOR gate). Its output Y is 1 only when both inputs A and B are 0, i.e., neither one input nor the other is 1. (Some Basic Logic Gates And Their Truth Tables)

Circuit diagrams

Experiment

AIM

To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table.

APPARATUS

1. A battery of 6V2. Two switches3. Torch bulb (or LED)4. Connecting wires

THEORY

The three basic logic gates and their combinations are the building block of the digital circuit.

1. OR gateThe OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation. 2. AND Gate The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB. 3. NOT GateThe NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output. It is also known as an inverter.

PROCEDURE1. Write product term for each input (minterm), combination where Boolean function has output. While writing minterms, complement the variable whose value is 0 otherwise write it in the direct form (without complement).2. Add all the minterms to obtain the Boolean function.3. Draw the circuit using basic LOGIC Gates.

So we, choose the given Truth Table.

INPUT AINPUT B FMINTERM

0 0 1 XY

0 1 1 XY

1 0 0 XY

1 1 1 --

1The Boolean Function F(x, y) is obtained as:

F(x, y) = X.Y+X.Y+XY= Y+XY = (X+Y)(Y+Y) = X+Y = (XY) So, our expression reduces to that of a NANDGate logic (Not of AND).

OBSERVATIONS:

Switch A Switch B BULB (Y)

OFF OFF ON

OFF ON ON

ON OFF ON

ON ON OFF

Result: A logic gate is prepared from the given Truth Table.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. NCERT Physics part 22. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia