Thirty Years’ War:

1. Bohemian (1618-25)2. Danish (1625-29)3. Swedish (1630-35)4. Swedish-French (1635-48)

Map Link: The Thirty Years’ War:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/462px-Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg.png>

Causes:

1. Rise of Calvinism

2. Catholic ambitions

3. French-Habsburg tensions

4. Fragmented Holy Roman Empire

1617 Ferdinand of Habsburg elected King ofBohemia

1618 Defenestration of Ferdinand’s officialsin Prague

1619 Ferdinand elected Holy Roman Emperor(Ferdinand II, r. 1619-37)

1608 Formation of Protestant Union byFrederick V

1609 Formation of Catholic League

1619 Rebellion in Bohemia in favour ofFrederick V, supported by Protestant Unionand Transylvanians. Opposed by CatholicUnion and Spanish under Maximilianof Bavaria and Count Johannes von Tilly(1559-1632)

8th Nov 1620 Battle of the White Mountain

1621 Dissolution of Protestant Union

Christian IV of Denmark (r. 1588-1648), alsoDuke of Holstein

Albrecht Wallenstein (1583-1634)

1625-29 Wallenstein and Tilly defeat Christianand invade Jutland

22nd May 1629 Christian IV renouncesambitions in Germany

Mecklenburg lands given to Wallenstein

6th Mar 1629 Ferdinand II issues Edict ofRestitution:

Prohibits Calvinist worship

Orders return of Catholic Church’s property

1630 Diet of Regensburg demands dismissal ofWallenstein and his army

Gustavus II Adolphus (r. 1611-31), the “Lionof the North”

July 1630 Adolphus lands in Pomerania

17th Sep 1631 Adolphus defeats Tilly atBreitenfeld, near Leipzig

16th Nov 1632 Battle of Lützen, near Leipzig,between Adolphus and Wallenstein

Axel Oxenstierna leads Swedish campaignafter Adolphus’ death

25th Feb 1634 Wallenstein killed by Irishmercenary

6th Sep 1634 Imperial and Spanish forcesdefeat Swedes at Nördlingen

Ferdinand II takes most of Germany, butannuls Edict of Restitution

Pope Urban VIII (p. 1623-44)

1640 Rebellions in Portugal and Catalonia

19th May 1643 French defeat Spanish atRocroi in Netherlands

Ferdinand III (r. 1637-57)

1643 Start of peace talks

1648 Peace of Westphalia

1659 Peace of the Pyrenees, between Franceand Spain

1660 Peace agreements between Sweden andDenmark, and Sweden and Poland

1667 Peace agreement between Poland andRussia

Map Link: Europe, 1648:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG>

Peace of Westphalia:

Ceding territory to France and Sweden

Reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, extended toCalvinists

Halting Catholic recovery of Holy RomanEmpire

Map Link: The Holy Roman Empire, 1648:

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg>

German states effectively sovereign, withright to conduct international diplomacy

Consent of Reichstag required for newlaws, taxes, wars – destroying power ofthe emperor

Vacuum in Germany– to be filled byFrench, English, Dutch

Political changes:

Establishing modern system of sovereignstates

Absence of religious or political unity inEurope

Reduced influence of religion on politics- now trumped by state interests

Human impact of war: looting, death, torture,starvation, disease

Otto von Guericke (1602-86):

Scientist, inventor, politician fromMagdeburg

1646-76 Burgomeister (mayor) ofMagdeburg

1650 Invents air pump, investigates vacuumsand air pressure

1663 Invents first electrostatic generator