Timber Species - storage.googleapis.com · Bole: Physical and Mechanical Properties: Strength class...

Timber Species Greenheart

Scientific Name: Chlorocardium rodiei (Rohwer, Richter & Van der Werf)

Family: Lauraceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Greenheart

Other Name: Sipiroe, Bibiru, Demerara Greenheart

Wood Appearance: Light greenish, yellow to dark olive, sometimes marked with brown or black streaks.

Sapwood - pale yellow in colour, shading gradually into the heartwood

Texture - fine and even.

Grain - straight or interlocked.

Bole - 50-80 feet long, cylindrical, diameter 20-25 inches

Physical and Mechanical Properties: Has exceptionally high strength properties even when its weight is taken into account.

Weight - 1030 kg/m3 (64 lb/ft3 ) seasoned

Bending Strength - 181 N/mm2 (26200 lbg/in2)

Modulus of elasticity - 2100 N/mm2 (304000 lbft/in2)

Compression parallel to grain - 89.9 N/mm2 (3040 lb/in2)

Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Almost immune to decay and termites, highly resistant to marine organisms and fire. Extremely resistant to preservative treatment.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries very slowly with minor degrade, particularly in the thicker sizes. Distortion is not serious, but checking and splitting may occur. Kiln Schedule B.

Working - Easily sawn, in spite of a slight bunting effect. Turns well. Planning is not difficult despite the high density of the wood and interlocked grain.

Assembly - Easy gluing. Pre-boring is recommended for nails and screws. Good nail holding.

Finishing - Staining rarely necessary. Polishes satisfactorily.

Uses: A very heavy, hard timber, suitable for use under exacting conditions, outstanding in most of its strength properties and of very high durability and having excellent resistance to attack by marine borers.

Available in very large sizes and long lengths, and is therefore suitable for piling, piers, lock gates, docks and harbor works. Useful for pier decking and hand rails, flooring and in the engineering industry as bearers for engines. Gives good services in chemical plants for vats, filter press plates and frames. Suitable for joinery in both exterior and interior situations and useful also for fishing rods and as a center laminar for longbows and general construction.

Purpleheart

Scientific Name: Peltogyne pubescens

Family: Caesalpiniaoeae

ATIBT Standard Name: Amrante

Other Name: Amamnth, Nazareno, Pau Roxo, Bois Violet, Barabu

Wood Appearance: Dull brown when freshly cut, rapidly oxidises to violet-purple on exposure to light and gradually toning down in course to time to dark purplish brown.

Sapwood - whitish or cream coloured

Texture - moderate to fine

Grain - generally straight, sometimes wavy or interlocked

Bole - 50-90 feet long, cylindrical, diameter 20-44 inches

Physical and Mechanical Properties: Wood is very tough, strong and resilient.

Weight - 860 kg/m3 (54 lb/ft3 ) seasoned.

Bending Strength - 147 N/mm2 (21300 lbg/in2)



Shock resistance - medium

Natural Durability: Highly resistant to decay, termites and fire. Heartwood very durable and extremely resistant to preservative treatment, but sapwood is permeable.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries well and fairly rapidly with little degrade. Kiln Schedule E.

Working - Not difficult to work with. Saws, planes and turns well, finishing smoothly and takes high polish.

Assembly -

Finishing - Gives good results when lacquered or polished.

Uses: Possesses high strength and very good durability and is an excellent structural timber suitable for heavy outdoor construction work such as bridges and park benches. As flooring it has high wearing quantities and is suitable for most conditions of traffic. Has been used successfully in chemical plants as vats, filter press plates and frames. Also used for making billiard cue butt, tool handles, interior and exterior joinery and ship building. A valuable wood for its attractive appearance and its strength.

Baromalli

Scientific Name: Catosemma commune

Family:

ATIBT Standard Name:

Other Name:

Wood Appearance: Heartwood dull yellowish to pinkish brown not sharpiy defined from the lighter coloured sapwood. Dark coloured resin streaks occur as arcs on the cross section and lines on the surface.

Sapwood -

Texture - coarse

Grain - straight

Bole:

Physical and Mechanical Properties: Strength class 3. It is a low to medium density timber. Air dries without extensive degrade. Works easily with machine and hand tools giving a clean but somewhat fibrous finish.

Weight - 30kg/m3

Bending Strength -

Modulus of elasticity -

Compression parallel to grain -

Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Not naturally durable. The sapwood is susceptable to sap-staining fungi. However, it is easily preserved by diffusion. Durability class 2.

Timber Processing

Drying -

Working -

Assembly -

Finishing -

Uses: The wood has been tested and found `suitable' for plywood manufacture. It is used for general manufacturing and interior construction.

Crabwood

Scientific Name: Carapa guianensis

Family: Meliaceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Andiroba

Other Name: Krapa, Guino, Figueroa, Tangare, Carapa, Crappo

Wood Appearance: Heartwood varies from pale pink to rich red-brown when freshly sawn, darkening to a fairly uniform dull reddish-brown. Wood resembles a plain mahogany in appearance, but lacks its natural lustre.

Sapwood - pale brown or oatmeal coloured, not always sharply defined

Texture - medium to coarse

Grain - generally straight but sometimes interlocked

Bole - 50-80 feet long, cylinderical; diameter 16-20 inches

Physical and Mechanical Properties: Comparable in strength to European Beech. Small movement. Moderately hard with good mechanical properties and is fairly stable in use.

Weight - 610kg/m3 (39 lb/ft3 ) seasoned

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Heartwood is moderately durable and fire resistant. Logs liable to attack by ambrosia (pinhole-borer) beatles.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries fairly well but rather slowly with a tendency to split in the initial stages. Kiln Schedule C.

Working - Saws without difficulty. Interlocked grain makes planing difficult. Works easily and turns well, finishing smoothly.

Assembly - Glues and holds nails well. Tendency to split on nailing.

Finishing - Takes staining and polishing satisfactorily.

Uses: Suitable for general carpentry, furniture, cabinet work, turnery and interior joinery.

Itikiboroballi

Scientific Name: S. benthamians

Family: Leguminosae (Papilionoideae)

ATIBT Standard Name: International Trade Name: Saborana (68, 68a, 68b)

Other Name: Guyana: Morompo, Okraprabu Brasil: Mututuy da terra firma Saborana French Guiana: Goue-goue, Montouchi Suriname: Itiki boeroeballi Venezuela: Barbasco, Canasposo, Conigrio

Wood Appearance: Heartwood chocolate brown to pale reddish brown or purplish brown, occasionally marked by dark olive or purlish brown stripes.

Sapwood - distinct, very wide, nearly white.

Texture - medium to very fine.

Grain - generally straight but may be variable.

Bole - 15-18m; diameter 0.3-0.6m; heigth of tree 27-34m; Log straight, cylindrical, sometimes slightly flat in form; bases often swollen.

Physical and Mechanical Properties:

Weight -

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Green density - 1.20 (g/cm3)

Air-dry density at 12% - 0.89 (g/cm3)

Basic specific gravity - 0.78

Total tangential shrinkage - 14.0 (%)

Bending strength at 12% - 163 (N/mm2)

Crushing strength at 12% - 85 (N/mm2)

Natural Durability: Resistance to decay and termites is very good; resistance to insects of dry wood good. Treatability poor.

Timber Processing

Drying - No information; probably similar to drying of Swartzia leiocalycinaBenth (slow rate). Risk of distortion slight, risk of checking more or less high.

Working - Power required for sawing.

Assembly - Pre-boring necessary for nailing.

Finishing - Finishes well.

Uses: Suitable for inlay; cabinet work; walking sticks; parquet flooring; bags pipes; violin bows; turney; fine furniture; cutlery; marquetry; musical instruments; interior trim.

Locust

Scientific Name: Hymenaea courbaril


ATIBT Standard Name: Courbaril

Other Name: Copalier, Algarrob, Gaupinal, Jatoba

Wood Appearance: Heartwood light brown to brown often with dark streaks and with a subdued golden glow.

Sapwood - whitish grey colour is sharply defined

Texture - medium coarse

Grain - straight, lustre medium, uniform vessel lines distinct


Physical and Mechanical Properties: Very hard and strong. Moderate shrinkage, relatively stable once dry. Good mechanical properties, especially elasticity.

http://tpl-gy.com/wamara.html

Weight - 910 - 1000 kg/m3 (57 - 62 lb/ft3 ) seasoned.

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Very resistant to decay.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries readily without distortion of splitting.

Working - Moderately difficult to work but finishes smoothly. Planes and turns without difficulty. Good bending to steaming process.

Assembly - Glues well, but difficult to nail. Fastenings are held well.

Finishing - Finishes smoothly. Polishes and varnishes without difficulty.

Uses: A wood of decorative appearance suitable for use in the manufacture of high grade furniture, cabinet work, decorative joinery and veneer. Also used for ship-building, general construction, and the making of tool handles and croquet mallets.

Mora

Scientific Name: Mora excelsa


ATIBT Standard Name: Mora

Other Name: Nato, Dakama, Pracuuba

Wood Appearance: Mora (and Morabukea which is similar in structure) heartwood varies from chocolate-brown to reddish-brown.

Sapwood - wide with yellowish to pale brown colour

Texture - coarse

Grain - straight often interlocked and somewhat wavy or irregular

Bole - 50-80 feet long, rounded or flattened, diameter 24-36 inches

Physical and Mechanical Properties: A very heavy, very hard wood, large movement, dries very slowly with appreciable degrade. Outstanding strength properties, particularly resistant to wear.

Weight - 900-1000kg/m3 (56-68 lb/ft3 ) seasoned.

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Heartwood very durable and extremely resistant to preservative treatment. Mora is markedly fire resistant.

Timber Processing

Drying - Kiln Schedule B. Slow, must must be carried out carefully because of risk of distortion and checking.

Working - Difficult to saw, because of its density and interlocked grain. With the same qualification it can be planed, finishes smoothly, turns easily, splits with great difficulty.

Assembly - Difficult to nail but holds nails and rail spikes well. Pre-boring is necessary.

Finishing - Staining and polishing satisfactory.

Uses: Best suited for heavy construction work, jetties and foreshore work. Particularly suitable for sleepers, wagon bottoms, and for both traditional and mosaic flooring and shipbuilding.

Pakuri

Scientific Name: Platonia Insignis. Platonia esculenia (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu is also valid

Family: Guttiface

ATIBT Standard Name: International Trade Name: Baccuri Pakuri

Other Name: Guyana: Wild Mammee Apple Brasil: Bacuri, Bacuri-bacuxiuba, Pacuru French Guiana: Matouni, Mongo Matoaki, Moussa, Pakoueli, Parcouri Suriname: Bakoeri, Geelhart, Pakoeli Venezuela: Roble Maria

Wood Appearance: Heartwood yellow brown with yellow beige streaks or stripes.

Sapwood - distinct, beige (3-6cm).

Texture - medium to coarse.

Grain - straight

Bole - 18-21(-25m); diameter 0.5-0.8(-1.2)m; height of tree 20-35m; shape of the log straight and cylindrical; base swollen, or with low thick root spurs.

Physical and Mechanical Properties:

Weight -

Bending Strength -

Modulus of elasticity at 12% - 18200 (N/mm2)


Shock resistance -

Green density - 1.10 (g/cm3)

Air-dry density at 12% - 0.85 (g/cm3)

Basic specific gravity - 0.77

Total tangential shrinkage - 10.0 (%)

Total radial shrinkage 5.4 (%)

Total volumetric shrinkage (5%) 15.5

Bending strength at 12% - 163 (N/mm2)

Crushing strength at 12% - 73 (N/mm2)

Natural Durability: Resistance is very good; resistance to termites and insects of dry wood is good. Treatability is poor.

Timber Processing

Drying - Requires care; risks of distortion; risks of checking more or less high; movement in service large.

Working - Power required for sawing. Some difficulties due to hardness or silica content; special tools recommended.

Assembly - Pre-boring necessary for nailing. Glues well.

Finishing - Finishes well.

Veneering - Interesting for slicing.

Uses: Flooring; stairs; furniture; carpentry; interior and exterior joinery; sliced veneer; hydraulics works; bridges mouldings.

Shibadan

Scientific Name: Aspidosperma album

Family: Apocynaceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Bios Macaque

Other Name: Red Peroba, Peroba Rosa, Kromanti Kipi

Wood Appearance: Tan to rose-red, often streaked with purple or brown and becoming brownish-yellow to medium brown on exposure.

Sapwood - yellowish, paler than heartwood, but not sharply demarcated

Texture - fine and uniform

Grain - straight to irregular


Physical and Mechanical Properties: Hard and strong timber. Bending strength medium and crushing strength high.

Weight - 850kg/m3 (53 lb/ft3 ) seasoned.

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Heartwood very durable and extremely resistant to preservative treatment. Sapwood permeable.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries without difficulty. Kiln Schedule E.

Working - Easy to work and finishes well.

Assembly - Gluing easy but hard to nail.

Finishing - Takes staining and polishing satisfactorily.

Uses: A good general purpose wood suitable for construction work requiring strength and durability and could also be useful for exterior joinery. Also suitable for panelling, turnery and furniture manufacture.

Simarupa

Scientific Name: Simaruba amara

Family: Simarubaceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Marupa

Other Name: Aceituno, Acajou Blanc, Scemardepa, Bitterwood

Wood Appearance: Heartwood whitish, not differentiated from the whitish or straw coloured sapwood. Wood has a slightly bitter taste, but is odourless.

Sapwood -

Texture - medium, uniform and lustrous

Grain - straight


Physical and Mechanical Properties: A very light, soft timber. In several respects very similar to Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon). Movement small. Low in bending strength stiffness, crushing strength and shock resistance.


Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Timber of low durability, blue stains easily. Green converted timber can easily be treated by short dipping and diffusion.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries very rapidly and very well. Kiln Schedule L.

Working - Easy to work with both manual and machine tools.

Assembly - Glues well. Can be easily nailed with good holding qualities.

Finishing - Easy to paint, stain, or varnish.

Uses: Suitable for use where a light, easily worked hardwood is required and where its lack of durability and low strength are not important. Examples are in furniture for interior use, drawer slides, and some types of cabinet framing; interior joinery and shoe heels. Excellent qualities for model making, utility wood ware and toy manufacture. Simarupa peels well and makes an attractive plywood.

Tauroniro

Scientific Name: Humiria Balsamifera

Family: Humiriaceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Umiri

Other Name: Basrabolletrie, Oloroso, Chanul, Tabaniro

Wood Appearance: Heartwood varies from fawn colour to reddish-brown.

Sapwood - not well defined.

Texture - lustre and texture medium to fine.

Grain - straight.

Bole - 60-70 feet long, cylinderical; diameter 20-28 inches.

Physical and Mechanical Properties: Very hard, strong dense and highly durable wood. Medium shrinkage, very stable once dry. Very good mechanical properties, good elasticity and impact resistance.

Weight - 900kg/m3 (56 lb/ft3 ) seasoned.

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Highly durable. Resistant to fungal attack even under unfavourable conditions of use. Good resistance to termite attack.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries relatively well without difficulty.

Working - Saws without particular trouble. Machines clearly. Planes and turns without difficulty. Finishes smoothly even on the end-grain.

Assembly - Glues well, nails and screws hold well.

Finishing - Vanishes and polishes without trouble.

Uses: Suitable for general house construction, panelling and flooring. Its attractive appearance makes it suitable for furniture and decorative purposes. It can be used for wheelwright work, counters and workbench tops.

Tatabu

Scientific Name: Diplotropis purpurea

Family: Papilionacease

ATIBT Standard Name: Coeur Dehors

Other Name: Sucupira, Alcoruoque, Zwarte Kabbes

Wood Appearance: Heartwood dark chocolate brown in colour with conspicuous paler markings, giving a decorative appearance which may be enhanced on quartered surface by a stripe figure.

Sapwood - whitish, sharply demarcated from heartwood.

Texture - moderately coarse.

Grain - interlocked, sometimes irregular.


Physical and Mechanical Properties: A heavy, strong, durable wood possessing high strength properties. Medium shrinkage, relatively stable once dry.


Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Very resistant to decay even under exacting conditions of use. Highly resistant to fungus and termite attack.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries readily but slowly, without distortion of splitting.

Working - Difficult to work on account of its high density and interlocked and irregular grain, but can be finished to a smooth surface. Turns well.

Assembly - Glues well. Nails and screws hold well.

Finishing - Polishes satisfactorily after filling.

Uses: Has a decorative appearance and is of interest for turned work and as a veneer for inlays in high grade furniture. Suitable for exterior and interior joinery, turnery, panelling and tool handles. A very useful timber with many applications.

Wallaba

Scientific Name: Eperua falcata

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Wallaba

Other Name: Bois, Sabre Wapa gris, Uapa, Apa

Wood Appearance: Heartwood is red-brown in colour, with gum streaks which tend to spread over the surface.

Sapwood - pale in colour and is sharply defined from the heartwood.

Texture - coarse.

Grain - typically straight.

Bole - 40-60 feet, diameter 18-24 inches.

Physical and Mechanical Properties: Strength is mid-way between European Beech and Greenheart.


Bending Strength - 104 N6mm2 (15100 lbg/in2)



Shock resistance -

http://tpl-gy.com/greenheart.html

Natural Durability: Wallaba heartwood is highly resistant to decay and to subterranean termites; fairly resistant to drywood termites. The wear resistance of Wallaba is extremely high. Wallaba is self-impregnated by nature thus creosoting is unnecessary.

Timber Processing

Drying - Dries very slowly. Kiln Schedule B.

Working - Fairly easy to work but difficult to saw because of the high gum content.

Assembly - Glues well. Does not take nails and screws satisfactorily: pre-boring is recommended.

Finishing - Difficult to paint because of gum exudation, but stains and polishes satisfactorily. Weathers beautifully.

Uses: Wallaba has excellent properties for transmission poles, flag staffs, and marine and bridge construction in non-teredo areas. Owing of its strength and durabilitv. Wallaba is suitable for general heavy construction, utility and industrial floors, and chemical vats staves. Also fence staves, fenceposts and shingles for roofing.

Wamara

Scientific Name: Swartzia Leiocalycina Benth

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Ferreol

Other Name: Montouchi, Panacoco, Saboarana

Wood Appearance: Heartwood chocolate to purplish-brown with darker purple streaks, giving the wood an attractive appearance.

Sapwood - white/ pale in colour, sharply demarcated from heartwood; sapwood and heartwood often used in furniture to give two-toned effect.

Texture - fine.

Grain - straight sometimes irregular.


Physical and Mechanical Properties: Very hard, very heavy wood. Medium movement. Excellent mechanical strength.

Weight - 1000-12000 kg/m3 (62-75 lb/ft3 ) seasoned.

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Heartwood durable and extremely resistant to insects and decay, but not to marine borers. The heartwood resists preservative treatment, but the sapwood is permeable.

Timber Processing

Drying - Kiln Schedule B. Dries slowly with appreciable surface checking and end-splitting, but distortion is not serious.

Working - Difficult to work owing to hardness and interlocked grain. Easy to scrape and sand and gives a fine finish. Suitable for bends of moderate radius of curvature if well supported with a metal strap.

Assembly - Difficult to nail and screw and liable to split, but fastenings are held well.

Finishing - Finishes smoothly and polishes well. Stains will not penetrate the timber.

Uses: Suitable for interior decorative work and fittings. Can be used for cabinet work, furniture making, flooring, panelling. Very suitable for inlay work and turnery.

Yellow Silverballi

Scientific Name: Aniba ovalifolia

Family: Lauraceae

ATIBT Standard Name: Canela

Other Name: Pisie, Caraiou, Caneio, Louro Branco, Inamui, Preto

Wood Appearance: The heartwood ranges from greyish through yellowish buff to light brown and darkens on exposure. The wood usually has a pleasant aromatic odour.

Sapwood -

Texture - rather fine to moderately coarse. Lustre medium to high

Grain - straight, occasionally somewhat roey.

Bole - 60-70 feet long, diameter 16-24 inches.

Physical and Mechanical Properties: In Guyana the Silverballi group is divided into "hard and soft" with the dividing line being put at an air dry specific gravity of 37 lb/ft3. The "hard" Silverballi is rather light to heavy with densities ranging from 37-62 lb per cu. ft. "Soft" Silverballi ranges in densities from 22-37 lb per cu ft. The group is generally in strength class 2. Movement rather low, the lighter species shrink less than the heavier types.

Weight -

Bending Strength -



Shock resistance -

Natural Durability: Moderately resistant to insects and decay, but susceptible to termites. Highly resistant to marine borers. Difficult to impregnate.

Timber Processing

Drying - Kiln Schedule G. Silverballi air dries well with little degrade.

Working - Saws well and works easily.

Assembly - Holds nails, screws and glue well.

Finishing - Finish smoothly unless grain is severly interlocked. Paints well.

Uses: "Hard" Silverballi: general carpentry, boat building (planking), suitable for both interior and exterior work in house building, furniture and cabinet work, suitable fir veneer and plywood. "Soft" Silverballi: general carpentry, interior work, light furniture, suitable for utility plywood.

Timber Species - storage.googleapis.com · Bole: Physical and Mechanical Properties: Strength class...

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