Threshold Concepts in Construction Law: Prevention & Extension in Construction Contracts
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Transcript of Threshold Concepts in Construction Law: Prevention & Extension in Construction Contracts
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Threshold Concepts in Construction Law:
Prevention & Extension in Construction Contracts
Brodie McAdam University of Salford
http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Prevention & Extension in construction contracts
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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What are we talking about & why?
• We are focussing on the common law which underpins, and informs extension of time clauses, and liquidated damages provisions
• Quite a tricky area, because, to understand it fully involves juggling a number of different legal concepts
• As for why to bother, understanding the underlying issues may assist with practical aspects of administering contracts, and of arguing points if matters become contested.
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Why Problematic?
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
Common law
Contract terms
Breach of contract
Damages
Implication of terms
Prevention Extension of time
Liquidated damages
Causation
Time at large
Conditions precedent
Concurrency
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Time
• Just like any other obligation
• Failure to complete on time: breach of contract
• Consequences?
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Consequences of Breach
• Usually damages with continuing obligation to complete work
• Damages?
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Damages
• Loss which the employer can prove as a result of the breach…
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Liquidated Damages
• General damages troublesome to prove
• Solution – liquidated damages
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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So far so good but…
• What about prevention and/or extension?
• Coming to that now…
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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What about if…
• Contractor supposed to complete building by 1 May
• LDs set at £10,000 per day late.
– Contractor uses substandard glazing units which are only discovered at the last minute, and so the building finishes a week late; or
– Unexpectedly hard frost bursts pipes in water system during commissioning, and so the building finishes a week late; or
– Employer decides on different anti-glare glazing with a longer lead time, and so the building finishes a week late
• Does the contractor pay the £70k LDs?
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Um…
• Substandard glazing – likely breach of contractor’s obligations causes delay – LDs payable.
• Bad weather – not the Contractor’s fault, but at common law the contractor’s risk – LDs could be payable, though many standard form contracts make weather a “neutral” event (time but no money)
• Different glazing – contractor blameless. Employer’s responsibility…
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Prevention
• Employer has prevented the contractor from meeting the completion date.
• Would be unjust to hold the contractor to that completion date so...
• That completion date falls away and if there’s no contractual method to set a new date then time will become “at large”.
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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At large
• Just means that the contractor has a reasonable time to complete the work.
• (N.B. this is what is implied by common law and statute if there is no express agreement as to completion date)
• Establishing a “reasonable time” is a length of string calculation and preferably avoided by employers
• The solution…
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Extension of time clause
• This permits the completion date to be moved on if the employer has delayed progress.
• This therefore preserves LDs, since the contractor is not required to pay damages for the period during which they were prevented from completing by the employer.
• Extension of time provisions tend to cover much more than what amounts specifically to common law prevention.
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Why now?
• Two specific issues exercising the courts involving prevention and extension:
– Condition precedent requirements
– Whether it is permitted to “apportion” under JCT
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Condition Precedent Issue
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
• Yes, you can have an extension of time for my acts of prevention, so long as you give me proper notice...
• Possible problem – back door way to get the contractor liable for employer delay.
• Some Australian case law to suggest that such provisions may oust the completion date
• However, so far, in England and Wales the argument hasn’t worked, e.g:
• Steria Ltd v Sigma Wireless Communications Ltd [2007] EWHC 3454
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Concurrent Delay/Apportionment
• Issue relates to where you have two (or more) causes of delay, each of which could be causing the delay (i.e. are concurrent), and one is an employer risk, and another is a contractor risk. Should the contractor get the extension of time?
• English authority says “yes”• Scots (not binding in England) says “no”• Cases:
– Boot v Malmaison (1999) 70 Con LR 32– City Inn v Shepherd [2010] ScotCS CSIH 68– De Beers v Atos [2010] EWHC 3276
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com
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Recap and Conclusion
Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com