thesis on use of radio.doc

8/14/2019 thesis on use of radio.doc

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OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS

CHAPTER ONE

Topic

Introduction

o Background of radio

o Problem Background of the narcotizing effect of the mass media

CHAPTER TWO

Aims of the project

R tion !e

H"pothesis

CHAPTER THREE

Rese rch #uestions

Liter ture Re$ie%

Theoretic ! fr me%or&

CHAPTER FOUR 'ethodo!o("

) t co!!ection methods

Stud" re nd su*jects

S mp!in( methods nd si+e

CHAPTER FI,E

) t n !"sis

) t interpret tion

CHAPTER SI-

Conc!usion

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Recommend tions

Other findin(s

Are s of further stud"

References

APPEN)ICES

Appendi. /0 1ud(et 2 cost

Appendi. 30 Wor& p! n

Appendi. 40 5uestionn ire

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INTRO)UCTION

Radio, Television and Print are potential media for disseminating health information to

the public to create awareness on issues of H !"# $%, &alaria, Tuberculosis and other

diseases that are found worldwide'

Radio in &alawi is regarded as the most effective medium' Radio pla(s a ver( important

role in building the nation, developing the countr( economicall(, used as a tool in

education and also most importantl( used as a tool in health education'

There are 1) radio stations in the countr( which include public, commercial, communit(

and religious stations' *ut of these, more than half of them have health programs which

feature different issues that educate the listeners+ health wise'

Health programs on radio contain issues on TB, H !"# $%, &alnutrition, skin diseases

and on how to prevent them'

There are a number of programs on different radio stations that contain different healthissues' %ome of these programs include Tips of life , umoyo ndi chitukuko mMalawi, Call

the Doctor, dziwani za TB, umoyo mmalawi, Kulera, Tichitenji, Womens

forum,Tikuferanji, window throu h health, !hukusi la moyo, uchem"ere wa "wino,

womens talkin point, #outh alert,!akachere and a lot more programs'

n 2 -, the Malawi Demo raphic and $ealth %ur&ey found out that 64% of people have

heard health messages on radio, while 14% heard the messages on Television and

.ewspaper, with 32% who have not heard the health messages through an( media'

This shows how radio is widel( listened to in the countr( b( people of different status'

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This refers to the phenomenon whereb( the media provide such massive information that

the audience becomes numb and generall( fails to act on the perceived information,

regardless of how compelling the issue'

B( using a sample of listeners, this research is there to determine if health programs in the

countr( are being perceived effectivel( or if the( are having an opposite effect of

desensitizing the people up to the point where one becomes ignorant of events around him

or her'

O16ECTI,ES OF THE PRO6ECT

'AIN O16ECTI,E

The general ob3ective of this stud( is to establish people+s perception of their reactions to

health messages'

This research is aimed at finding out how listeners perceive the information the( hear on

radio and from there determine if the messages are being effective enough to the people

or not'

SPECIFIC O16ECTI,ES

The specific ob3ectives of the research include4

To show that despite the man( health programs that are there, the rate people

contracting the H ! virus continue to rise, the mortalit( rate of an average

&alawian continues to drop and cases of TB, malnutrition and teen pregnanc( are

not decreasing at the desired rate despite the numerous messages being put forth

on radio'

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This will create awareness to media houses and other sectors in the countr( to find other

strategies that will guarantee a desirable decrease in H !"# $%, TB, malnutrition cases'

This will in the end ensure development in the countr('

To show that too much information b( the mass media becomes too much to an

individual that instead of sensitizing them on an issue the( tend to be desensitized

and because of this the messages that are put across do not have significant

impact' t is because of this phenomenon therefore that despite the numerous

messages on radio on health issues, problems continue to rise'

This will save time and other resources media houses use in creating programs that in the

end will not have a meaningful impact to the targeted audiences'

5ith the absence of the narcotizin effect , the audiences will respond to the messages put

forth b( the media

To point another direction that the media should take so as to make the messages

the( bring forth to the people has significant impact and change attitudes of

people'

#ssist the media to onl( concentrate on the most important details so that it does

not become too much for those listening to the messages to understand'

RATIONALE2 O16ECTI,E

This research is important especiall( to the media houses where the narcotizin effect has

not been highlighted to producers of health programs or put in mind when the media is

putting forth health messages to its audience' Because this effect is not widel( known

therefore, it is not put forth as one of the factors contributing to the little impact health

messages have on people'

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This therefore makes it impossible for those who produce messages to deal with the

effect since the( are unable to recognize it at pla('

This research is also important especiall( now when &alawi is striving to fulfill the 2

(ear time frame of the &illennium $evelopment 7oals 8&$7s9 which were set in 1::),

and include reducing child mortalit(, improving maternal health, combating H !"# $%,

malaria and other diseases'

%ince the media is put on the forefront together with other organizations in fulfilling these

&$7s, the media need to come up with health messages that will have an effect on

people to change their mindsets instead of putting forth too much unnecessar(

information which will trigger this narcotizin effect '

The research is also important because health is an important aspect of life' t is seen as a

resource for ever( da( life, not the ob3ective of living' t is regarded as a positive concept

emphasizing social and personal resources as well as ph(sical capacities'

7ood health is ver( important in the development of an( countr( or activit(' # person

who is ill will not contribute the well being of his countr( and will not participate in an(

development activities' ;mphasis on health is therefore important in order to maintain a

health( labor force and ultimatel( a health( nation'

The research has targeted radio because research has shown that it is the medium which

all classes of people in &alawi encounter in their dail( lives unlike Television and

newspapers'

#s /. 0khata (1223+ puts in4

78 of !! the possi*!e m ss mediums $ i! *!e inc!udin( ne%sp pers nd cinem 9

r dio is the on!" medium %hich ' ! %i ns encounter in their d i!" !i$es:


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The( noted that with this effect an individual falls into a state of apath( or passivit( as a

result of too much information to assimilate' Besides that, too much e=posure to news

ma( leave man( audience members with little perspective of what is the usual, normal or

ordinar( in a societ('

Belsons 1267 stud( of over 1) teenage bo(s did not find an( support at all for the

desensitization h(pothesis' The effect of the ?distance violence+ presented in the news

was virtuall( nil and the effect of directl( e=perienced violence was even slightl(

negative which if an(thing, suggests increased sensitization to real@world violence'

However, in &alawi, despite radio having a high reach and significant impact on health

issues - , less than half of women and si= in ten men can identif( the two most commonmisconceptions about the transmitting of H ! @ H ! can be transmitted b( mosAuito

bites and H ! can be transmitted b( supernatural means ) '

rom the functionalist perspective, the media entertain, socialize, enforce social norms,

confer status, promote consumption and keep us informed' However the media can also

be d(sfunctional to the e=tent that the( desensitize us to events' 6

$(sfunction refers to an element or a process of societ( that ma( actuall( disrupt a social

s(stem or lead to a decrease in stabilit('

Broadcasting in &alawi at present is still not as satisfactor( as it should be, considering

that it is now ;more than < thirt( (ears since the count( got its independence'

Because of its nature, the newspaper has not had much impact' The need for greater

literar( skills b( readers and high production costs b( media owners, have greatl(

- %# $ 82 9 Paper assess $ocument Reach and impact of radio in &alawi) 82 )9$emographic and Health %urve( &alawi 2 - *RC &acro,Calverton, &ar(land %#6 %chaefar T' Richard sociolog( 82 )9 : th edition &c7raw Hill

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reduced the power of the newspaper to act as a mass medium' &alawi+s illiterac( is

pegged at 6 D'

Radio therefore is the obvious mass medium to which millions of people, especiall( in

poor societies, depend for vital information on health and more' ;ducation and household

wealth status are strongl( associated with mass media e=posure

The dissemination of simple messages b( the media and e=hortations to practice safer se=are unlikel( to have a significant impact on the H ! epidemic because se=ual behavior is

rooted in comple= social, economic and cultural environments where choices are often

severel( limited' :

Radio has more than survived0 it has prospered b( changing the nature of its relationship

with audiences' t has become local, fragmented, specialized, personal and mobile, unlike

in the past'

Radio+s audience, though is not growing' n fact it is declining' The annual MT8

0etworks98iacom %tudy of Media, /ntertainment, and 'eisure Time released in Eune

2 showed a sharp decline from the previous (ear+s level of listening among teen and

adults' The primar( factors for this loss of audience, according to the industr( itself, are

the availabilit( of online music and listener dissatisfaction with unimaginative

programming and h(per commercialization' 1

However not much has been written about the narcotizin effect of the mass media' This

could probabl( be because it has not been full( proven in a scientific wa( if indeed there< .ational %tatistics *ffice> Tenthani Raphael 82 9 &alawi+s Television nveils ;=pansion Plans Pan #frican .ews #gencies: 7ordon 7' 81::)9 Participation empowerment and se=ual health in #frica F;$ Books Gondon1 Baran E' %tanle( 82 29 ntroduction to &ass Communication 2 nd edition &c7raw Hill %#

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is such a thing' This therefore made it a bit difficult for this stud( to have all the

necessar( literature it needed'

THEORETICAL FRA'E WOR=

This research has used the cultivation anal(sis theor(' This theor( states that media

e=poses audiences to attitudes, realities, and ideologies and in the process cultivate the

nature and pattern of responses'

This theor( emerged from a group of researchers led b( :eor e :er"ner (1224 9 which

stated that heav( e=posure to a medium imparts a worldview that is consistent with the

?world+ of that particular medium' 11

nlike the users and ratification theory this theor( which was originall( used to anal(ze

television assumes that that particular medium in Auestion shapes a societ(+s wa( of

thinking and relating'

To conduct this theor(, the first step is to anal(ze the particular medium in Auestion and

find its patterns of contents' The second step is to formulate the audiences+

understandings of their ever( da( lives' The third step is finding the levels of

consumption of that particular medium' inall( (ou compare the social realities of light

and heav( consumers of that medium ' 12

The theor( has been applied in this research, with the medium being radio programs on

health issues to show that heav( consumption of health issues tend to narcotize the

audiences'

11 5est R' 82 -9 ntroducing Communication Theor(, #nal(sis and #pplication 2 nd ;dition &c 7rawHill, .ew ork

12 5est R' 82 -9

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5ith the use of this theor(, this stud( as evaluated those who consume health issues on

radio and find out their social realities as to whether the( are affected b( what the( listen

on the radio or not'

RESEARCH )ESI>N

This stud( used a surve( as a method for data collection' # surve( was used mainl(

because this stud( was tr(ing to find out from the listeners themselves on how health

issues influence them and if indeed the( feel desensitized after listening to too much

information about health issues'

)ATA COLLECTION 'ETHO)S

Iuestionnaires were used as a method of data collection' This was there to determine

how people perceive health programs on radio'

To avoid the inconvenience of not having the Auestionnaires answered at the reAuired

time and to avoid getting inappropriate answers, the Auestionnaires were not distributedand collected on different da(s' The Auestions were asked and filled up for them'

SA'PLE AREA

The research was conducted in Chitawira Residential area, Blant(re' This area was

chosen because it has people from all walks of life' t has people of all kinds of

professions like teachers, doctors, mem"ers of parliament, "usiness people, students anda lot more'

This stud( also reAuired an area of stud( which is in the urban area but which still has the

radio listening culture'

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The houses in Chitawira are designed in wa(s that make the roads around the area

accessible and this made it easier for the researcher to move from one area to another

without getting confused'

Chitawira is also situated in an area that made it possible for freAuent visitation from the

researcher an( time it was necessar( to'

SA'PLE SI?E

n this stud(, 100 respondents from different household each were chosen from the

sample area' The( all had to answer the Auestionnaires individuall('

t could not be established on the actual total population of houses in Chitawira since the

area has had new constructions for the past (ears' *ther houses have also been combined

into one plot for a single individual'

Because of this therefore, there had to be the use of 3udgment sampling to come up with

a sample of households which had to be a true representative of the area but also amanageable sample that could cover the available resources'

Therefore 100 respondents was the ideal sample size that was used in this stud(' The

characteristics of this sample size were men, women and (ouths' The age group ranged

from 16 to over 50 (ears of age' ;ducational Aualification ranges from !rimary %chool

!upils to those with tertiary education ;ualification s' urthermore, this research had

respondents who were sin le, married, di&orced and widowed.

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SA'PLIN> 'ETHO)S

n this research, the pro* *i!it" and non pro* *i!it" methods were used' n probabilit(

methods, members are selected from a population in a non random manner while non

probabilit( methods, members are selected in a random manner'

NON PRO1A1ILIT@ SA'PLIN>

5ith this method, the researcher used the judgment sampling to select the sample area

for the stud(, which in this case is Chitawira '

PRO1A1ILIT@ SA'PLIN>

Random sampling was used in sampling out the 100 respondents for the stud(' #ll

residents in Chitawira had eAual chances of being involved in this stud(' This method

was chosen to prevent biasness and to give eAual chance to all residents involved in this

stud('

Those respondents who do not listen to health programs on radio were recorded and used

as control variables because this stud( was targeting those who listen to the radio'

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)ATA ANAL@SIS

SUR,E@ FIN)IN>S

This section presents the results of the surve( that was conducted with the use of

Auestionnaires to residents in Chitawira.

The Auestionnaires were designed to establish the influence that is perceived b( listeners

of health issues on radio'

rom the sample size of 100 respondents, 42 were male while 58 were female' The larger

number of women was also contributed b( the willingness of most of the women to be

interviewed and be part of the stud(' &ost of the men were either bus( or claimed the(

do not listen to the radio at all' This can be seen in the diagram below4

Population size and sex

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58

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2

SEX

S A M P L E S I Z E

FEMALE MALE

rom the overall sample, 38 of the respondents were married, 42 were single, and 18

were divorced while 2 were widowed'

45 of the sample belonged in the age group of 16- 24 (ears of age' 27 of the sample

belonged to the 25 34 (ears' 18 members of the sample belonged to the 50 64 agegroup' 10 members belonged to the 67 and above age group' The diagram blow shows

this'

Age g oup o! espondents

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45

27

18

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

AGE GROUP

S A M P L E S I Z E

16 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 41

42 -

#ccording to the findings of this stud(, a lot of the respondents onl( listen to health

issues on radio a few times in a week'

81 of the 100 listen to the radio 1 to 3 times a week' 12 of the respondents listen to health

programs 4 6 times a week while onl( 7 respondents listen to 7 or more times in aweek' The graph below e=plains this'

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NUMBER OF TIMES RESPONDENTS LISTEN TO

HEALTH ISSUES ON RADIO

7 - MORE TIMES A

WEEK

4 - 6 TIMES A WEEK

1- 3 TIMES A WEEK 81

RESPONDENTS

12 RESPONDENTS

7 RESPONDENTS

"#at #ealt# p og ams and issues do t#e espondents listen to$

This research did not come up with specific health programs it targeted' t relied on the

information that came from the respondents on which health programs the respondents

listen to'

rom the findings however, less than half of the respondents could not come up with the

specific names of the health programs the( listen to' The( could onl( come up with the

health issues that are discussed in the program'

rom all the health programs that are aired on more that 10 radio stations in &alawi, the

health programs that could be remembered b( the respondents were Dokotala wa

pawayilesi and Dziwani za TB.

47 respondents from the 100 , could remember the actual names of the radio programs

while the remaining 53 of the respondents could onl( remember the issues that the( listen

to and not the actual names of the program'

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n this stud( the health issues that the respondents listen to are $


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*espondent+s ,ie's to'a ds #ealt# issues on adio

n tr(ing to prove the h(pothesis that too much health issues on radio desensitizes its

audience, this stud( set up to find out the views of the respondents towards health issues

that are aired on radio

The respondents were given options to choose from a scale of e?cellent, &ery ood, ood,

satisfactory, not satisfactory and poor

rom the 100 respondents, 6 of them views health programs as e=cellent' This meant that

the( were impressed with the issues that are presented, the( like how the issues are

presented and would not change a thing bout them'

40 respondents felt that radio health issues are ver( good and need not change the

messages the( carr( since the( are able to give out the intended messages'

3 respondents said the health programs are good but needed to add more time and change

the formats to suit the tastes of the people toda('

How ever none of the respondents chose the satisfactor( option'

35 of the respondents selected the not satisfactor( option' The( had a number of reasons

the( gave on wh( the( regarded health issues on radio as not satisfactor('

The remaining 16 felt that health issues on radio are poor and that the radio can either do

without or change their formats completel(' This is further e=plained in the graph below4

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*espondents '#ose e#a,io s (#anged as a esult o! #ealt# issues ai ed

on adio

#s one wa( of establishing the perceived influence of health issues to the respondents,

the stud( went ahead in tr(ing to find out how man( of the respondent+s behaviors

changed after listening to certain issues of health on radio'

These behavioral changes included abstaining or having protected se= after hearing about

H !"# $%' Those who have decided to Auit smoking after hearing about the dangers TB

on radio, consulting doctors after getting certain s(mptoms that signif( an infection,

avoiding stigma and discrimination to # $% patients and also home based care to # $%

patients'

#ccording to the results 41 respondents said that the( have been influenced b( radio to

change certain aspects of their lives after hearing about certain health issues' These

respondents were able to specif( the particular aspects of their which the( changed'

52 of the respondents however said that health issues on radio did not influence them to

change an( aspect of the life' # common answer that was found as one of their reasons

were that one cannot change the time when the( get die, therefore no one can prolong his

or her life b( changing some aspects in their lives' #nother common reason was that

health issues on radio are not influential enough to change their behaviors'

The remaining 7 respondents said the( had no idea whether health issues on radio have

influenced them at all' The( were unaware and unable to point out some aspects in theirlives that were changed as a result of a health message on radio'

rom the findings above, a higher number of the respondents have not been influenced b(

health messages on radio to change their life st(les for a healthier life' The diagram

below e=plains this0

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rom the 41 therefore, 11 are members of pressure groups and clubs in their societ(' 10

have taken part in a demonstration and big walk before' 5 have participated in a phone in

program on radio to contribute to the societ('

The remaining 15 have not done an( of the activities above' &ost of them blamed it on

the lack of free time that the( can use to be involved in the activities' *thers blamed it on

the absence of organizations and groups the( can 3oin in the communities' %ome

however, could not see the need to be involved in activities that can contribute to the

societ('

*espondents+ opinions on #o' #ealt# issues a e oad(ast on adio

The health programs on radio have been viewed with different opinions from the

audiences' %ome like their formats others view that the( need to improve and add other

aspects in their messages'

This stud( went ahead to establish how the respondents view the wa( health programs are

aired on radio'

34 from the 100 respondents felt that health programs on radio contain too much

information' The disadvantage of this opinion is e=plained and e=plored in the data

interpretation' The remaining 66 did not agree with this opinion

ealt# p og am on adio (ontain too mu(# in!o mation

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34

66

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

#ES NO

#nother opinion that was shared between 57 respondents was that health programs on

radio are not interesting enough, therefore the( are unable to attract listeners there fore

people do not pa( much attention to these programs unlike with other programs' The

remaining 43 did not agree with this view'

ealt# p og ams a e not inte esting enoug#

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57

43

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

#ES NO

*e(ommendations ! om t#e espondents in #ita'i a

The respondents who were involved in this stud( had a lot to sa( on how health programs

should be handled so as to have much more influence to its audience'

Health programs should not onl( concentrate on manufactured medicines which

are sold in the market for this does not attract people from the villages who can

not afford it' nstead the( should also concentrate on herbs that can be found

locall(' or e=ample using the leaves of the avocado pear tree to increase blood

suppl( instead of taking iron pills that are e=pensive for some people' This would

attract audiences from all walks of like'

Radio stations should take a particular stand and stick to it when giving out health

information instead of giving information on different issues because this

confuses its listeners' or e=ample in the case of abstinence and using condoms

during se=' The( tend to use these methods together all the time' This confuses

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the audiences on which side the( should take because the radio did not make a

particular point to stand for'

Health programs should change their format and make it much more entertaining

instead of using the ver( same formats used (ears ago' This does not attract an(

new or modern audiences'

)ATA INTERPRETATION

This section will measure the perceived influence of health issues on radio to residents in

Chitawira. The perceived influence was measured b( looking at how respondents have

been influenced b( health issues on radio up to the point of changing some aspects in

their live and also contributing to the societ('

nte p etation o! esults on t#e su ,e) 'it# t#e use o! t#e >uestionnai es

rom the answer of the 100 respondents it has shown that the( were all aware of the

health issues that are aired on radio' The( have all heard them before and the( could all

specif( the particular sub3ects the( have heard'

However, less than half of the respondents could name the actual programs the( listen to'This shows that much as the people have heard health issues on radio the( are not so keen

in listening to all the details that are there' t means that health programs are not among

the favorite programs the respondents listen to' This was also seen as in the number of

times the respondents listen to health programs on radio'

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rom the findings, it has shown that respondents are not e=posed to too touch information

on radio' This is because a lot of them onl( listen to health issues on radio one to three

times week' This ca not be regarded as too much e=posure to radio'

rom the findings, less than half of the respondents views health issues on radio

positivel(' The rest felt that the( leave a lot to be desired' t shows that as much as the

respondents do listen to the health issues on radio, the( are not satisfied with it' There

fore health programs are not effective enough to residents in Chitawira '

#lthough there were a number of the respondents who were influenced b( the health

issues to change their behaviors, most of the listeners of the health programs have not been influenced to change their behaviors' The( use the health programs to simpl( gain

knowledge and do not find them influential enough to change their mindsets on certain

aspects of their lives'

This finding means that those people who do not feel the need to change their wa(s of

life to reduce cases of infections like TB, # $% or other %T s are not necessaril(

ignorant' The( do listen to the issues that talk against their wa(s of life but the( simpl(

do not feel the need to change' These findings therefore have the element of

desensitization in them because the( do hear about the dangers of infections but choose to

remain unmoved and unconcerned'

rom those respondents who have been influenced b( the health issues the( listen on

radio, onl( a few of them have been motivated to be involved in other activities that

would benefit other people in their communit(' The( did not see the need of doing this

and this means that the health issues on radio do not make it known to its listeners that it

is ever(one+s responsibilit( to contribute and assist the rest of the societ('

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OTHER FIN)IN>S

t was established that most of the residents in Chitawira were proud to sa( that the(

never listen to the radio because the( own a Television set' The( associated not listening

to the radio with prestige' The( felt that if the( admit to listening to the radio and

knowing the issues that are discussed there will mean the( do not own a T! set'

t was also noted that during the stud(, most (ouths in Chitawira onl( listen to Cavalr(

Radio %tation' t could not however be established wh( this is so'

AREAS OF FURTHER STU)IES

The findings of this stud( are not alone enough in establishing different roles of the

media to its audiences' urther research needs to be done on other aspects that were not

covered in this pro3ect'

There should be a further stud( on wh( some residents in Chitawira associate listening to

the radio with their status' 5h( the( feel radio is for the low class and not those who

want to have prestige because such thoughts are simpl( wrong'

# stud( should also be conducted to establish wh( health programs are not made livel(

and interesting enough as some (ouths in Chitawira felt' $etermining this could help

most radio stations improve their programs ad attract more listeners'

There should be a further stud( to establish the relationship between the media and the

Millennium De&elopment :oals (MD:s 9' The( is a need to evaluate if the media is

fulfilling its dut( of being in the forefront with other organizations in striving for the

countr( to fulfill these goals b( the (ear that was set'

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CONCLUSION

This stud(+s findings do not totall( agree with the research h(pothesis' The h(pothesis

was that too mu(# #ealt# issues on adio #a,e a na (otizing pe (eption on its

audien(es?

rom the findings however, it has shown that one need not to be e=posed to too much

information to be desensitized' n this stud(, those respondents who onl( listen to health

programs 1 to / times a week are still ignorant and have not changed their behavior after

being e=posed to the health issue on radio'

t can therefore be concluded that #ealt# issues on adio tend to desensitize some o! its

audien(es?

Radio stations therefore need to change their courses of broadcast if the( want to assist

the nation in fulfilling &$7s

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REFERENCES

Boafo Jwame %T 81::19 &odule on $evelopment Communication 1, #CC;

7ordon 7eorge 81:/9 &ass Communication an ntroduction %#7; Publications Gtd

.khata ;'& 81::/9 The Role of radio in &alawi+s .ational $evelopment

%chaefer T' Richard 82 )9 %ociolog( : th ;dition &c 7raw Hill

%traubhaar Garose 82 -9 &edia .ow - th ;dition Thomson Gearning nc

5atson Eames 82 /9 &edia Communication, an ntroduction to theor( and Process 2 nd

;dition Palgrave &acmillan, Hampshire

5est R' 82 -9 ntroducing Communication Theor(, #nal(sis and #pplication 2 nd

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WOR=PLAN

ACTI,IT@ )ATE$esigning Auestionnaires, finding more

information about the narcotizing effect on

the internet, Testing Auestionnaires on a

group of people

6u!"9 3 B

Collecting data on health programs from

radio stations, collecting past and present

mortalit( rates from $emographic and

Health %urve(

Au(ust 3 B

!isiting Chitawira residential area to

determine on how to go about sampling

Au(ust 3 B

Handling out actual Auestionnaires to

residents in Chitawira

Au(ust 3 B

Collecting the Auestionnaires Septem*er

$ata anal(sis Octo*erRefining and presentation Octo*er

1U)>ET

ITE' ITE' )ESCRIPTION COST ;'=

thesis on use of radio.doc

Documents

Transcript of thesis on use of radio.doc