TL III Program Improvement Plan-Chickpea in India

Sushil K Chaturvedi and B.B. Singh

Chickpea in India

Source: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=27

* Third estimates (chickpea share is 43.84%) released on 9th May 2016

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Yield (kg/ha) Area (m ha) (Production (M t)

*Pulses: 17.06 m t, *Chickpea: 7.48 m t

Chickpea in contrasting agro-climatic zones

Zone Trait Stress Yield limiting constraints

North Excessive biomass

Temperature extremities

130-170 days crop duration, fog & frost, temperature extremities, flower drop, poor sunlight

South Less biomass

Terminal drought 85-100 days crop duration,, harsh post-anthesis period

Central Less biomass

Terminal drought & heat

110-125 days crop duration, harsh post-anthesis period, frost, drought and heat stress

Productivity Constraints

• Climate change- vulnerability of varieties to fluctuating

temperatures, intermittent drought and heavy downpours

• Narrow genetic base - vulnerability to stresses

• Declining TFP in irrigated areas dominated by cereal-cereal cropping

system Emerging diseases, insect pests and weeds posing serious

threat (minor ones are becoming major)

• Regional shifts cooler to warmer regions

• Emerging pests

• Problematic soils, and high/low soil moisture at seeding

IIPR, Kanpur Head Quarter

Achievements >71 varieties in seed chain

•Diseases resistant : Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight

•Drought tolerant: Rainfed conditions

•Heat tolerant : Delayed sowing

• Salinity tolerance

• Lodging tolerance

Farmers’ preferred traits

Extra-large seeded kabuli • MNK 1, Phule G 0517 , PKV 4-1 Large seeds kabuli • IPCK 2002-29, ICK 2004-29, KAK 2

Short duration • JG 14, JSC 55, JSC 56, IPC 2006-77

Mechanical harvesting • NBeG 47 • GBM 2 Green seeds • RSG 992, sadabahar

Research Priorities

• Germplasm enhancement- Prebreeding

• Resistance breeding- Multiple adversities resistance

• Varieties with farmers’ preferred traits- seed size & intercropping

• Improving nutrient use efficiency- ‘P’ acquisition efficiency

• Reducing cost of cultivation- Machine harvestable varieties &

- Herbicide tolerance

• Trait identification- Immature green chickpea grain, nutrients rich

grains, milling quality, etc.

• Ensuring genetic purity : Variety specific diagnostic markers

Genetic Resources Maintained at IIPR

Crop Germplasm Acc. Wild Wild sps. Landraces

Chickpea 4730 123 6 188

>18000 acc. maintained in different gene banks

Value addition to PGR

• PGR conservation: NBPGR, ICRISAT, ICARDA

• Identification of donors – NARS, ICRISAT, ICARDA

• Utilization by NARS

Precise phenotyping of genetic resources (core or mini-core sets) including wild relatives & primitive landraces to indentify donors

PGR- reservoir of useful genes

198 land races and 120 accessions of 6 wild Cicer

species were characterized .

3003 germplasm accessions maintained for further utilization.

Pre-breeding efforts using primitive landraces & wild Cicer species

Screening against •Abiotic stresses (heat, cold & soil moisture stress)

•Biotic stresses (diseases: BGM , AB)

Reservoir of useful genes- can help in alleviating tolerance against abiotic stresses

Pre-breeding for broadening genetic base

Interspecific crosses made using

• ILWC 179 & ILWC 245 (C. echinospermum)

• ILWC 212, EC 556270, ILWC 237 (C. reticulatum)

Several crosses using landraces were made :

• ILC 3512,

• ILC 3518

• ILC 3279 Variability released for • Seed per pod: 2-3 seeds • Profuse primary branches: 8-10 • Profuse secondary branches: 17-23 • Plant height >90 cm. • Lodging tolerance • Heat tolerance

ILC 115: Heat tolerant >350C temperature)

• 71 acc. of wild Cicer sps screened against heat stress

• ILC 115, EC 556270 and ILWC 21 : Heat tolerant

• Pollen germination & pollen tube growth observed at >350C temperature • Similar genotypic variations observed for membrane stability

Phenotyping against heat stress

Genotype Yield (kg/ha)

100 seed wt. (g)

Pant G 186 1611 16.3 BG 372 1488 15.5 KPG 59 1429 17.8 IPC 2010-62 1719 25.7 IPC 2006-77 1817 16.3

Improving Heat Tolerance (over 3 years; 7/11 locations)

Phenotyping for Herbicide Tolerance

Tolerant: ICC 1161, ICC 1205, ICC 13816, IPC 2008-29, IPC 2006-134, ICC 1710, ICC 2629, GL1006 , ICCV 08102, IPC 2010-56 & IPC 2010-173

ICC 5484: most sensitive and showed leaf burning within 7 days of herbicide application

Two mapping populations are being developed

Transcriptome analysis performed- communicated

Restructuring traditional plant types

• Resource conservation • High population density • Mechanical harvesting

Plant type (tall : >60 cm. , Growth: Erect/semi-erect), Profuse primary branches of equal height, medium large leaflets, podding above 20-25 cm from the base, and >550 angle for branches

Reduction in plant biomass due to low P availability in soil varied from less than 10 to 80% among the genotypes.

Better P use efficiency was observed in BG 256, IPC 2010-167 and lowest in IPC 2005-44 followed by JG 16.

This indicates presence of genetic variations for P use efficiency.

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IPC2005-44 JG-16 IPC 2010-152 BG 256 IIPC 2010-

167

172.71

241.55

284.09

364.96 384.62

P-use e

ffic

iency (g s

hoot/

g

P u

pta

ke)

Chickpea Varieties

Phosphorus Acquisition Efficiency

Emerging Diseases

Rust (Uromyces ciceris-arietini), is emerging as one the important disease under late sown conditions of Terai, Eastern and Southern India.

Alternaria Blight (Alternaria alternata), Dry root rot and Stunt (Bean leafroll leuteo virus, chickpea chlorotic dwarf geminivirus) are emerging diseases in eastern India

Ensuring maximum returns: Tailoring crop plants for intercropping systems

Plant types ensuring better solar light interception on both the crops need to be ensured while developing suitable varieties of chickpea.

Immature Green Chickpea Grain (IGCG)- for vegetable purpose as 'Health Food'

•Extra-early maturing and cold tolerant varieties •Retention of green colour of immature grains: till physiological maturity

Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, western Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhota Nagpur plateau (South Bihar, Southern West Bengal, Odisha

etc.

Research strategies

• Germplasm enhancement- Prebreeding & value addition to PGR

• Integrated Breeding – deployment of molecular markers to enhance

efficiency of selection

• Accelerated Breeding – Utilizing rapid generation advancement, and

• Transgenic technology- utilizing genes from diverse sources

Rapid Generation advancement IIPR Off-Season Nursery, UAS Campus, Dharwad

2-3 generations can be ensured, if facilities are utilized properly

June/July to October/November

Transforming using cry1Ac : DCP 92-3

A B C D

E F G H I

[A: Germinated seedlings; B: Removal of radical and plumule; C: Axillary meristem explants, D: Initiation of multiple shoots; E: Multiplication and elongation of shoots; F: Separated green healthy shoots; G: Graft onto non-transgenic root stock; H: hardening of grafted plants; I: mature fertile plants]

Genomics Enabled pulses Improvement

•Development of molecular markers

•Mapping of gene(s)/QTLs conferring resistance

• Identification of linked markers to targeted traits

•Deployment of molecular markers in breeding

Deploy molecular markers- for traits where selection during segregating generations is difficult ??????

BC3F4 and BC3F3 generation of the cross Pusa 256 x Vijay screened against foc race 2 in sick plots, 4 progenies were found highly resistant and one resistant, seed is being multiplied.

•Introgression of race specific resistance to FW (Foc 2) in variety Pusa 256

Deployment of molecular markers for developing wilt resistant varieties- for learning

MABC Lines for drought

testing

MABC for drought tolerance

9/7/2016 27

F1

(Off season 2012)

Back cross

DCP92-3 ICC4958 x

F1

BC2F1

KWR108 (P1) ICC 4958 (P2) x

BC1F1

MARKER : TA 1 8

150bp

130bp

Priority traits Source of variation

Technology Current Status

Drought QTL hotspot IB JG 11, JAKI 9218, ICCV 10, JG 14

Heat Available CB, Marker Dev, IB

Many breeding lines avail

Dry root rot Mod source Patho, GR, CB, IB

protocol available

Photo-thermo insensitive

Available CB, Marker Dev

few breed lines, mapping popl.

Herbicide tol Available CB, Marker Dev, GE

few breed lines available

Helicoverpa Not avail GE Bt-lines available from IIPR, ICRISAT

Chickpea-Priority traits

Priority traits Source of variation

Technology Current Status

Green seeded Available CB limited efforts

Parching quality Not available CB limited efforts

P- acquisition efficiency (PAE)

Available Marker Dev limited efforts

Protein content, Fe, Zn

Available

Marker Dev

limited efforts

Chickpea-Priority traits

Challenge: Gene identification, cloning and transformation: Gene controlling seeds per pod from

C. cuneatum : 4-5 seeds per pod

Ensuring genetic gains

• Development of high yielding varieties having desired traits

• Farmers’ Participatory Varietal Selection Trials

• Mini-kits programs- small seed packets distribution

• Front line demonstrations- farmers’ fields

• Ensuring availability of quality seed of new releases

• Policy support

Assessing genetic gains- Future plan

• Large scale seed production- creation of 150 Seed-Hubs (52 on

chickpea)- investment by Federal Government

• Linking chickpea production with Prime Minister Crop Insurance

Scheme (PMFMY)

• Tracking varieties adoption in areas selected area- future plan

(quality seed sale, sampling from farmers’ fields and diagnostic

markers)

• Procurements by the Government ensuring benefits to farming

community

Seed production- Quality Assurance

Genetic purity

Certification programs

Grow out test is the way to check genetic purity: 3-10 months program-

alternate is •Development of variety specific diagnostic markers

To conclude………

•With the kind of research network, genetic resources, breeding

techniques, human resources, infrastructure etc. available for

research: varieties with enhanced genetic yield potential will be

developed ; and

•Collaborative efforts are going to ensure high speed for genetic

improvement ensuring genetic gains

•Close collaborations- harnessing available strength will be the key

for success in future when investments are reducing