Tide corrections from KGPS and a precise

geoid

John Brozena, Randy Herr, Vicki Childers

Goals of Program

Determine the extent to which we can approximate a tidal datum from a precise gravimetric geoid and an offset determined from one or more tide gauges or GPS buoys

i.e. Can we extrapolate a tidal datum from a tidal gauge out into the open water using a geoid and KGPS measurements?

NRL/NAVO Bertram Test

Three day survey in May 2002Conducted aboard the Bertram from Gulfport tide gaugeSea surface height plus ship attitude information measured while repeatedly traveling between four tide gauges: Gulfport, Ship Island, Waveland, and Point Cadet.The first three of these have been referenced to the ellipsoid by static GPS surveys.

Bertram Instrumentation

Ashtech Z12 dual-frequency GPS receiver

GPS antenna mounted on mast above bridge

Inertial navigation system and tilt meter for attitude information

The Gulfport tide gauge was set up as the GPS base station

Initial Reference Frame Concerns

GPS is referenced to an ellipsoid whereas tide gauges are referenced to a tidal datum

At each GPS-surveyed tide gauge, the antenna was referenced to the gauge’s tidal staff and to its electric gauge

On the boat, the antenna must be referenced to the sea surface

Ship-Antenna Geometry: Changes in Attitude

GPS solution locates the antenna atop the boat

Need to relate antenna position to sea surface (or need instantaneous keel depth)

Vertical distance changes with static draft, dynamic draft, and boat-antenna lever-arm geometry

Roll

Squat

Ship as Tide Gauge

“Reducing” the GPS position to the water level yields an instantaneous measurement of water surface with respect to the ellipsoid

If the local offset between the ellipsoid and the tidal datum can be determined, the ship can become a continuous free-floating tide gauge

Connecting the Tidal Datum to the Ellipsoid

Tidal datum is defined locally as a long-term average of low tides as measured by a tide gauge.

Global geoid is the gravitational equipotential surface that approximates MSL on a global basis.

MSL deviates from the geoid due to oceanographic and atmospheric effects

Effects can be approximated by a geoid with a constant or slowly varying offset.

Chesapeake Bay Airborne Survey

P-3 airborne sea-surface height measurement over 8 tide gauges in the baySSH calculated using GPS heights and a radar altimeterGeoid 99 is a relatively good geoid for the region but high frequency information is lacking3 cm rms accuracy for survey

Bertram Gulfport Survey

Each day began at the Gulfport tide gauge with half hour GPS collection at port

Bertram traveled to each of the other three tide gauges repeatedly, returning to the Gulfport gauge in between

Half hour occupations at the other tide gauges were also performed several times daily to help constrain biases associated with antenna-boat geometry, the geoid, and the links into each gauge.

Sea Surface Height for Day 129

Sea Surface Height with 200 s Gaussian Filter

Summary

Work is in progressEncouraged by our first view of the dataExpect to demonstrate how the sea surface as measured with GPS can be related to the tidal datum using a combination of geoid, hydrodynamic models, and tide gauges.Thanks for the great job from the NAVO crew