Chapter 20 Full

8/3/2019 Chapter 20 Full

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The Nine Planets

*


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*

*Astronomical Unit (AU)

*Terrestrial Planet

*Prograde rotation

*Retrograde rotation

*Gas Giants


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*

*Astronomical Unit (AU) average distance betweenthe Earth and the sun

*Can also measure distance relative to light*Light minute inside our solar system

* Distance from Earth to sun 8.3 light minutes

*Light hours inside our solar system

*Light Year outside our solar system

Light travels about 300,00 km per second


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*

*Closer together than the outer planets

*Terrestrial planets because they are small,

dense, and rocky


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*Mercury

Length of Year: 88 Earth days

Length of Day 58.65 Earth days

Diameter 4,878 km (3,031 mi) 0.383 x Earths

Mass 3.30 x 1023 kg 0.055 x Earths

Orbit 57,910,000 km 0.38 AU

Mean orbital velocity 48 km/s (30 mi/s) 1.607 x Earths

Average Day temperature 400 C / 752 F

Average Night temperature -170 C / -274 F

Moons 0

Gravity 3.70 m/s2 0.378 x Earths

Atmosphere 42% Oxygen, 29% Sodium, and 22% Hydrogen


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* Prograde rotation when the Earth is viewed from

the North Pole it appears to spin counterclockwise

*Retrograde rotation If a planet spins in a clockwisedirection


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*Venus

Diameter 12,104 km

Average Distance from Sun 108.2 million km

Mass 4.87 x 1024 kg

Size compared to Earth 0.95x

Gravity compared to Earth 0.88x

Surface Temperature 484oC (730K)

Length of day 243 Earth days (retrograde)

Length of year 224.7 days

Eccentricity of Orbit 0.00677

Density 5.25g/cm3

Atmosphere Carbon Dioxide - 96%

Nitrogen - 3.5%Sulphur Dioxide, Argon and Carbon Monoxide

- 0.5%

Earths Twin because they have about the same mass

and density

Venus rotates in the opposite direction than

the Earth does.

Venuss uppermost layer of clouds consists of

sulfuric acid cloudsVenus has the hottest atmosphere because

the CO2 traps in the greenhouse gases.


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*Earth

Diameter 12,756km

Average Distance from Sun 149.6 million km (1 AU)

Mass 5.97 x 1024 kg

Surface Temperature -70C - +55C

Length of day 23.93 hours (over 23hrs 59mins)

Length of year 365.26 days


Density 5.515 g/cm3

Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen21% Oxygen

1% Other

Water makes Earth different Warm

enough to keep Earths water from allfreezing and not too hot to boil away the

water


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*Mars

Diameter 6,786km

Average Distance from Sun 228 million km

Mass 6.42 x 1023kg

Size Compared to Earth 0.5x


Surface Temperature Max Day 25C

Max Night -120C

Length of Day 24.62 hours

Length of Year 687 days


Moons 2

Density 3.94gm/cm3

Atmosphere Carbon Dioxide - 95%

Nitrogen - 2.7%Argon - 1.6%

Others - 0.7%

Thin atmosphere and distance from the

sun makes it cold. Low pressure means

water will be boiled away. Ice is present

on the planet

Volcanoes Only has two largevolcanic systems Mars does not have

tectonic plates so the volcanoes build

in the same spot instead of moving

around like they do on Earth.


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*Jupiter

Diameter 142,600 km

Average Distance from Sun 778,412,010 km

Mass 1.90 x 1027 kg

Size compared to Earth 11x


Surface Temperature 165 K

Length of day 9 hours 50 minutes

Length of year 11.84 years


Density 1.33 gm/cm3

Moons 63

Atmosphere Hydrogen - 90%Helium - 10%

Traces of Methane & Ammonia

Jupiter mostly hydrogen and helium but

colored by traces of organic compounds.

Largest planet in the solar system

Great red spot storm system one

and a half times the size of Earth

Pressure inside becomes so great that

the hydrogen turns into liquid

Jupiter radiates more energy than it

receives from the sun.


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*Saturn

Diameter 120,200 km

Average Distance from Sun 1,427 million km

Mass 5.68 x 1026 kg

Size Compared to Earth (Diameter) 9x


Cloud-Top Temperature -180C

Length of Day 10 hours 14 mins

Length of Year 29.46 Earth years


Moons 30+

Density 0.70gm/cm3

Atmosphere Hydrogen - 94%Helium - 6%

Traces of Methane, Ammonia & Water Vapour

Saturn Second largest planet made of

mostly hydrogen and helium and

radiates more energy than it gains.

Helium rains from the atmosphereand

sinks to the core which means it is stillgrowing.

Rings Saturn has the largest rings

of the gas giants and they extend

out 136,000km.

Made of icy particles

Winds at the equator blow


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*Uranus

Diameter 51800 km

Average Distance from Sun2,871 million km

19.2AU

Mass 8.68 x 1025 kg

Size compared to Earth (Diameter) 4x


Surface temperature -210C

Length of Day 17 hours 14 mins(Retrograde)

Length of Year 84.01 Earth years


Moons 21

Density 1.30gm/cm3

AtmosphereHydrogen - 85%

Helium - 13%Methane - 2%

Uranus - discovered by William Herschel in

1781. Smaller than Jupiter and Saturn yet

similar densities so must have more liquid

15 times larger than Earth and spins

on its side so half the year one polefaces the sun while the other half of

the year the other pole faces the sun;

may have been hit by a massive

object that tipped the planet over.


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*Neptune

Length of Year: 164 Earth Years

Length of Day17.24 hrs 0.67 Earth

Days

Diameter49,532 km(31,765 mi)

3.883 x Earth's

Mass 1.0247e26 kg 17.14 x Earth's

Orbit4,504,000,000

km

30.06 AU

Mean orbitalvelocity

5.4 km/sec 1.607 x Earths

Average Daytemperature

-353 F

Average Nighttemperature

-353 F

Moons 9 named and 4 numbered

Atmosphere Hydrogen, Helium, Methane

Neptune Discovered by observing theirregularities of the orbit of Uranus. Have

clouds and wind patterns because the

gases sink when cool and rise when hot.

Has the great dark spot similar to the

great red spot.


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Statistic Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Year (Earth Days) 88 224 365 687 4,332 9,617 30,685 60,155

Day (Earth Days) 1406 242 1 1.029 0.415 0.72 0.75 0.67

Diameter (Km) 4,878 12,102 12,760 6,746 11.2 120,536 51,118 49,532

Diameter (Earth) 0.383 0.9 1 0.533 11.2 9.45 4.8 3.88

Mass (Earths) 0.055 0.81 1 0.107 317.83 95.1 14.5 17.1

Mean Orbit (Au) 0.38 0.723 1 1.52 5.2 9.5 19.2 30.1

Orbital Velocity (km/s) 48 35.02 29.79 24.13 13.07 9.67 6.81 5.45

Orbital Vel (x Earths) 1.607 1.176 1 0.810 0.439 0.40 0.28 0.23

Avg Day Temp C 400 460 20 -5 -121 -125 -193 -193

Avg Night Temp C -170 460 10 -85 -121 -125 -193 -153

Surface Gravity (m/s2) 3.7 8.87 9.8 3.8 23.12 8.96 8.87 11.15

Surface Grav (x Earths) 0.38 0.9 1 0.38 2.64 0.92 0.89 1.14

Can be seen without aid Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

Ring System No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Moons 0 0 1 2 63 61 27 13
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/mercury/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/compare/sizecompare.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/mars/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/jupiter/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/rings.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/jupiter/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/jupiter/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/uranus/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/uranus/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/jupiter/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/rings.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/saturn/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/jupiter/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/mars/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/compare/sizecompare.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/index.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/mercury/index.html


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*Here are the small solid planets
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*Then we add the gas giants


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*Next to our sun Earth is tiny


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*Next to Arcturus our sun is tiny


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*Compared to Antares even Arcturus is small


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*

*Terms to Learn

* - Satellite

* - Phases

* - Eclipse
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*

*Satellites - natural or artificial bodies that

revolve around larger bodies

*Except for Mercury and Venus all the planetshave moons
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*

*Density is much less than the Earth and based on

moon rocks seems to be most like the Earths

mantle.*Rocks were around 4.6 billion years old and

we figured the solar system is about that

old as well.
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*

*1. It was a separate body pulled in by the

Earths gravity

* It would be made of the different material

*It formed at the same time and from the same

materials as the Earth

*The newly formed Earth was spinning so fast

that a piece flew off and became the moon* It would be made of the same material
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*Modern theory is that something the size of

Mars hit the Earth while was still forming and

material that was forming the mantle flew offand formed the moon
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*Phases of the moon occur because theamount of sunlight on the side of the moon

that faces the Earth change*Waxing sunlit side of the moon gets larger

*Waning Sunlit side of the moon gets smaller

*The period of rotation is the same as theperiod of revolution so we always see the sameside of the moon

* If we lived on the other side of the moon wewould never see the Earth
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*

*Lunar eclipse happens when the Earth comes

between the sun and the moon and the shadow

of the Earth falls on the moon*Looks red because of atmospheric effects.

Atmosphere filters out the blue light
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*

*Solar eclipse happens when the moon comes

between the Earth and the sun and the shadow

of the moon falls on part of the Earth*Annular eclipse when the moon is slightly

farther away and the sun is not completely

covered a little ring appears around the

outside.
http://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.htmlhttp://astro-observer.com/solarsystem/neptune/moons.html


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*

*Because the moons orbit is tilted we dont see

the eclipses every month

*You can only see a lunar eclipse during a fullmoon

*You can only see a solar eclipse during a new

moon.
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