Tissues Chapter 5. Tissues Four types of tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous.
Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.
-
Upload
spencer-greene -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.
![Page 1: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TissuesChapter 5
http://asweknowit.net/images_edu/dwa5%20tissues.jpg
![Page 2: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
4 Types of TissuesAll tissues can be classified into four major
categories based on structure and function:1. Epithelial: Covers and protect body surfaces, lines
body cavities, moves substances in and out of blood (secretion, excretion & absorption), form glands
2. Connective: support, connection, transport, protection
3. Muscle: moves the body & its parts; specialized for contractility
4. Nervous: provides communication between body parts and coordinates body functions
![Page 3: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Embryonic Development• Zygote becomes a blastocyst
through mitotic division • Cells of the blastocyst regroup into
primary germ layers– Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm– Gastrulation: process of blastocyst
differentiating into 3 germ layers– Histogenesis: process of germ layers
differentiating into diff tissues
![Page 4: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Epithelial TissueSubdivided into 2 types:1. Membranous
– Covers the body & some of its parts – Lines body cavities (pleural,
pericardial, peritoneal), blood vessels, respiratory, digestive and genitourinary tracts
2. Glandular – Form the secretion units of the
endocrine & exocrine glands
![Page 6: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Epithelial TissueFunctions of epithelial tissues:1. Protection
– Ex: skin protects body from injury & disease-causing micro-organisms
2. Sensory– Epithelial structures that specialize in sensory functions
found in skin, nose, eye, ear
3. Secretion– Glandular epithelium secrete hormones, digestive juices &
sweat
4. Absorption– Ex: gut absorbs nutrients; exchange of respiratory gases
5. Excretion – Ex: kidney tubules concentrate & excrete urine and other
waste products
![Page 7: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Epithelial Tissue• Basement membrane
– Thin, noncellular layer of adhesive– Connects epithelial tissue and
underlying connective tissue • Avascular
– “without” vascular– Epithelial cells do not have blood vessels– Oxygen & nutrients diffuse from
capillaries through connective tissue & basement membrane to epithelial cells
![Page 8: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classification of Membranous Epithelial Tissue
• Cell Shape– Squamous: flat, plate-like– Cuboidal: cube-shaped; larger cytoplasm– Columnar: narrow and cylinder-shaped– Pseudostratified: single-layered; all cells
touch the basement membrane but may not extend to the top of the membrane
• Layers of Cells– Simple: single layer– Stratified: cells are layered on top of one
another– Transitional: cell shape & layers differ
![Page 9: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Founds in areas where diffusion or filtration are necessary
Examples of locations:
•Alveoli (air sacs)
•Linings of blood & lymphatic vessels
•Surfaces of pleura, pericardium & peritoneum
![Page 11: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Examples of locations:
•Glands and their ducts
![Page 12: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Examples of Locations:
•Mucous membranes such as stomach, intestine, uterus
Goblet cells (produce mucous) & microvilli (increase surface area) are usually found on these cell types
![Page 13: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Examples of locations:
•Respiratory tract, male urethra
Goblet cells & cilia present
![Page 14: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Examples of locations:
•Skin
Keratin (tough protein) provides (fig 5-8 – not pictured)
![Page 15: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Examples of locations:
•Areas subject to stress and tension changes (Urinary bladder)
![Page 16: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Glandular Epithelium
• Specialized for secretory activity• Unicellular glands
– Single celled– Ex: goblet cells
• Multicellular glands– Function in clusters, solid cords or
specialized follicles
![Page 17: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Endocrine vs Exocrine
• All glands are classified as endocrine or exocrine
• Exocrine glands– Discharge/secrete into ducts– Ex: salivary glands
• Endocrine glands– “ductless glands”– Secrete hormones directly into blood or
interstitial fluid– Ex: pituitary and thyroid glands
![Page 18: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
• (Table 5-2, p. 133)• Shape of gland:
– Tubular– Alveolar (sac-like)
• Complexity of gland:– Simple (one duct)– Compound – > 2 ducts (branched)
![Page 19: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands
1. Apocrine– Collect secretory products at apex (tip)– Apex of cell pinches off – Cell repairs itself & repeats process– Ex: milk-producing mammary glands
2. Holocrine– Collect secretory product inside the cell– Rupture to release (self-destructs)– Ex: sebaceous glands (oil glands)
3. Merocrine– Discharge through plasma membrane– This type applies to most exocrine glands– Ex: salivary glands
![Page 21: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 5-12, p. 132
![Page 22: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Connective Tissue
• Most widespread tissue in the body• Functions:
– Connection– Support – Transport– Protection– Insulation
![Page 23: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
• Common origin – mesoderm• Matrix
– Intercellular material– Few cells, fibers, fluid, ground
substance (material between cells)– Fibers:
1. Collagenous fibers2. Reticular fibers3. Elastic fibers
![Page 24: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fibers1. Collagenous fibers
– “white fibers”– Made of collagen (fibrous protein)– Tough, strong
2. Reticular fibers– Delicate– Reticulin – protein– Support small structures (ex: capillaries)
3. Elastic fibers– Extensible & elastic– Elastin – protein– Found in “stretchy” tissue (ex: cartilage of the
external ear)
![Page 25: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Classification of Connective Tissue
1. Fibrous– Loose (areolar)– Adipose– Reticular– dense
2. Bone3. Cartilage
– Hyaline– Fibrocartilage– elastic
4. Blood
**Reference Table 5-3, pp. 134-135**
![Page 26: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fibrous Connective Tissue1. Loose connective (areolar) tissue (fig 5-13)
– Stretchable– most abundant connective tissue in the
body– Connects adjacent structures
• Ex: btwn other tissues and organs• Ex: superficial fascia
![Page 27: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fibrous Connective Tissue2. Adipose tissue (fig 5-14)
– Contains mainly fat cells– Supportive/protection pads around kidneys
& other body structures– Storage deposit for excess food– Insulating material, conserves body heat
![Page 28: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fibrous Connective Tissue3. Reticular Tissue (Fig 5-16)
– 3D web of reticular fibers– Forms the framework of the spleen,
lymph nodes & bone marrow– Meshwork filters harmful substances out
of the blood
![Page 29: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fibrous Connective Tissue4. Dense Fibrous Tissue (fig 5-17, 5-18, 5-19)• Densely packed fibers• Regular Dense CT
– Fibers arranged in regular, parallel rows– Collagen fibers– Flexible, strong– Tendons (muscle to bone) & ligaments (bone to bone)
• Irregular Dense CT– Fibers intertwine – Withstand stress from any direction– Ex: dermis (inner layer of skin); outer capsule of kidney &
spleen
![Page 30: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Bone Tissue
• We will cover this when we cover the skeletal system
• Just know that bone is a type of connective tissue
![Page 32: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cartilage
• Only 1 cell type – chondrocyte– Located in lacuna
• Avascular – receive nutrients via diffusion
• Injuries to cartilage heal slowly due to poor nutrient delivery
![Page 33: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cartilage - Types1. Hyaline cartilage
– Most common– Covers ends of long bones (where joints
articulate)– Found in supporting rings of respiratory tubes
2. Fibrocartilage– Strongest, most durable– Intervertebral disks– Menisci in knee joint
3. Elastic cartilage– Fine elastic fibers– High degree of flexibility– External ear
![Page 34: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Blood• Unusual type of connective tissue• No ground substance• Matrix = plasma (55%)• Formed elements = blood cells (45%)
– Erythrocytes – RBCs– Leukocytes – WBCs– Thrombocytes – platelets
• Transport function– Respiratory gases, nutrients, waste
products
![Page 36: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Muscle Tissue
3 types:– Skeletal muscle tissue– Smooth muscle tissue– Cardiac muscle tissue
![Page 37: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Muscles (attached to bone)• “striated voluntary” muscle
• Structure: striations, multi-nucleated, long, tread-like cells, bundles of microfilaments
![Page 38: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Smooth Muscle Tissue• Aka: visceral muscle tissue• Lines walls of hollow internal organs
(viscera)– Stomach, intestines, blood vessels
• “non-striated involuntary” muscle
• Structure: long, narrow cells, non-striated
![Page 39: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Smooth Muscle Tissue
![Page 40: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue• Walls of the heart• “striated involuntary” muscle
• Structure: striations, dark band (intercalated disks (where plasma membranes meet up)
![Page 41: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Nervous Tissue• Rapidly integrates activities of
various parts of the body• Rapid communication is made
possible b/c of the excitability & conductivity characteristics of the nervous tissue
http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif
![Page 42: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nervous System
3 Parts:• Brain• Spinal cord• Nerves
Nervous Tissue:• Common origin:
ectoderm• Two cell types:
1. Neurons (nerve cell)2. Neuroglia (supporting
cells)
![Page 43: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Anatomy of Neurons• Cell body –
soma• Cell processes:
– Axon transmits nerve impulses away from cell body
– Dendrites carry signals towards axon
http://www.nida.nih.gov/jsp/MOD3/images/NEURON2.gif
![Page 44: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Tissue Repair
After mechanical damage or tissue injury:
• Phagocytic cells remove dead or injured cells
• Regeneration: growth of functional new tissue (via mitotic division)
Repair capacity based on tissue type
![Page 45: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Epithelial & Connective Tissue Repair
• Greatest capacity to regenerateEpithelial Tissue:
– Cut/injury cell division tissue regeneration
Connective Tissue:– Cut/injury activation of cells that make
collagen fibers injury site filled w/ dense fibrous CT
Small injury – dense fibrous CT replaced by normal tissue
Deep/large injury – dense fibrous CT forms scar
![Page 46: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Muscle Tissue Repair
• Limited repair capacity• Damaged muscle tissue replaced
with fibrous CT• Results in loss of some or all ability
to function normally
![Page 47: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nervous Tissue Repair
• Limited ability to regenerate• Some neurons outside the brain and
spinal cord can regenerate (slow process)
• Majority of the time: brain & spinal injuries always result in permanent damage
![Page 48: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Body Membranes
• Membrane – thin, sheet-like structure• Two types:
– Epithelial membranes• Composed of epithelial tissue and
underlying connective tissue
– Connective Tissues membranes• Composed entirely of connective tissue
![Page 49: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Epithelial Membranes1. Cutaneous membrane
– Cover body surfaces exposed to external environment (skin)
2. Serous membrane– Single membrane covering two different
surfaces• Parietal membrane – lines walls of body cavities• Visceral membrane – covers surface of organs
– Secrete thin, watery substance to prevent rubbing
3. Mucous membrane– Line body surfaces open to exterior
• Ex: respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts
![Page 50: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Connective Tissue Membranes
Synovial membranes• Lines spaces between bones & joints• Secrete thick, colorless, lubricating
fluid (synovial fluid)• Fluid helps reduce friction btwn bone
surfaces
![Page 51: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mechanisms of Disease – Tumors & Cancer
• Neoplasm – “new matter” (tumor)– Abnormal growth of cells
• Benign Tumors– Do no spread to other tissues– Slow growth– Encapsulated– Usually not lethal unless interfere w/ organs
![Page 53: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mechanisms of Disease – Tumors & Cancer
• Malignant tumors (cancer)– Not encapsulated– Spreads (metastasizes) – Cancer cells spread via blood or
lymphatic system– Rapid growth/spread to nearby tissue
![Page 54: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
(Known) Causes of Cancer• Genetic Factors
– Inherited cancer genes “oncogenes”– Tumor suppressor gene – fails to operate– Usually genetic predisposition coupled with cancer-
causing mechanisms• Ex: breast cancer
• Carcinogens (cancer markers)– Affect genetic activity abnormal cell reproduction– Also called mutagens– Ex: chemicals, sun, viruses
• Age– Some cancers arise based on age
• Ex: leukemia (young) & colon cancer (older adults)
![Page 55: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Detection of Cancer• Self-examination
– Breast and testicular exams• Medical Imagining
– X-ray • Ex: mammogram – detection of breast cancer
– CT, MRI, ultrasound• Produce cross-section of body images for tumor
detection
• Blood tests– Look for tumor markers (ex: PSA)
• Biopsy– Removal of tumor tissue
![Page 56: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cancer Treatment Options• Stage and grade cancer
– Helps determine outcomes
• Surgical removal (if possible)– Could leave behind malignant cells
• Chemotherapy – cytotoxic (cell-killing) drugs– Destroys remaining malignant cells
• Radiation therapy– Destructive x-ray or gamma radiation destroys
cancer cells
• Immunotherapy– Boosting immune system again viruses
![Page 57: Tissues Chapter 5 20tissues.jpg.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b186c3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 17th Edition. Thibodeau, Gary A. PhD and Patton, Kevin T. PhD. Mosby, Inc.