Tindall Full Chapter 7

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CHAPTER 7

Shaping a Federal Union

Th is chapter covers the accomplishments and limitations of the Confederation government, the movement for a new constitution, the key developments in the convention, a brief analysis of the historiographical controversy over the writing of the Constitution, and the movement for the ratifi cation of the Con-stitution. Th e chapter closes as plans are laid for inauguration of the new government.

CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Th e Confederation A. Called the “critical period” B. Nature of congressional administration during the war 1. Limitations 2. Accomplishments C. Financial problems of the government 1. Robert Morris, secretary of fi nance 2. Use of public debt to secure support for the nation 3. Scheme for a national bank failed to receive unanimous approval 4. Newburgh Conspiracy 5. Growth of domestic debt from $11 million to $28 million D. Development of a land policy 1. Direct congressional authority prevailed 2. Early land ordinances set precedents for future treatment of

territories 3. Th e Northwest Ordinance

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164 ◆ Chapter 7 Shaping a Federal Union

4. Th e Ohio Company of Associates and its plan 5. Indian treaties made to gain claim to western lands E. Eff ects of the war on the economy 1. Commercial agriculture suff ers downturn 2. Mercantile adjustments 3. Trade treaties opened new markets 4. Commerce and exports in “critical period” compared to colonial

era F. Diplomacy 1. Problems with Britain a. British retained forts along the Canadian border b. Americans refused to pay pre-war debts to British c. Treatment of Loyalists 2. Problems with Spain a. Southern boundary b. Right of United States to Mississippi River G. Eff orts of states to exclude imperial trade H. Eff ects of shortage of cash 1. Demands for legal paper currency 2. Depreciation of paper currency varied 3. Paper money chaos in Rhode Island I. Shays’s Rebellion 1. Farmers demanded paper money to pay off taxes 2. Militia scatt ered “Shays’s army” 3. Legislature lowered taxes for the next year 4. Confl icting responses of Jeff erson and Abigail Adams J. Demands grow for stronger central authority

II. Adopting the Constitution A. Preliminary steps to the convention 1. Mount Vernon meeting of 1785 2. Annapolis meeting of 1786 3. Call for the Constitutional Convention B. Nature of the convention 1. Nature of the delegates 2. James Madison 3. Political philosophy represented at the convention C. Major issues of dispute in draft ing the Constitution 1. Basis for representation of the states a. Virginia plan b. New Jersey plan c. Great Compromise


Chapter 7 Shaping a Federal Union ◆ 165

2. Disputes between North and South over slaves a. Th e three-fi ft hs compromise b. No ban on African slave trade until 1808 3. Women’s rights not addressed 4. Congress to control naturalization D. Principles incorporated into the Constitution 1. Separation of powers 2. Nature of the offi ce of president 3. Nature of the judicial branch 4. Examples of countervailing forces in the government 5. Th e amendment process 6. Ratifi cation provisions

III. Th e fi ght for ratifi cation A. Federalists vs. anti-Federalists B. Charles Beard’s argument for economic motivation of the delegates C. Arguments of Th e Federalist for ratifi cation D. Views of Federalists and anti-Federalists E. Th e patt ern of ratifi cation 1. Several smaller states acted fi rst 2. Massachusett s the fi rst close vote 3. New Hampshire was ninth state 4. New York and Virginia approve F. Plans for transition to a new government G. Constitution has proved fl exible and resilient

LECTURE IDEAS

1. Shays’s Rebellion is a good introduction to the problems facing the new na-tion. See Robert A. Gross’s (ed.) In Debt to Shays (1993) and David P. Szat-mary’s Shays’ Rebellion (1980).

2. Use the biographical approach to examine the Critical Period, with a lec-ture on the life of Alexander Hamilton up to his appointment to Washing-ton’s cabinet. His origins in the West Indies, service in the Revolution as Washington’s personal aide, and leading role as a critic of the Articles of Confederation, key instigator of the Constitutional Convention, and father of the Federalist essays will provide understanding of his political philoso-phy and contributions as secretary of the treasury in the years ahead. See Ron Chernow’s Alexander Hamilton (2004) and Alexander Hamilton: Writ-ings (2001) for its essential documents.



3. A lecture on the Constitution might explain what the country would have been like without it. See Timothy Foote’s “Imagining a Constitutionless Past” (Smithsonian, June 1988). For a lecture on how the Constitution has fared over the last two centuries, see A Workable Government? Th e Constitu-tion aft er 200 Years, edited by Burke Marshall (1987). For a provocative work on how the Constitution might be wisely amended, see Larry J. Sa-bato’s A More Perfect Constitution (2007).

4. A lecture on the Confederation period will help the students bett er under-stand and analyze the change to the new Constitution. Include in this lec-ture both successes and challenges the Confederation government faced. Discuss the composition of the government, land policy, fi nancial issues, and how the Confederation government handled the various crises that arose. See Merrill Jensen’s Th e Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781 (1940) and Kerry P. Callahan and Heather Moehn’s Th e Articles of Confed-eration: A Primary Source Investigation into the Document Th at Preceded the U.S. Constitution (2003).

5. Consider a lecture dedicated to the ratifi cation of the U.S. Constitution. Take an in-depth look at the personalities involved, and investigate who these people were. Include the issues of regionalism and economic status, as well as a discussion on the political ideology of the Federalists and anti-Federalists. See John P. Kaminski, Gaspare J. Saladino, et al. (eds.), Th e Documentary History of the Ratifi cation of the Constitution, Volume I: Consti-tutional Documents and Records, 1776–1787; Volumes II–XII, XIX–XXVI: Ratifi cation of the Constitution by the States; Volumes XIII–XVIII: Commen-taries on the Constitution (1976–2004), and Richard B. Bernstein and Kym S. Rice’s Are We to Be a Nation? Th e Making of the Constitution (1987).

6. For a diff erent angle on the developments of the 1780s, look at the activi-ties of Th omas Jeff erson, who was out of the country much of that decade serving his country in France. A good lecture on Jeff erson’s experience while there will illuminate his political philosophy, his insights into the opening phases of the French Revolution, and his view from a distance of events like Shays’s Rebellion and the making of the new Constitution. Good sources for this are the chapter “Minister to France” in Merrill Peter-son’s Th omas Jeff erson and the New Nation (1970) and William Howard Ad-ams’s Th e Paris Years of Th omas Jeff erson (2000). Also consult the Library of America edition (1984) of Jeff erson’s writing for his lett ers from that pe-riod. Finally, show some appropriate clips from the 1995 fi lm Jeff erson in Paris, which is especially good for demonstrating the decadence of the French royal court and aristocracy.



PRACTICING CITIZENSHIPTh is chapter rightly describes Madison’s Number 10 as the most famous of the Federalist essays. Read it to see how Madison defi nes both “democracy” and “republic,” and why he does not favor democracy for the United States. Con-sider whether anything has changed over the more than two centuries since this was writt en to now make democracy (classically defi ned) more desirable or feasible. To further examine this question, invite a group of friends and fel-low students over to watch an episode of a currently popular reality series—one in which viewers send in their votes at the end of the program. As soon as the result is announced, reconvene with your friends to discuss the outcome and its implications in terms of Madison’s arguments in Federalist Number 10. (Perhaps a basic question would be: “What would James Madison think of American Idol?” or “Does a program like this contain both democratic and re-publican elements?”) To extend the discussion, watch a few reruns of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, keeping tally of how many times the “ask the audi-ence” lifeline returns a correct answer. What does this say about the validity of a political system based upon majority rule and direct participation of the peo-ple? Was Madison ultimately right?

CONCEPT MAP I. Th e Confederation A. Called the “critical period” B. Nature of congressional administration during the war C. Financial problems of the government D. Development of a land policy E. Eff ects of the war on the economy F. Diplomacy G. Eff orts of states to exclude imperial trade H. Eff ects of shortage of cash I. Shays’s Rebellion J. Demands grow for stronger central authority

II. Adopting the Constitution A. Preliminary steps to the convention B. Nature of the convention C. Major issues of dispute in draft ing the Constitution D. Principles incorporated into the Constitution

III. Th e fi ght for ratifi cation A. Federalists vs. anti-Federalists



B. Charles Beard’s argument for economic motivation of the delegates C. Arguments of Th e Federalist for ratifi cation D. Views of Federalists and anti-Federalists E. Th e patt ern of ratifi cation F. Plans for transition to a new government G. Constitution has proved fl exible and resilient

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. By raising taxes in the early 1780s, the Confederation was able to reduce

the national debt.ANS: FTOP: Financial problems of the government (I.C)REF: Page 271

2. General Washington’s personal appeal to his offi cers ended the Newburgh Conspiracy.

ANS: TTOP: Financial problems of the government (I.C)REF: Page 272

3. Merchants suff ered more than farmers by the separation from Great Britain.

ANS: TTOP: Eff ects of the war on the economy (I.E)REF: Page 277

4. One important new development in the mid-1780s was the opening of U.S. trade with China.

ANS: TTOP: Eff ects of the war on the economy (I.E)REF: Page 277

5. George Washington typifi ed elite disapproval of Shays’s Rebellion.ANS: TTOP: Shays’s Rebellion (I.I)REF: Page 282

6. Alexander Hamilton presided over the Constitutional Convention.ANS: FTOP: Nature of the convention (II.B)REF: Page 284



7. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention sharply debated whether to establish a monarchy or a republic.

ANS: FTOP: Nature of the convention (II.B)REF: Page 286

8. Th e New Jersey Plan proposed to keep a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.

ANS: TTOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the Constitution (II.C)REF: Page 286

9. Under the Constitution, each slave would count as one person for purposes of representation, but as only half a person for taxation.

ANS: FTOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the Constitution (II.C)REF: Page 287

10. Th e Constitution mentioned the word “slave” (or “slavery”) eighteen times.

ANS: FTOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the Constitution (II.C)REF: Page 288

11. Th e Constitution immediately outlawed the foreign slave trade.ANS: FTOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 288

12. Th e Constitution established a Supreme Court with nine justices.ANS: FTOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 291

13. Th e Articles of Confederation required unanimous approval for amendment.

ANS: TTOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 292

14. Federalists favored a decentralized federal system of government.ANS: FTOP: Th e fi ght for ratifi cation (III)REF: Page 292



15. Th e essays that made up Th e Federalist were originally published in New York newspapers during the fi ght for ratifi cation.

ANS: TTOP: Arguments of Th e Federalist for ratifi cation (III.C)REF: Page 293

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Th e phrase “critical period” refers to: A. the time of the Revolutionary War B. the summer the Constitution was writt en C. America under the Articles of Confederation D. George Washington’s presidency E. the years of tension over British taxes

ANS: CTOP: Called the “critical period” (I.A)REF: Page 270OBJ: Factual

2. In the fi nal years of the Revolutionary War, ___________emerged as the most infl uential fi gure in the government.

A. Robert Morris B. John Adams C. Ben Franklin D. George Washington E. Alexander Hamilton

ANS: ATOP: Financial problems of the government (I.C)REF: Page 271OBJ: Factual



3. Which one of the following gave the Confederation government the most trouble?

A. fi nances B. Indian aff airs C. land policy D. postal service E. immigration policy

ANS: ATOP: Financial problems of the government (I.C)REF: Page 272OBJ: Factual

4. Th e Newburgh Conspiracy involved: A. General Washington’s plot to become dictator B. a military threat to enlarge congressional powers C. an att empt to destroy the Bank of North America D. secret peace talks with the British E. a revolt against Congress by the states

ANS: BTOP: Financial problems of the government (I.C)REF: Page 272OBJ: Applied

5. Under the Articles of Confederation western lands would be: A. divided up among the existing states B. free of slavery C. recognized as belonging to the Indians D. owned by the national government E. extended to the Pacifi c

ANS: DTOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 274OBJ: Factual



6. Th e 640-acre sections created in the Northwest: A. would be given to sett lers for free B. raised enough money to pay the national debt C. would be reserved for veterans of the Revolution D. would be sold by local banks E. would likely be bought by land speculators

ANS: ETOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 274OBJ: Factual

7. Th e United States departed from the colonial policies of Great Britain by: A. promising equal statehood to all unsett led western territory B. prohibiting national control of trade with other nations C. promising citizenship for all western Indians D. prohibiting the movement of slaves between states, except for sale E. requiring all taxes to be approved by the voters

ANS: ATOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 275OBJ: Applied

8. Th e Northwest Ordinance of 1787: A. banned slavery in the Northwest B. made Ohio and Indiana states immediately C. established colonies in the Ohio Valley D. denied self-government to that region E. provided for joint occupation of that area with the British

ANS: ATOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 276OBJ: Factual



9. Which of the following was NOT part of the Northwest Ordinance? A. Slavery was prohibited in the territory above the Ohio River. B. Statehood was allowed when a territory had a population of 60,000

people. C. Religious freedom was guaranteed in a “bill of rights.” D. New states formed from the Northwest Territory had to allow

Indians “perpetual representation” in the state governments. E. Territorial governors were to be chosen by Congress.

ANS: DTOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 276OBJ: Factual

10. Th e plan presented by Reverend Cather of the Ohio Company was to sett le the Northwest with:

A. foreign immigrants B. military veterans C. ex-slaves D. Loyalists E. prisoners

ANS: BTOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 276OBJ: Factual

11. In the lands south of the Ohio River: A. sett lement proceeded more slowly than in the Northwest B. there was litt le or no resistance from the Indians as white sett lers

encroached on their land C. Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia temporarily kept their titles to

the western lands D. policy was set in the Land Ordinance of 1787 E. slavery was permanently banned

ANS: CTOP: Development of a land policy (I.D)REF: Page 276OBJ: Applied



12. Aft er the Revolutionary War, American trade with Britain: A. was illegal B. was limited to the West Indies C. resumed D. was minimal E. was unrestricted

ANS: CTOP: Eff ects of the war on the economy (I.E)REF: Page 277OBJ: Factual

13. An important new development came in the mid-1780s, when the United States opened trade with:

A. Japan B. France C. Canada D. China E. India

ANS: DTOP: Eff ects of the war on the economy (I.E)REF: Page 277OBJ: Factual

14. An ongoing source of American tension toward the British was: A. British refusal to recognize America B. British blockade of the Atlantic coast C. British refusal to pay war damages D. Britain’s refusal to release American POWs E. British forts along the Canadian border

ANS: ETOP: Diplomacy (I.F)REF: Page 279OBJ: Conceptual



15. America contended with Spain over: A. freedom to navigate the Mississippi B. trade with Spain’s colonies C. ownership of Florida D. Spain’s cruel treatment of Indians E. discrimination toward Catholics in America

ANS: ATOP: Diplomacy (I.F)REF: Page 279OBJ: Factual

16. One serious economic problem under the Articles of Confederation was: A. a scarcity of good farmland B. the diff ering tariff policies of the states C. the impossibility of obtaining credit D. excessively high income taxes E. low wages caused by an oversupply of labor

ANS: BTOP: Eff orts of states to exclude imperial trade (I.G)REF: Page 280OBJ: Applied

17. Th e movement for states to issue paper money in the 1780s was led by: A. farmers B. creditors C. merchants D. artisans E. ministers

ANS: ATOP: Eff ects of shortage of cash (I.H)REF: Page 281OBJ: Factual



18. Shays’s Rebellion broke out in: A. Boston B. New York City C. western Massachusett s D. Rhode Island E. Pennsylvania

ANS: CTOP: Shays’s Rebellion (I.I)REF: Page 281OBJ: Factual

19. Shays’s Rebellion was led by: A. merchants B. factory workers C. bankers D. indebted farmers E. ambitious politicians

ANS: DTOP: Shays’s Rebellion (I.I)REF: Page 281OBJ: Factual

20. Shays’s Rebellion: A. spread to several northern states B. was supported by George Washington and other elite fi gures C. was repressed by state militia D. resulted in massive bloodshed and property destruction E. made Americans more fearful of strong central government

ANS: CTOP: Shays’s Rebellion (I.I)REF: Page 281OBJ: Factual



21. In response to Shays’s Rebellion, Th omas Jeff erson: A. was horrifi ed B. wanted to hang its leaders C. was silent D. resigned from the government E. said occasional revolts were necessary

ANS: ETOP: Shays’s Rebellion (I.I)REF: Page 282OBJ: Applied

22. Th e Annapolis Convention of 1786: A. wrote a new constitution B. was organized by Congress C. was opposed by Washington and Hamilton D. grew out of discussion among the states about commercial

cooperation E. was att ended by delegates from each state

ANS: DTOP: Preliminary steps to the convention (II.A)REF: Page 283OBJ: Factual

23. How many states were represented at the Annapolis Convention? A. 9 B. 5 C. 13 D. 10 E. 2

ANS: BTOP: Preliminary steps to the convention (II.A)REF: Page 283OBJ: Factual



24. Th e Constitutional Convention met in: A. New York B. Washington, D.C. C. Philadelphia D. Boston E. Albany

ANS: CTOP: Preliminary steps to the convention (II.A)REF: Page 283OBJ: Factual

25. Th e convention, which assembled in May 1787, was supposed to: A. write a new constitution B. address the country’s fi nancial crisis C. revise the Articles of Confederation D. nominate someone for president E. discuss bett er trade relations with Britain

ANS: CTOP: Nature of the convention (II.B)REF: Page 283OBJ: Applied

26. Th e delegates who met: A. included John Adams and Th omas Jeff erson B. tended to be elderly C. wanted a weaker central government D. included many participants in the Revolution E. arrived knowing what they wanted

ANS: DTOP: Nature of the convention (II.B)REF: Page 285OBJ: Factual



27. At the outset of the Constitutional Convention, whom did the delegates unanimously elect as president of the convention?

A. Alexander Hamilton B. James Madison C. George Washington D. Benjamin Franklin E. Th omas Jeff erson

ANS: CTOP: Nature of the convention (II.B)REF: Page 285OBJ: Factual

28. Th e convention’s most gift ed political philosopher and man who emerged as its central fi gure was:

A. Alexander Hamilton B. George Washington C. Ben Franklin D. Patrick Henry E. James Madison

ANS: ETOP: Nature of the convention (II.B)REF: Page 285OBJ: Factual

29. Madison’s Virginia Plan: A. would create a president for life B. would create a two-house Congress C. was most favored by the small states D. would simply amend the Articles of Confederation E. would abolish the state governments

ANS: BTOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the constitution (II.C)REF: Page 286OBJ: Applied



30. Th e Great Compromise: A. was negotiated by Ben Franklin B. showed the South’s determination to protect slavery C. listed the explicit powers of Congress D. created a four-year term for president E. sett led the question of congressional representation

ANS: ETOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the constitution (II.C)REF: Page 287OBJ: Factual

31. Th e Constitution addressed slavery by: A. referring numerous times to “slaves” or “slavery” B. stating that the African slave trade could not be banned before 1808 C. requiring that all slaves count toward a state’s congressional

representation D. making it legal in every state E. requiring that slaves have full legal protections

ANS: BTOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the constitution (II.C)REF: Page 288OBJ: Factual

32. On the question of women’s rights, the proposed Constitution: A. denied the vote to females B. was surprisingly progressive for its time C. defi ned women as the property of their husbands D. accepted the advice of prominent women E. said nothing

ANS: ETOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the constitution (II.C)REF: Page 289OBJ: Factual



33. In regard to citizenship, the Constitution: A. gave citizenship to Indians B. gave citizenship to free blacks C. limited future numbers of immigrants D. gave Congress authority over naturalization E. allowed noncitizens to serve in Congress

ANS: DTOP: Major issues of dispute in draft ing the constitution (II.C)REF: Page 289OBJ: Factual

34. Th e great majority of the Founding Fathers rejected: A. federal taxation B. religion C. property requirements for voting D. division of federal and state authority E. rule by the people

ANS: ETOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 289OBJ: Factual

35. Th e Founding Fathers viewed the most “democratic” branch of the government as the:

A. presidency B. Senate C. Supreme Court D. cabinet E. House of Representatives

ANS: ETOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 289OBJ: Factual



36. Under the proposed constitution, members of the Senate would: A. serve two-year terms B. be chosen by state legislatures C. be appointed by state governors D. be chosen by popular vote E. be men of substantial wealth

ANS: BTOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 290OBJ: Factual

37. According to the Constitution, the president has the authority to do all the following EXCEPT:

A. veto acts of Congress B. resign and choose his successor C. recommend legislation to Congress D. act as commander-in-chief of the armed forces E. appoint diplomats and judges


38. Th e president’s powers were limited by all of the following EXCEPT: A. he would be chosen by popular vote B. he could not declare war C. Congress could override his vetoes D. he could be impeached E. he could be convicted and removed from offi ce

ANS: ATOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 290OBJ: Factual



39. Amendments to the Constitution: A. would be made by the Supreme Court B. would be proposed by a two-thirds vote of Congress C. would require approval of every state D. could be vetoed by the president E. would ultimately be approved by popular vote


40. Th e Constitution was to be considered ratifi ed as soon as it had been approved by:

A. the Constitutional Convention B. the Continental Congress C. all thirteen states D. nine of the states E. a majority popular vote

ANS: DTOP: Principles incorporated into the Constitution (II.D)REF: Page 292OBJ: Factual

41. Charles Beard’s study of the Constitution: A. emphasized the political genius of the Founding Fathers B. marveled at how democratic a document it is C. remains the accepted interpretation today D. was biased by patriotism and hero worship E. described the selfi sh economic interests of the men who wrote it

ANS: ETOP: Charles Beard’s argument for economic motivation of the delegates (III.B)REF: Page 293OBJ: Applied



42. Charles Beard’s writings on the Constitution at least caution us against: A. hero worship B. excessive democracy C. intervening in the aff airs of other countries D. states’ rights E. separation of church and state

ANS: ATOP: Charles Beard’s argument for economic motivation of the delegates (III.B)REF: Page 293OBJ: Factual

43. Most of the Federalist essays were writt en by: A. James Madison B. John Jay C. Patrick Henry D. Alexander Hamilton E. Sam Adams

ANS: DTOP: Arguments of Th e Federalist for ratifi cation (III.C)REF: Page 293OBJ: Factual

44. Federalist Number 10 explains how a republic can: A. defend itself B. become a democracy C. create a just society D. pays its debts E. be successful in a large, diverse society

ANS: ETOP: Arguments of Th e Federalist for ratifi cation (III.C)REF: Page 294OBJ: Factual



45. Th e Federalist argued that: A. the size and diversity of the large new country would make it impos-

sible for any one faction to control the government B. the Constitution was necessary to prevent one faction from taking

control of the nation C. a republican form of government could not work in a nation as large

as the United States, and therefore the Constitution was necessary D. the Constitution would promote control of the government by one

faction, which would be good for the nation E. if the Constitution failed, the country could always go back to the

Articles of ConfederationANS: ATOP: Arguments of Th e Federalist for ratifi cation (III.C)REF: Page 294OBJ: Applied

46. Who among the following was an anti-Federalist? A. Alexander Hamilton B. John Jay C. Patrick Henry D. James Madison E. George Washington

ANS: CTOP: Views of Federalists and anti-Federalists (III.D)REF: Page 294OBJ: Factual

47. Anti-Federalist leaders: A. oft en were bett er organized and prepared than their Federalist

opponents B. tended to be younger than their Federalist counterparts C. had been the chief proponents of a stronger central government at

the Constitutional Convention D. wanted a Bill of Rights to protect individuals from the new

government E. tended to be wealthier than their Federalist opponents

ANS: DTOP: Views of Federalists and anti-Federalists (III.D)REF: Page 294OBJ: Applied



48. Th e fi rst of these states to ratify the Constitution was: A. Delaware B. New York C. Rhode Island D. Virginia E. Massachusett s

ANS: ATOP: Th e patt ern of ratifi cation (III.E)REF: Page 295OBJ: Factual

49. Th e Constitution was ratifi ed: A. in a national referendum B. without serious opposition C. despite a close vote in Massachusett s D. despite its rejection in Virginia E. due to the support of the anti-Federalists

ANS: CTOP: Th e patt ern of ratifi cation (III.E)REF: Page 295OBJ: Factual

50. As the new Constitution went into eff ect, Founding Fathers like Franklin and Washington viewed its future with feelings of:

A. supreme confi dence B. fear and loathing C. God’s approval D. uncertainty E. regret, since the Articles of Confederation were clearly bett er

ANS: DTOP: Plans for transition to a new government (III.F)REF: Page 297OBJ: Applied

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Describe the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Why had the Articles been writt en that way?

2. Describe the system of checks and balances in the Constitution.



3. Discuss the eff ects of the Revolutionary War on the agriculture, trade, di-plomacy, and fi nances of the new nation.

4. Discuss the confl ict between Federalists and anti-Federalists in the writ-ing and ratifi cation of the Constitution.

5. What major compromises were made at the Constitutional Convention, and what issues did they sett le? What issues remained unsett led?

6. Discuss the land policy as it was developed under the Articles of Confed-eration. What impact did this policy have on the future of the country?

7. Discuss the background, details, and results of Shays’s Rebellion. In what way did the rebellion impact the debate about the type of governmental structure America should adopt for its future?

8. Trace the Confederation government’s policies concerning diplomacy. How eff ective was the government in dealing with outside interests?

9. Describe the Annapolis Convention and what, if any, successes came as a result of this meeting.

10. Describe details of both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans as they were presented to the Constitutional Convention.

MATCHING QUESTIONS A) was the oldest member of the Constitutional Convention B) proposed Great Compromise at Constitutional Convention C) draft ed land ordinance of 1784 D) was the Confederation superintendent of fi nance E) briefl y represented New York at the Constitutional Convention F) claimed to “smell a rat” at Constitutional Convention G) believed Constitution would last no more than twenty years H) wrote An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution I) was a destitute and disgruntled Massachusett s farmer J) is known as the “Father of the Constitution”

1. Charles A. BeardANS: H

2. Benjamin FranklinANS: A



3. Alexander HamiltonANS: E

4. Patrick HenryANS: F

5. Th omas Jeff ersonANS: C

6. James MadisonANS: J

7. Robert MorrisANS: D

8. Daniel ShaysANS: I

9. Roger ShermanANS: B

10. George WashingtonANS: G


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