Thinking Course Jan

8/6/2019 Thinking Course Jan

1/32


2/32

Definition:

COGNITIONCOGNITIONThe process ofknowing

22 of 58of 58


3/32

Types of thinking

33 of 58of 58

1.1. Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking2.2. Creative ThinkingCreative Thinking

3.3. Convergent ThinkingConvergent Thinking

4.4. Divergent ThinkingDivergent Thinking

5.5. Analytical ThinkingAnalytical Thinking


4/32


5/32

WhyIsCriticalThinkingImportant? ...it underlies the basic elements of

communication ... it plays an important part in social

change...

... it is a path to freedom from half-truths and deceptions

Critical thinking helps us develop:Critical thinking helps us develop:

1.1. Intellectual HumilityIntellectual Humility2.2. Intellectual AutonomyIntellectual Autonomy

3.3. Intellectual IntegrityIntellectual Integrity

4.4. Intellectual CourageIntellectual Courage5.5. Intellectual PerseveranceIntellectual Perseverance

6.6. Confidence in ReasonConfidence in Reason

7.7. Intellectual EmpathyIntellectual Empathy8.8. FairmindednessFairmindedness

. . . traits important to the development of a multi. . . traits important to the development of a multi--cultural world view andcultural world view and

the diminishing of irrational thought!the diminishing of irrational thought!


6/32

Blooms Taxonomy of Thinking SkillsBlooms Taxonomy of Thinking Skills

Knowledge facts or bits of information

Comprehension understanding what informationmeans

Application finding a practical use for the knowledge

Analysis breaking down the knowledge into componentparts

Synthesis connecting knowledge to other knowledge and

devising something new Evaluation judging knowledge


7/32

What is Critical Thinking?What is Critical Thinking?

That mode of thinkingabout anysubject, content, or problemin which

the thinker improves the quality of

his/her thinking by skillfully takingcharge of the structures inherent in

thinking and imposing intellectual

standards upon them.

Foundation for Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University, 1999


8/32


The object of education is to prepare people toeducate themselves throughout their lives.Robert M. Hutchins

Critical thinking is the process ofCritical thinking is the process ofanalyzing the arguments of others.analyzing the arguments of others.

It means examining the logic of suchIt means examining the logic of sucharguments. It enables people to doarguments. It enables people to domore than just repeat knowledge.more than just repeat knowledge.


9/32


1.1. A productive and positive activityA productive and positive activity

2.2. A process, not an outcomeA process, not an outcome

3.3. Will vary according to the contexts inWill vary according to the contexts inwhich it occurswhich it occurs

4.4. Is triggered by positive and negativeIs triggered by positive and negative

eventsevents

5.5. Is emotive as well as rationalIs emotive as well as rational


10/32

Components ofCritical Thinking

1. Identifying and challenging assumptions is

central to critical thinking

2. Challenging the importance of context is

crucial

3. Critical thinkers try to imagine and

explore alternatives

4. Imagining and exploring alternative lead

to reflective skepticism


11/32

Elements ofCritical ThinkingElements ofCritical Thinking

1. Clearly stated

problem or issue

2. A goal of thethinking

3. The frame of

reference4. The assumptions

made

5. Central concepts and

principles used

6. The data collected

7. The interpretations,

inferences, lines of

reasoning that lead to

conclusions8. Resulting implications

that follow


12/32

1. Asks pertinent questions and assesses

statements and arguments

2. Able to suspend judgment and tolerateambiguity

3. Humble yet confident enough to admit a

lack of information or understanding

4. Sense of curiosity

Attributes of a Critical ThinkerAttributes of a Critical Thinker


13/32

5. Able to clearly define a set of criteria for

analyzing ideas

6. Able to listen carefully to others and giv

eappropriate feedback

7. Willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and

opinions against facts

8. Sees critical thinking as a lifelong process of

self-assessment

Attributes of a Critical Thinker(Cont.)


14/32

The Ideal Critical ThinkerThe Ideal Critical Thinker

1. Habitually inquisitive

2. Self-informed

3. Trustful of reason

4. Open-minded5. Flexible

6. Fair-minded

7. Honest in facing personal

biases

8. Focused on inquiry

9. Persistent in seeking results


15/32

The Ideal Critical Thinker(Cont.)

10. Prudent in making judgments

11.Willing to reconsider

12.Clear about issues

13.Orderly in complex matters14. Diligent in seeking relevant

information

15. Reasonable in selection of

criteria


16/32

Key Intellectual TraitsKey Intellectual Traits

1. Intellectual humility

2. Intellectual integrity

3. Willingness to admit what you dont know

4. Continual evaluation of your own thinking and

willingness to admit when it may be flawedInt

5. ellectual courage

6. Awareness of the need to face and fairly

address ideas, beliefs, or viewpoints ,especially

those which you have negative feelings about

and havent given serious consideration

Richard PaulRichard Paul


17/32

What is Creativity?

The creation of the new and

the rearranging of the old indifferent & new ways.

The process of producing

something original andvaluable.


18/32

Components of CreativityComponents of Creativity

1- Intellectual Ability

2- Knowledge

3- Thinking Styles4- Personality

5- Motivation

6- Environment7- Confluence ofComponents


19/32

1- Intellectual Abilities

The High-level Abilities of:

Problem DefinitionDefinitionUseful Problem PresentationPresentation

Problem-Solving StrategyStrategy Selection

Effective EvaluationEvaluation ofIdeas


20/32

2- Knowledge

Importance of Knowledge for Creativity?

Helps to Recognize and Understand the ProblemNature

Prevents Rediscovery ofOld IdeasPrevents Rediscovery ofOld Ideas


21/32

3- Thinking Styles

PreferredWaysPreferredWays of applying ones Intellectual

Abilities and Knowledge to a problem.

Two may have equal levels of intelligence, but

differ on how they focus their abilities on a

task.


22/32

4- Personality

5 Personality Traits for Creativity:

Tolerance of Ambiguity:Tolerance of Ambiguity:

Provides time for difficult problem aspects to beresolved.

Perseverance:Perseverance:

Facing obstacles for creative products to occur.


23/32

4- Personality (Cont.)

Openness to New ExperiencesExperiences:

Willingness to try new ideas.

Willingness to Take RisksRisks:No pain no gain.

Courage and Belief in oneself:

Creative ideas need Independence of Judgmentand Self-esteem to grow.


24/32

5- Motivation

IntrinsicIntrinsic Motivators:

Internally generated desires that are satisfied by

talk completion.

Extrinsic Motivators:

Rewards that the environment offers (e.g.

money,job advancement, praise).


25/32

6- Environment

Physical/Social Conditions:

Surrounding environment, freedom over ones

work, sufficient time to think, sufficientresources to develop ideas.

Role ModelsRole Models


26/32

Stages of Creative Thought

OrientationOrientation: Defining the problem

PreparationPreparation: Gaining as much information aspossible

IncubationIncubation: The problem, while notappearing to be actively worked on, is stillcooking in the background

IlluminationIllumination: The a-ha experience; rapidinsight into the solution

VerificationVerification: Testing and critically evaluatingthe solution


27/32

Individual Traits & Creative Ideas

1. Intelligence

2. Independence

3. Self-confidence4. Risk taking

5. Internal Locus of control

6. Tolerance for ambiguity7. Perseverance in the face of frustration


28/32

Root Cause Analysis Technique

Fishbone Diagram

2828 of 58of 58

The value of theThe value of the Fishbone DiagramFishbone Diagram is that it provides a methodis that it provides a method

for categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issuesfor categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issues

in an orderly way and in identifying root causesin an orderly way and in identifying root causes

CauseCauseDetailDetailll

CauseCause

DetailDetail

CauseCause

DetaillDetaill

CauseCause

DetailDetail

Fishbone Diagram (Cause & Effect Diagram)Fishbone Diagram (Cause & Effect Diagram) is an analysis toolis an analysis tool

that provides a systematic way of looking at effects and thethat provides a systematic way of looking at effects and the

causes that create or contribute to those effects.causes that create or contribute to those effects.

Result (ProblemResult (Problem))


29/32

MethodsMethods

Identify Possible Causes of failureIdentify Possible Causes of failure

MachinesMachines

Man PowerMan Power

MaterialsMaterials

ComputerComputer

DataData--entryentry

ErrorsErrors

-- No preNo pre--entry checksentry checks

-- Batches too bigBatches too big

-- Not enough restNot enough rest--breaksbreaks

-- No automated checkingNo automated checking

-- Lack of SupervisionLack of Supervision

-- Untrained staffUntrained staff

-- New StaffNew Staff

-- Temp StaffTemp Staff

-- Pressure of workPressure of work

-- Untrained staffUntrained staff

-- Illegible HandwritingIllegible Handwriting

-- Incorrect dataIncorrect data

Illegible copyIllegible copy

-- Lack of regular breaksLack of regular breaks

-- No timeNo time

-- Old TechnologyOld Technology

-- Keyboard BounceKeyboard Bounce

-- Sticky KeyboardSticky Keyboard

Inadequate softwareInadequate software

-- Poor ErgonomicsPoor Ergonomics

SeatingSeating

LighteningLightening

HeatHeat


30/32

Sample: Tony Buzans MindMapTM

Source: http:// www.imindmap.com/coporate


31/32


32/32

Six colors and six hats

1.1. White:White:neutralneutral, objective, facts& figures, objective, facts& figures2.2. RedRed: emotional, angry, emotions &emotional, angry, emotions & feelings,feelings,

3.3. Black: serious, somberBlack: serious, somber cautious & careful,cautious & careful,

4.4. Yellow: sunny, positive hope, positive &Yellow: sunny, positive hope, positive &speculative,speculative,

5.5. GreenGreen: growth, fertility creativity, ideas & lateralgrowth, fertility creativity, ideas & lateral

thinking,thinking,6.6. BlueBlue: cool, sky above, control & organization ofcool, sky above, control & organization of

thinkingthinking

Thinking Course Jan

Documents

Transcript of Thinking Course Jan