1.0 MOTIFS1.1 IntroductionDesign is backbone of graphic art, design that is a part of art actually a part of our lifeand personality and influences the enjoyment of everything to do and of everything to select.Textile designs developed from three sources the quality of the fibres, the sizeand type of yarn and the way they are combined if more than one is used. The process bywhich they are woven and any ornament incorporated during the weaving and theornamentation applied after the weaving.According to Goldstein design is defined as any arrangement of lines, forms,colour, and textures. Design is classified into two types: structural and decorativedesigns. Structural design is a form of construction that is built into the cloth during theprocess of its manufacturing. Simplicity is a feature of structural design because thedesign is an integral part of its form rather than an embellishment. Decorative design isapplied to the surface of the cloth to ornament it.In textile design weaving is the most common method of producing structuraldesign. Non-woven methods like knitting, lace making can also be included in thiscategory.The common method of producing decorative design in the field of textiles includesprinting, dyeing, embroidery, appliqué and painting in addition to trimmings and certainfinishing methods.Structural design is the made by the size, form, colour and texture of an object.Decorative design is the surface enrichment of a structural design. Any lines colours,materials that have been applied to a structural for the purpose of adding a richer qualityto it constitute its decorative design.1.2 Requirement of good structural design:• Good structural design in addition to being beautiful, it be suited to its purpose.• That it be simple.• Well proportioned• That it is suited to the material.Traditional textiles1.3 Requirements of a good decorative design:Having decided that he object will be enhanced by decoration and that its structuraldesign is simple and beautiful as well as functional the designer plans for followingconsiderations.1. Decoration should be used in moderation.2. There should be enough background space to give an effect of simplicity anddignity to the design.3. It should be suitable to the material and for the service it must give.4. If a design is to give the maximum amount of satisfaction it cannot stop at beingmerely correct. It should have character and individuality.Decorative or ornamental design may be expressed five ways –naturalistic,stylized, geometric, abstract and ethnic forms. The art that is frankly decorative is the artto live with .It is, of all visible arts, the one art that creates in us both mood andtemperament. The harmony that resides in the delicate proportions of lines and massesbecomes mirrored in the mind .the repetitions of pattern give us rest. The marvels of

designs stir the imagination1.4 Fabric designers acknowledge five families of patterns:1. Natural /conversational2. Stylized designs /floral3. Geometric4. Ethnic5. Art movement and period stylesTextile designs breaks down the families into categories based on one or more ofthe following criteria.Motif: the most important factor in any design, determines the family to which thepattern belongs. This is the basic image –a rose, a square, a clown a paisleyLayout: It describes the arrangement of the motif- whether it is spaced widely or closelyon the ground, in neat order or apparently at random, or in rows that form stripes.Colour: designs are so classified when a particular dye- indigo, madder or Turkey redsay –is the strongest element of their look.2Printing style: warp printing never reproduce a pattern without imposing a certain visualstyle on it.Fabrication: The cloth that takes the pattern also affects the way it looks.Naturalistic designs/ conversational:This depicts real objects in a natural manner. Flowers, animals, plant forms,human figure of any other object may be selected for representation certain traditionalpatterns. They also called novelty patterns. Examples are Animals, animal skins, cartoons,fruit, games, toys, mythological designs, vegetables, shells, sports and jungle etc.Stylized designs/ Floral designs:These distort real objects. In this natural designs are simplified, exaggerated,rearranged or even distorted to achieve the purpose of the design. In textile industry,patterns of richly coloured, delicately petaled roses and patterns of rose’s sharp thornsare both referred to as floral. The floral category includes all the gatherings of the flowergarden, in fact including grasses, but agricultural produce like fruit and vegetables isconsidered a conversational subject. Floral motifs are more common in women’s clothesand furnishing materials. Examples of floral patterns area) All over non-directional: The motifs of the patterns cover more than 50 % of thefield. Such layouts are popular with textile and fashion designers because they tend todisguise a pattern repeat.b) Allover set: It is a formal layout of grids and diagonals.c) Baskets, flowerpots and vases: These motifs help to organize a floral pattern,providing a visual focus. Flower spilling out of basket can have a romantic, upliftingeffect. Flowerpots and vases resolve the issue of how to deal with plants untidy rootsand stems.d) Bouquets and nosegays: These are popular with designers because they offer a wayto combine a variety of flowers in one motif. They evoke images of romance, givinggifts- and sentiments of spring.Geometric designs:To call the patterns in this chapter geometric is to use the vocabulary of thetextile industry, but it also makes them round rather like the subject of a mathematics

class. These are based on pure forms of the circle, rectangle and triangles etc. Geometricmotifs include stripes, dots, checks, and plaids as well as many less usual forms. Ageometric is an abstract or non-representational motif, a shape that is not a picture ofsomething out in the real world. Examples of geometric designs are basket weave design,check board, chevron and herringbone weave, diagonal stripes, diaper pattern, ogeepattern, plaids and polka dots.Abstract designs:These have little or no reference to real object. Abstract implies an element ofimpression and a greater freedom than is found in most geometric designs. This type ofdesign is used in modern art.Ethnic designs:Most of the patterns illustrated in this chapter however were produced not forthe overseas market but for the domestic one. Ethnic fashions – meaning in textilevocabulary, any pattern or style with a foreign or exotic feeling – come and go in westerndesign. The ethnic styles have their day in western design and then submerge, to reappearWhenever some one senses that the time is right for a new twist on the constant demandfor a folkloric pattern. Examples are American Indian look, batik and Indonesian look,Egyptian look, Mexican design and paisley, tie and dye patterns.Art movements and period styles:Designs like these are often the links between cloth and the fine arts- they arepart of movements and ideas of the age, and are moved to carry theme through in textiles.Examples are Jacobean looks and super graphics.1.5 Elements of design:According to Largenberg art is a man-made expression of something beautiful.Art elements include line, direction, shape, size, value, texture and colour. The basicelement line is of different types namely vertical, horizontal, diagonal, slanting and curvedlines. Vertical lines suggest life and activity dignity and strength. They are masculine ineffect carry the eye up and down. Horizontal lines suggest repose and relaxation. Diagonallines are very active distributing the discipline of straight lines and the solidity of horizontallines. Curved lines seem gracious and flexible curves are used toachieve a joyful effect.It adds softness and gracefulness in a design. Beauty and feminity are obtained fromMotifs5curved lines.Direction, one of the elements of art, has three primary directions. These are· Horizontal· Vertical· Diagonal or oblique· Right oblique· Left obliqueDirection of line can give additional meaning to a simple line. Vertical line createsillusion of height; horizontal will tend to look more length and less height. Too manylines in horizontal or vertical direction make the design rigid.A series of lines of different directions defines a shape or pattern lines and shapesand their space intervals between them may differ in size or measure. Size plays animportant role in application of principles of design. For a design to be pleasing the

parts should be close enough in size to appear to belong together but varied enough toapply interest.Value is the amount of light a surface can reflect. White colour seems to addcolour and increase size because it reflects light. Black takes away colour so reducessize. Much of our knowledge of what is around us depends upon touch as well as size.Texture is the surface quality of an object.The appeal of colour is universal and one of our greatest enjoyments in the abilityto use it beautifully. Colour has three features. Hue, value and intensity or chroma.1.6 Principles of design:Balance is one of the five principles of design. it gives a restful effect obtainedby grouping shapes are colour around a center in such a way that there are equal attractionson each side of that center. The three basic forms of balance are formal, informal, andradial balance.Harmony is the art principle, which produces an impression of unity through theselection and arrangement of consistent objects and ideas. Fine design is often harmonicin character. Harmony can be brought about with shape, size, texture, line and colour.The principle of proportions is sometimes called the law of relationship. It statesthat the relation between parts of the same thing or between different things of the same6 Traditional textilesgroup should be satisfying.Rhythm means an easy connected path along which the eye may travel in anyarrangement of line, form, or colours. This can be obtained by repetition of shapes;progression of sizes, and by continues line movement.Emphasis is the principle that directs us to have a center of interest in anyarrangement and a dominating idea in any scheme. The success of the result dependsupon what, how, how much and where to emphasize.Irrespective of fact whether a design is a structural or decorative one of the basicnecessity is the selection of a motif. A motif is the most simplified form of design, whichis formed mainly with the help of line. The motif can be of any origin namely naturalistic,stylized traditional or abstract forms. The chosen motif must itself lend for modification.Changing the size, shape and colour of the chosen motif could do design development.Though all art principles have a role to play in design development the principle rhythmplays the most important role.The role of design organization in textiles design depends on whether it is an allover pattern, a border pattern, a pallu design or a combination of any two.1.7 Repeats in motifsInteresting, attractive repeating motifs are essential in designing and producing oftextiles, upholstery, carpeting etc. A single repeat can be repeated in two principal waysto create a repetitive design: the side repeat and the half-drop repeat. Repeating a singlerepeating unit in combination of the side forms various patterns and half drop repeats.To identify the repeating unit in any given design, the shape and size of the singleunit has to be established and indicated by registration marks. These marks still formingthe single repeat can appear anywhere on the pattern. The unit can be moved vertically orhorizontally, best will always show a perfect repeat. To ensure the identities of therepeat trace the repeat on a transparent paper and move on the design.• Side repeats pattern.

• Half drop pattern• Brick pattern• Border pattern• Spotted pattern• Striped patternMotifs 7The Half –Drop repeat:Follow the same procedure with the butterflies in this half –drop repeat that one didwith the flowers and leaves in the side repeat. The only difference is that each butterfly of agiven size will not come just straight across to the next repeat, but will move up or down half ofone repeat in the vertical direction. The advantage of a half- drop repeat is that it will notdevelop an unwanted horizontal movement as it repeats.As butterflies of different sizes and shapes are added to your pattern, try to placethem in different directions, even upside-down. Vary the spaces between them as wellwhen you are pleased with the pattern your butterflies make, glue them down.Brick pattern:The name of the pattern helps to describe it, for it is structured, as a brick wallmight be build. It is a half drop repeat turned on its side. The repeat line up perfectlyhorizontally but vertically they have placed halfway across the repeats that adjoin themand below. This gives variation to the vertical movement of the design.Border designs:Most border designs are composed of units or series of units or lines repeated atintervals over the given area. The design used should be one, which permits the eye to travel itslength easily with out interruption. Some times a design which does not seen to leave the eyeeasily over its length would be very successful if the units used are brought together closely.The rhythm effect is achieved through the use of an unbroken line running the length of theborder. Even if the lines are broken it should be done at regular intervals, so that the eyeautomatically bridges the gap and sees it as a continuous line.Stripe pattern:Stripes come in all sorts of styles and forms. They can be anything from plain stripes,all exactly the same width, to stripes made up of flowers and abstract shapes. They can runvertically, horizontally or even diagonally, and they can be structured as a half drop repeat oras a repeat. It has been constructed as a side repeats with four rows of stripes making up thewidth of a single repeat. If stripes are placed perpendicularly or even diagonally to each other,they can form a plaid.Traditional textilesPoints to consider:The width should be divided in view of the particular area to which the border isto be applied. Draw the top and bottom boundary lines leaving gap in between. Thesimple design that will suit the beginner includes the geometric units like circle, triangleor a square.Colour also brings about rhythm in design. Hue and intensity should be usedunderstandingly to bring rhythmic movement. An equal amount of dark and light makethe border monotonous.All over design:An allover design is one, which is composed of a unit, or series of units repeated

according to some definite method where by the entire surface of a given area isdecoratively covered. The pattern can be produced successfully provided the units arerepeated with ample space in between.Generally an enlarged size of the design used in all over pattern will be suitablefor a border. Different designs will cause lack of harmony and emphasis too.Design for pallu:Generally the design chosen for pallu is an enlarged form of the allover patternor a border. It is always better to us a contrasting colour for the pallu are a darker tone. Apallu design can be either a continuous one or a separate units placed with space inbetween.Summary:Textile designs developed from three sources the quality of the fibres, the sizeand type of yarn and the way they are combined if more than one is used. Design isclassified into two types: structural and decorative designs. Fabric designers acknowledgefive families of patterns: Natural, Stylized, Geometric, Ethnic, Art movement and periodstyles. Art is a man-made expression of something beautiful. Art elements include line,direction, shape, size, value, texture and colour Balance is a restful effect obtained bygrouping shapes or colours around a center in such a way that there are equal attractionson each side of that center. Harmony produces an impression of unity through the selectionand arrangement of consistent objects and ideas. Proportion is the law of relationship.

2.0 HAND WOVEN MOTIFS OF INDIA2.1 Dacca Muslins:Dacca (now the capital of Eastern Pakistan) was, for centuries,synonymous with the finest muslins the world has ever produced by hand or machine.Dacca weavers’ magic hands produced such exquisitely fine and delicate fabrics that thepoetic name “Ab-i-rawan” (Flowing water), “Baft-Hawa” (Woven air), and “Shabnam”(Evening dew) were justifiably given to them. Exhibits in some of our museums proveeven today that a yard’s width of the muslin could easily pass through a lady’s ring. Oneof them relates that a five yard piece of muslin could be packed in match box.The value of Dacca muslins is estimated by the number of warp threads in agiven length of the material as compared with its weight. The greater the length and thenumber of the threads, with comparatively less weight, the higher would be the price.Up to the beginning of the 19th century, the Dacca muslin saris, one of the most artisticand beautiful specimens of hand-loom textiles, were counted amongst their valuableand cherished possessions by the women of Bengal.The saris are generally grey, white or black with blue or black designs. Occasionally,the patterns are woven in with bright coloured cotton, or silver or gold threads. The Daccamuslins with the woven-in pattern are known as “Jamdani” patterns. “Anchal” or“pallos”(end portions) and the borders are richly decorated. The rest of the sari is generally coveredwith numerous small bootties. The common motif is the round design bootties, which suggestchameli (Jasmine) flowers and around these are woven the leaves that recall those of thesweet smelling champak. When the sprays of flowers are spread all over the sari, it is called a“Boottedar” sari, and when the sprays are grouped in diagonal lines, the sari is known as“Terchha”. But when the floral design forms a net-work which covers the entire field, then thepattern is known as “Jatar”. Sometimes in Jamdani designs, the flowers are clustered together.

The borders and Palloo or Anchal (end portions) of saris are generally decoratedwith distinctive figure designs. The figures chosen represent birds, animals, and humanbeings. Peacocks or “mayura” and herons or “hansa” seem to be popular as bird-figuresin the designs of Dacca saris. Also some of the motifs indicate the influence ofmythological legends, as well as of the local traditions. The designs are commonlyaccepted as of Persian origin but many of the designs depict incidents from the Hindumythology.12Hand woven motifs of India2.2 Baluchar Buttedar:Baluchar, a small town near Murshidabad in West Bengal has become a notedand a highly valued name in the handloom textile history of India. The artisans of thelocality produced very artistic figured silk saris known as Baluchar Butedar. In thesesaris the pallos were the most ornamented portions. The field of the remaining portionof the sari was decorated with small butis of some floral designs or figure designs ofbirds. The special feature of Butedar is that the designs used for the ornamentationshows a strong influence of Mughal art. The weaver of Baluchar “Toranj”(also calledKalka or guldasta) which is the most popular motif in weaving embroidery and printingthroughout India, under its present application “the mango design” in the design ofpallo, the famous ever popular “Toranj” as seen as though these are set in a frame. Theborder of the frame is representation of a lady smelling a flower and seated in a sort ofniche. The inter spaces are filled with neatly arranged rows of Toranj lined with an outerborder of flowering plant. The border design which is a simple and straight combinationo0f a small Toranj and flowering plant is continued for the border of the whole sari.The wonderful art of weaving fabrics in Baluchar is lost forever and a few extinctscattered specimens in some museums are the mementoes of the perfection it hadachieved.In Baluchar Butedar saris consisting of the buti designs are woven with a silkweft in old gold, white, red, crème, orange, yellow the gr4ound colour usually being ina flaming red deep, purple or short with dark reds and blues. The ground colour mayhowever occasionally be done blue but this was not very common in the past. The designof the field is generally made up in the traditional saris of butis, formal sprays both largeand small set out on the sari ground like a mosaic each colourful spring like a enamelled.Jewel glittering to look at, the colour harmonies an invariably soft and subtle andreposeful, with only a muted whisper of frivolity, gaiety, glamour and romance.The Anchala or end-piece of the Baluchar Butedar sari is traditionally highlydecorated the design consisting of Kalkas, flowing plants the tree of life, animals, womenconversing or in customery, poses, ladies, with flowers, men smoking the hooka orshown riding all elaborately detailed, but with the animals and the male and femalefigures and even the plant life, highly formal and stylized.The Baluchar butedar saris produced in British times show the introduction ofEuropean motif. The traditional Baluchar sari is mostly five yards in length and aboutforty-two inches in width. The end pieces are design running the whole width of the sariand are above twenty four to thirty two inches in height. It is therefore not too much toimagine how a sari is five yards long and forty-two inches wide could take as long as sixmonths to produce.

13Traditional textiles2.3 Chanderi:The muslins woven in Chanderi, a place near Gwalior (M.P.) have earned aname for themselves because of their fine quality. Chanderi saris are mostly cotton withborders and pallos woven in silk or gold threads sometimes mixed threads of silk andcotton are used for weaving. The fabrics are known as “Garbha reshmi”. The pallos ofthese are very artistically ornamented with gold threads while the ground of the sari ischecked with butis in the centre of each check square. The borders are woven withdouble threads which produce an effect of two colours one on each side. The saris arewoven in nine yard lengths and are very much valued by the Maharastrian ladies.2.4 Maheshwari SareesTassar silk weaving is the traditional craft of Madhya Pradesh. It is practiced inKhargone, Guna, and Bilaspur & Raigarh districts. Besides Kosa silk fabrics, Maheshwari& Chanderi sarees are the speciality of the state.Maheshwar, the Tehsil head quarter of Khargone dist. Situated on the banks ofNarmada River is a famous historical place. It is also known for its traditional handloomweaving. The credit of organizing handloom weaving goes to the royal family of Holkars.Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar, the then ruler of the state brought the weavers from Surat(Gujarat) and Mandawgarh (Dhar dist. of present M.P) and provided them all the facilitiesneeded for the development of the weaving industry. The weavers’ class included theMaarus, Salvis, Momins, Julahas, Khangars and Kolis.Silk weaving was introduced in early 1940s to Maheshwari, which was thenknown for its cotton sarees. Garbha Reshmi sarees became famous with a variation ofsilk checks on a cotton ground, both in warp and weft. This type of sarees was famouseven in the 19th C. The Maheshwari sarees are famous all over the country, especially inthe states of Maharashtra and M.PThe carvings on the Ghats of Narmada influence the border and pallu designs ofMaheshwari sarees. Ahilya Bai was taking so much interest in the Maheshwari weavingthat she used to develop designs for the sarees. The specialty of Maheshwari saree is itstypical attractive border which looks alike from both the sides. The check pattern becameso famous that many other weaving centers of Maharashtra and Coimbatore adopted itin their weaving. There are differently checks, which are known as Gunji, Pakhi, Popli,Dowra, and Chandtara etc. the material used for weaving is 80s count cotton yarn and20/22 denier twisted silk yarn. Typical Maheshwari elements were the Ankhi-muthdaand at times, the fine tie-dye stripe used as an accenting line is also known as Kotari andrefferd to as Chutki in Maharashtra. The change over from cotton to silk warp has made14Hand woven motifs of Indiait more difficult to retain the checks as the wastage was too high in case of silk besidesthe inherent problems of dyeing small quantities of silk yarn.At present, about 1000 handlooms in both the co-operative and private sectorsare engaged in weaving Maheshwari sarees. On an average, 400 sarees are produced aday. The cost of a saree varies from Rs 500 to Rs 2000 depending on its quality, type ofyarn used, nature and extent of zari work.2.5 Patola

It was among the choicest exports from the great textile centre in Surat along theCaravan routes to the markets of Samarkhand, Bohkhara, Baghdad, Basra, Damascus &Rome in the 15th & 16th Centuries. The making of a Patola is a difficult & complicatedprocess. Its unique quality is that the threads of the warp & weft are separately dyed inportions in such a way that the patterns on the finished product emerge in weaving.Patola manufacturer is restricted nowadays but a few rare, choice pieces are still available.A type of Patola technique is employed in other parts of India to produce saris, bedspreadscurtains & a variety of other fabrics.2.5.1 Patola or Ikkat fabricsThe Ahmedabad Patola is a textile of a unique character. Mhesana district, inAhmedabad is noted for the beautiful material. The methods of weaving in the ikkats ofOrissa, the Pochampalli textiles & the Patola are some what similar, but the Patolaweaver has retained his geometric designs. Whatever patterns or floral motifs he maychoose for his materials he prefers to set them in geometric order. The order in thedevelopment of artistic work has always shown that geometric patterns coming the earlierstages, while stylized and floral motifs follow later. We may thus conclude that theikkats are the later innovations of the Patola style of weaving. The riot of colour in thePatola makes it gorgeous. The interesting point in these textiles is the fact that the yarnin the warp is first dyed or block printed. according to the requirement of the motif. Thedesign is achieved in the fabric almost with miraculous effect with a simple operation ofthe wool.One of the loveliest contributions of the Indian dyer’s skill to the world of textilesis the Patola, a kind of double ikkats where in the warp & weft threads are first tie-dyedand subsequently woven together, the dyed areas of the fibers coming togetherwonderfully to form the desired designs.15Traditional textilesThe Patola technique is seen at its best in the silk wedding saris of Gujarat &Kathaiwar.The warp & the weft threads are separately dyed by the bandhani process. Thesilk warp is first dyed in the lightest colour & the dyer, keeping in mind the design to beproduced.2.6 Bandhani:Bandhanis or choonaris are the colourful sari and odhnis dyed by tie and dyeprocess. These are popular amongst the women of Gujarat, Kathaiwar, Rajasthan andSindh. Premalatha Jayakar in her article on Tie Dyed Fabrics of India,” in “Marg” refersto Bandhanis in the following words:-“It is an auspicious garment. A symbol of youth and romance, love play & the“Sohag” (wifehood) of Hindu women. It is a garment of laughter.”Indian women are known for their love for bright colours. Also the tradition andthe customs of wearing special colours on different festivals, makes it necessary forthem to become familiar with the art of dyeing at home. Thus besides the expertprofessional dyers almost every Indian girl learns by practice a good deal of the art ofdyeing and Bandhani work.Bandhanis differ from Patola as regards the stage at which they are dyed. LikePatolas they are dyed by the tie & dye process, which, however, is done after the fabric

is woven. The fabric is folded over several times until reduced to a small thick square ora rectangular piece. The piece is then damped and pressed on a block on which a designis carved. The impressed portions are picked up by the finger nails (the nails are allowedto grow especially for the purpose and are used as a sort of pincers) & are then tied upwith cotton thread in a thickness sufficient to resist the dye.It needs training and great skill to pick up all the layers at once and make itcrinkle in a particular given manner. The bandhanari or the woman who does the tieingup work works swiftly and ties up all the impressed portions without cutting the threadbut carries it over from one point to the next. The dyeing process is carried out in thesame order as in Patolas, starting with the light colours & finishing with the dark ones.But each time, before a new shade colour is applied the tieing up process has got to berepeated.16Usually, the designs used are copies of a few traditional ones & by the practiceof tieing up the same design over & over again the bandhanaris become expert to suchan extent that they are able to dispense with the process of impressing the fabric with thedesign.The motifs of the traditional designs used for Bandhanis represents animals, birds,flowers and dancing dolls. When elaborate designs are used the Bandhanis are knownas “Gharchola”. In some of the expensive “Gharchola” gold threads are woven in toform checks or squares, and then the designs are formed in each of the squares by the tieand dyed process. The “Choonaris” are very light fabrics, and the designs for theseconsist of dots or pin heads irregularly spread all over the field of the cloth. Sometimesthe dots are grouped together to form a design, and the design is known as “Ek bundi”(one dot), “Char bundi” (four dots) and “Sat bundi” (seven dots).It might interest our readers to know that in some parts of Rajputana e.g. , Alwar,professional dyers existed till a couple of decades ago, who could dye even the finestmuslin in two different colours, one annas four a yard. This art too is now extinct butspecimens can be found in some museums.2.7 Paithani & PitamberPaithanis are the beautiful and rich saris made at pattan or paithan in the state ofHyderabad (Deccan). These are exquisitely fine silk fabrics with gauze like textureornamented with gold patterns woven in the texture of the cloth. The borders and pallooswhich are woven separately as gold brocades are sewn on to the sari. The colour of thesari is usually dark orange, red, or yellow, with gold lines arranged in a check or instripes. The inter –spaces are usually filled in with a figure depicting a goose with anolive branch in its beak.The borders and palloos are having very striking designs in bright and showycolours such as moss green, yellow, and bright pink. The common motif of the design isthe peacock supporting a big vase with sprays of brilliantly coloured flowers so arrangedto forma Persian cone pattern. The vases with flowers are placed in between two pillarsjoined with the toran (arch). The design is worked in silks of blue, red, and white colourson a field of pure translucent gold. The whole effect is gorgeous and eminently artisticin its perfect harmony.The craft is more allied to weaving than to embroidery. It is woven on both sideson a loom, unlike the ordinary form of needs work that is done to be seen on one side of

Hand woven motifs of India 17Traditional textilesthe fabric only gold & silk yarn stretched on the loom from the foundation and 4-24 shuttles are employed to produce the embroidered design. The latter drawn on paper,is placed under the length wise threads and the shuttles passed through these as demandedby the pattern and the colour. This is slow and laborious work and may take as many as8 days to produce a square foot of the loom embroidered fabric.In olden days paithanis were usually woven to order for the royal family and theweaver took months to complete a single piece. Now days these are not woven.Pitambars are bright coloured silks five yards in length with gold borders onthem. These are worn by men specially when performing any of the religious rituals.2.7.1 A Peshwa favouriteHistory notes that the Paithani fabric found favour in the court of the 18th centuryPeshwa rulers. Madhavrao Peshwa was enchanted by dupattas in red, green, saffron,pomegranate and pink, proffering those with the asavali pattern of vines with blooms.The Nizam of Hyderabad is said to have visited Paithani looms, while his daughter-inlawNiloufer even introduced new designs to its border and pallav.In traditional Paithanis, the three-ply fine sari had a 20/22 warp, with real goldzari used for its butis, border and pallav. Originally, natural dyes from amla, henna,pomegranate, indigo and turmeric were used to dye the silk.The Paithani sari’s dhoop-chaon (light & shade) effect is achieved by intertwiningtwo silk threads of different colours together through a basic dobby weave, while multiplespindles or tillies achieve its intricacies without a jala or jacquard mechanical contrivance.On adjacent looms, other butis spin into view-Tara (star), Mor (peacock), Ruiphool (flower), Paisa (coin), Pankha (fan), Kalas Pakli (petal) or even Chandrakor (moon).On the floor, youthful Mirabai Sherke fills her spindles with zari thread. At anotherloom, Amitha & Sheela work at an intricate golden pallav of Bangdi Mor or a banglelikepeacock pattern.2.8 Brocades Of BanarasSo long as human brain will continue its superiority over computers, aestheticsense will compel him to admire the out of world beauty woven in silk (the queen oftextiles) by the weavers of Varanasi.18Name “Banarasi” has been derived from Banaras- a district in U.P. Generally,the product gets its name and fame from the name of its origin.Varanasi (Banaras), pre-historic holy city known as place of sacred shrines,learning and culture having thousands of ancient temples and ashrams, magnificentghats, multitude of devotees is said to have been built by Gods on the bank of holy riverGanges.Varanasi is also known as “Lyon of India” because of the Banarasi silk whichstill continues to win the imagination of princes and peasants alike due to its dazzlingsplendor and creative instinct of workmanship.During Mughal era, Persian artists brought revolutionary development not onlyin design but also in shades of Banaras sarees. Gold thread from France, silk yarn fromChina and dye stuffs from Germany were introduced to produce more delicate marvelousin rich innovations of the age. The infusion of east and west gave new dimensions to thetextiles industry of Varanasi. During British rule, East India Company introduced these

fabrics in Europiean2.9 Himrus & Amrus:Himrus are the famous silk brocades of Hyderabad (Deccan). The state’s secondlargest town-Aurangabad is the chief centre of the art of Himru-weaving. Himru probablya derivative of the Sanskrit Him (snow) is a fabric used in winter. The ground is cotton,and silk is used for the brocade on the surface. The yarn used for weaving Himrus isspun so as to produce, when woven, the effects of a warm soft material like wool. Thepeculiarity of the Himru is that the silk thread which is used to form a pattern on thesurface of the cloth is carried to the reverse side of the cloth and is collected there inclumsy long loops. This forms a rather loose but soft warm layer. Further, the accumulationof the loose threads on the reverse of the cloth necessitates a lining to all garments madeof Himru cloth. Thus Himru garments make very warm clothing suitable for the coldseason.When silk thread is used exclusively for weaving Himru, the fabric is called“Amru”. Amrus are generally made in Ahmedabad, Surat & Banaras. Himrus are usedfor men’s Achkans, Chogas, and for female wear also, e.g., for blouses and lehangas.For generations, the Nawabs of Surat used a special quality of Himru fabrics for theirdresses which was called the “Nawab’s Himru”. These fabrics are also used for upholsteryand curtains.2.10 PochampalliThe well known Tie & Dye process consists in dyeing the required portions of cottonyarn & protecting the other portions which are to remain white by tieing themHand woven motifs of India 19Traditional textileswith cotton yarn from taking the colour at those spots which are visible after the dyeingprocess and the removal of the tieing material.The warp is spread longitudinally in a shut form and the design is marked on it. Theportion to remain white is tied with cotton thread white, the portion to be dyed is left exposed.The work of tieing proceeds until the whole design is completed. The tie warp is then immersedin the dye bath and dyed. The colour impregnated on the exposed portions which are repeatedlydipped in the dye with the handle. After the dyeing is completed the warp is well washed incold water & dried. The tie work is further repeated to produce a darker shade in the selectedportions which are left loose this time. The tieing & dyeing is repeated as many times as thenumber of colours in the designs. After the final dyeing is completed the tieings on the yarn areremoved. This completes the process for warp dyeing. The tie dyeing of the weft is donesimilarly but the weft is placed on semi circular peg board. Here again the design is marked andthe tieing commences pick by pick. After the completion of tie dyeing of warp & weft, weavingis undertaken.The warp is placed in position on the loom in a slanting form and the picks are insertedone by one. Great care is taken to see that the pieces fall in the correct are richly decoratedposition. Each piece is given individual attention by regulating it in its correct adjustment of thedesign. Designs used in pochampalli are traditional once. Designs such as temple model, parrot,elephant, peacock, swan etc in geometrical forms.Summary:The Dacca muslins with the woven-in pattern are known as “Jamdani” patterns.Baluchar, a small town near Murshidabad in West Bengal produce very artistic figured

silk saris known as Baluchar Butedar. Chanderi saris are mostly cotton with bordersand pallos woven in silk or gold threads sometimes mixed threads of silk and cotton areused for weaving. The specialty of Maheshwari saree is its typical attractive borderwhich looks alike from both the sides.Patola, a kind of double ikkats where in the warp & weft threads are first tiedyedand subsequently woven together, the dyed areas of the fibers coming togetherwonderfully to form the desired designs. The warp & the weft threads are separatelydyed by the bandhani process. Paithanis are the beautiful and rich saris made at paithanin the state of Hyderabad (Deccan). These are exquisitely fine silk fabrics with gauzelike texture ornamented with gold patterns woven in the texture of the cloth. DuringMughal era, Persian artists brought revolutionary development not only in design butalso in shades of Banaras sarees. Himrus are the famous silk brocades of Hyderabad(Deccan). The state’s second largest town-Aurangabad is the chief centre of the art of20Bandhini designsFigure 2.1Himru-weaving. When silk thread is used exclusively for weaving Himru, the fabric iscalled “Amru”. Amrus are generally made in Ahmedabad, Surat & Banaras..

3.0 Printed Fabrics

3.2 Kalamkari3.2.1 Men behind Magical designs:The graceful Kalamkari designs are symbols of skillful, talented craftsmen, whodesign them. Block making plays a crucial role, in printing a Kalamkari fabric, as itneeds to be sharp. If the block is not good, the colours may spread around the cloth. Thecraftsmen who make these blocks take utmost care in carving them. Generally teakwood is used for engraving blocks. The wood selected should have no holes & cracks,and surface of the block is evened. The design to be carved is outlined on a paper sheet,which is stretched out evenly on the wood and gently tacked into place along the edges.A metal instrument, shaped like a pencil the sharp pointed edge, is lightly hammeredalong the lines of the pattern. This causes the transfer of the outline on to the woodensurface, and the block maker begins to etch the design. Although Kalamkari is practicedin other areas such as Kalahasti, the degree of commercialization & marketing linkagesare in much greater evidence at Machilipatnam.The kalamkari block printing produces a variety of designs on bed sheets, wallhangings, sarees, lungis, napkins etc. Many Islamic patterns are prominent among thedesigns of Machilipatnam.26The designs produced are of three types, which are evolved to suit the needs ofits consumers. The shamiyana covers and prayer cloth are painted with typical Persiandesigns, which are known as Gulabadami, Gulahati, Cherangmorkmath, GulbechadarBagal, Jaimaaz etc. Some of the products intended for export to western countries, arePalang Posh (bed sheets), door curtains, & tablecloth. Flowers, bird, & animal formsare the commonly used designs.The industry of dyeing and printing with local vegetable colours known

as “Kalamkari” work. Kalamkari work is being carried on at Machilipatnam from timeimmemorial. The printed cotton fabrics are of three types· Block Printed· Block printed and Hand painted· Hand painted onlyDesigns are first outlined and then filled in by colour blocks. Only for indigenouscolours are used. The effect is marvelous. Sarees, door curtains, bed spreads are made.Kalamkari is the most ancient industry in India. Sri Kalahasti in A.P isfamous for Kalamkari hand printing. They are exclusively hand printed to be used astapestries and hangings in temples. Here, vegetable dyes of deep rich shades are usedwith strong outlines in brown and black. All of which produced a bold and strikingeffect. Flowing water as from a river is desirable to clear it of starch as no washingmaterial is used. It is next given a myrobelum solution bath to make black dye permanent.The Outlines of the drawing are traced out by free hand from memory or copied from anold piece with charcoal sticks made from tamarind twig. The final lines of the pictureare drawn with a sharply pointed bamboo stick using Kalam, a mixture of molasses andiron filings. The artist first fills in the background colours, then the various figureswhere red is the background. It is made a deeper shade by first applying alum to thecloth surface. Over this figures also in red are made but more subdued so that reds don’tmuch. The areas not covered by red, though faintly tinted can be bleached by the use ofalum to enable them to take on other colours like blue, yellow, green.3.2.2 Techniques of Kalamkari:Take camel or buffalo or cow dung equal to one fourth the weight of thegrey and mix it with water. Dip grey cloth in mixture and leave for twelve hours. Thenremove the cloth and wash it in running water and spread the cloth on green grass at thebanks of the canal. Go on sprinkling water on the cloth as and when it gets dried tillevening. As the sun rays fall on the cloth gradually it gets bleached. Repeat the processfor three more days by which time it gets fully bleached. Finally wash the cloth in waterPritned textiles 27Traditional textilesand dry.3.2.3 Application of Myrobelums:Take 25-30 gms/ltr myrobelums. Soak them a night in water. Afterwards crush themyrobelums and extract the juice. Then treat the bleached cloth by hand and dry. Now thecloth is ready for printing.3.2.4 Preparation of black colour solution:Black colour solution is prepared with iron pieces, old jaggery and well water. Takeiron pieces, old jaggery and water in 2:1:10 ratios respectively. First burn the iron pieces. Aftergetting cold clean the pieces of bricks and then wash well. Powder the old jaggery. Keep ironpieces and old jaggery powder in an earthen wear pot and pour well water. Close the lid.Open the lid weekly once and mix the solution by hand. After three weeks take out the ironpieces and use the black colour dye for printing. Used iron pieces can be reused for thepreparation of black colour solution.3.2.5 Block Printing:Prepare the black colour paste by taking black colour solution and gum Arabica crystalsin 1:1 ratio. Print outlines with black colour paste. After completing the printing outlines with

black, print alum (patika) paste where ever the red colour is required. For preparing the alumpaste take one kg of alum and boil for 30-45 min in about 5 liters of water. After boiling about2.5 liters of alum solution is obtained. Mix 2.5 kegs of the gum Arabica paste in the solutionand use for printing.If the brown colour is required mix the black colour paste and alum paste in the ratioas per the requirement of the shade. After completing printing, dry the cloth.3.2.6 Washing:Wash the printed cloth in flowing water. Thorough washing should be done. Whilewashing care should be taken to avoid the folding of the cloth other wise ther is a possibility offormation of stains while developing. Then dry the cloth.3.2.7 Developing:Use copper vessels for developing. Take 0.5 to 1gm/ltr aliyerrine and prepare thesolution with boiling water. Take water for developing at material to liquor ratio 1:20. Add thesolution to the developing bath. Add jaji leaves to obtain uniform ground. Dip the above in thebath at 40 degree C and work. Raise the temperature gradually to boil with in one hour whileturning the cloth in the developing bath. Red colour develops at the portions wherever werethe alum is is printed and brown colour develops where ever the mixture black and alum isprinted. then wash the cloth and dry.283. 2.8 Application of Yellow Colour:For preparing yellow colour take 1kg of myrobalanm flowers and boil in about 5litresof water. Boiling should be carried till the flower becomes soft. Then cool it and filter thesolution. Paint with “kalam” on the starch applied cloth wherever the yellow colour is required.Afterwards treat the cloth in 20gms/lt alum solution for about 10 min., which helps tofix the yellow colour on the cloth. Finally wash the cloth and dry. If white ground is requiredagain bleach the cloth with buffalo dung solution as explained above.Normally the colours black, brown, red and yellow are used in kalamkari.Traditional method of application of indigo blue is not being followed by the printers asit is very time consuming and laborious. However vegetable indigo blue can be printed orpainted by a vins caustic or hydrose. Take vegetable indigo blue cake, caustic, hyrose in 1:1:1ratio, paste the indigo blue powder with little turkey red oil and add required amount of waterof sixty degrees centigrade temperature followed by the addition of caustic, mix well and addslowly hydrose by stirring the solution. Allow for 15 min for ageing. If it is for printings add gumarabica paste or if it is to be painted take directly for painting with brush on the starch appliedcloth. After painting/printing dry the cloth and wash well in water. Green colour can be obtainedby painting blue on yellow.Summary:India is a country with rich tradition and religion which is reflected in theexpression of folk art. Due to diversified talents, interests and inspiration, each state hasits special identity for its unique folk painting. The art of madhubani painting is thetraditional style developed in the surrounding villages of madhubani in Mithila region,Bihar. Madhubani is solely done by the women of the region; through to day men arealso involved to meet the demand. Madhubani painting is a traditional folk art of regionof Bihar. Vegetable dyes were used for the painting but today they have accessed to thevariety of poster colours used according to their needs & to enable them for more

experiments with colours .The industry of dyeing and printing with local vegetable colours known as“Kalamkari” work. Kalamkari work is being carried out at Machilipatnam from timeimmemorial with block printing technique. Sri Kalahasti in A.P is famous for Kalamkarihand printing. They are exclusively hand printed to be used as tapestries and hangings intemples.

4.1.6 Types of Woven Fabrics:Shawls:Pashmina Shawl: these are superior quality shawls. They are made from wool of theCapra Hercus, a species of wild Asian mountain goat. So, that the name given.Do Shawl/ Double Shawl: these are solids in pairs. Two identical shawls were stitchedtogether so that when draped over shoulders wrong sides were not visible.34Do Rookha: Double side work in which there is no right & wrong side. Simple patternswere reproduced on both side, but sometimes with different colours.Kasaba Shawls: Square in shape and produce on account of European demand. Theyare generally twill weave/ damask in plain work.Jamewar Shawl: Woven in wool and some cotton. The floral designs and brocadedparts are generally in silk.Refoogari: (Darning): It is worked with the same type of material as that of the base sothat interweaving produces a fine texture in the fabric.4.1.7 Embroidery on shawls:The embroidery on shawl is done at different parts like border, corner, centre,allover scattered. They are:· Hashia: Border design, which runs all along the length of the shawl on eitherside.· Phala: It is done on both the ends of the article, popularly known as Pallu.· Tanjjir or Zanjir: Border with chain stitch running either above or below thePhala.· Kunj Butta: Cluster of flowers in the corner.· Butta: Generic name for the floral design.· Appliqué: Another variety of Kashmir embroidery, which is very unique doneon carpets, shawls & woolen blankets.· Tapestry work: It is done with a blunt tapestry needle, were the material isstitched on a wooden frame with the tracing kept along its side.· Zalakdozi: Resembles crochet. Various articles are prepared by hook embroideryand one of them is Namda, a felt carpet.5.0 RESIST DYED FABRICS5.1 Tie and Dye5.1.1 IntroductionTie dyeing is one of the techniques of decorating fabric. The technology is based onresist dyeing and the resisting material used is thread. The fabric is tied tightly with string so thatwhen it is put into the dye bath, the colour cannot penetrate the parts tied. When opened out,this leaves a pattern on a coloured background. This technology is much suitable to the rural

women as it can provide livelihood for them. It can ensure sustainable income to the ruralfamilies as there is great demand for these dyed and printed textiles.5.1.2 Tools and Accessories Required: Basins, Bowls, Stove, Large wooden spoons,white thread (Sewing thread), Dyes, Fabric, etc.5.1.3Suitable Fabrics for Tie and Dye: Georgette, lawn, cambric, Poplin, Silk, Mulmul,Voile etc. Light weight fabrics are easiest as they take up the dye quickly, but heavierfabrics can also be used if they are left longer in the dye bath.5.1.4 Preparation of Materials: Both new as well as used material can be given a newlooking by means of applying fresh colours and design. In the case of new materials thestarch or sizing present should be removed thoroughly. Further, soak the material in coldwater for 6-8 hours. Then rinse in fresh water several times, dry the fabric and press itflat.Thin materials namely georgette or mulmul may be tied after folding to minimizethe work. First fold length wise into half and then width wise into half. Now the fabric isin four layers. The fabric should not have more than four layers. In case of thick fabricsthe material should not be folded at all. The design must be tied at a time on all the layersof the fabric.5.1.5 Techniques of tie and Dye:• Knotting:It is the simplest method of producing tie and dye designs. This produces somewhat circular hazy patterns without the use of any tieing material. Pick up the fabricat a point and make a firm knot. When this technique is used on a square materialmake a big knot in the center and make knots at the corners.48• Tiny Dots:This is the most widely used technique and is popularly known as bandhaniwork. Pick up little fabric and tie around three to four times to produce tiny dots.These dots may be lined of scattered or outlined into the shape of a design. Thethread is generally carried from one tie to the other to speed up the work. Metalblocks with raised portions as per the design may be employed for design transfer.• Objects resist tying:To get even doted patterns, tie objects of the same size and shape. Insert theobjects into the fabric and tie around. To produce variety objects of different shapesand sizes can be introduced.• Pleating:Pleating and tieing the fabric produces the stripes of various styles. For a straightstripe pattern, fold the fabric into tiny pleats either horizontally or vertically as perthe direction of the stripes. Tie at intervals. If wider stripers are required, tie thethread covering wider space. For diagonal stripes, pleat the fabric diagonally and tie.Tieing and dyeing in different colours produce multi colour stripes.• Bundling:Folding and bundling fabric produce wide variety of designs. Fold the fabric invarious ways- horizontally, vertically or diagonally into a square or a rectangle or atriangle. Tie vertically, horizontally and also tie the corners for geometrical patterns.• Tritic:Tritic is a sewing technique suitable for producing more fine and sharp designs.

Even though it is easier to produce geometrical designs, floral designs can also beachieved. Transfer the design onto the fabric and work running stitches with loosethread along the lines of the design. After all details of the design are stitched, pulleach thread and draw the fabric tightly and then tie the thread firmly wrapping aroundand knotting. Stitches other than running stitch may be employed for producingvarious effects.• Spider Web:This generally forms the center pattern in a design and it resembles the spiderweb, hence the name. Pick up the center point of the fabric and gather the fabricaround into tiny folds, depending on the radius of the web required, tie the threadResist dyed fabrics49Traditional textilesaround the folds from top to the required depth. The direction of tying can be varied toproduce various effects.• Marbling:Marbled effect is produced by holding the fabric in hand and crumpling into a ball andtying around securely. Care should be taken to expose the fabric from all sides, so thatmarbling is even. For getting multicolored effect, the thread can be opened after one dyeingand again tied in the same way exposing the uncovered areas.5.2 Dye Preparations and Methods of Dyeing:5.2.1 Naphthol dyes:Naphthol dyes give brilliant colours to cotton and have a wide range of colours. Exceptgreen shades, other colours are possible using naphthol dyes. Generally naphthol dyes areused for producing yellows, oranges, reds and maroons.Naphthol dyes has two components. Naphthol a coupling agent/or a developer and adiazotized salt or base. Naphthol and base are taken in equal quantities for most of thecombinations. Table 1 gives the list of possible combinations of naphthol and base for gettinga range of colours. The dyed cottons show good fastness to washing and perspiration andalso resist staining. But it looses colour through crocking and sunlight fading. Care should betaken not to dry the naphthol dyed cotton in sun and avoid rubbing during use.Naphthol is the developer and base is the dye stuffMethod of Preparation:Take two vessels. In the first vessel mix Monopal soap with hot water and add thedeveloper. Make a fine paste. To this add one cup of soft water and boil it for 10 minutes.Then add Caustic soda. Now this solution will become clear. Add cold soft water to makeup to 2 lit and stir it well.Remove the fabric from steeping water. Press well to remove extrawater. Open the fabric and immerse in naphthol solution, turn it up and down so that solutioncan be spread evenly. Leave the fabric in solution for 10 to 20 min.PROPORTIONMaterial : 100 gms Caustic soda : 3 gmsNaphthol : 5 gms Salt : 5 gmsBase : 5 gms Sodium nitrite : 2.5 gmsMonopal : 5 gms HCl : 10 ccWater : 2 liters50

In the mean time, take the second vessel and prepare the base solution (dye).Make a smooth paste of dye with little hot water. Add this to two litres of soft water andstir it well. Add HCl. Add sodium nitrite to complete diazotization.Now remove the fabric from naphthol solution and drench in the above solutionfor one hour. Turn the fabric up and down so that colour spreads evenly. To deepen theshade, wash the dyed fabric and enter into the naphthol solution and repeat the process.After treatment:Stoop the dyed material in hot detergent solution (2 gms soap or detergent/lit) tofix the dye and to remove the loose dye from the surface. It aids in better colour fastnessproperties.5.2.2 Vat Dyes:Vat dyes are fast dyes for cotton. These dyes offer a range of light and darkshades. The popular shades include greens, browns, purples, and limited yellow shadesetc. Vat dyes are originally insoluble in water. They are made soluble by the addition ofcaustic soda and sodium hydrosulphite. The dye is impregnated on fabric in a reducedstate and then reoxidised again on fabric. Hence, the colours are fast and do not generallyloose colour through washing, crocking, perspiration and sunlight.Two types of vat dyes are sold in the market. The hot colours are used for tie &Dye. The cold colours are used for Batik.S.No CombinationNaphthol BaseColour1. AS/ASBS Yellow GC Yellow2. ASBS/AS Red B Base Red3 ASBS/AS Garnet GBC Garnet4 ASBS/AS Blue B Base Blue5 ASBS/AS Orange GC Orange6 ASG Orange GC Yellow (mustard)7 ASG Blue B Base Brown8 ASBS Scarlet RC Pink9 ASBO Bordeaux GP Maroon10. ASBO Blue B Base Navy BlueResist dyed fabrics51Traditional textilesMethod of Preparation:Soak the desired fabric in cold water. Weigh the cloth to be dyed. Take the weigheddye and make it into smooth paste by adding Turkey red oil. Dilute the colour paste withmeasured quantity of water and add caustic to the diluted colour. Add measured amount ofcaustic and stir. Then add hydrose and observe the change of colour. Green colour changes toblue, yellow colour changes to violet etc. Then prepare the dye bath by adding water. Thematerial liquor ratio should be 1:20 and then see the concentration of colour. If the colourchanges back again to the original colour, sprinkle more hydrose till colour change is noticeable.This should be done in a closed vessel. Place this fabric in the dye bath for 20 minutes. Stir theliquid continuously. Then take out the material and wash it under running water. Oxidize thecolour by frequent airing and washing or by using peroxide bleach. Soap the material, thoroughlyas in naphthol dyeing to remove unfixed dye. Finally wash the material till the water becomes

clear.5.3 Dye Calculation: The dyestuff required to dye a material depends on the depth of shaderequired and weight of the fabric. If 2% shade is required to dye 100 gms of fabric multiply theweight of the fabric by the shade.Amount of dyestuff = weight of the fabric x % depth of shade.Required = 100 gms x 2 = 2 gms.Precautions:· Make dye paste with little cold or hot water and never add more water. While makingthe dye paste.· Accurate weighing is required.· Store dyes and chemicals in air tight bottles to preserve the potency.· Use gloves while dyeing, some dyes and chemicals are harmful to the skin.· Care must be taken while using acids.CombinationsMaterial 100 gms 6 gms for lightershades1 gms for lighter shadesSodium hydrosulphite(hydrose) 8 gms for darkershades.Vat dye2 gms for darker shades Water at 80o C SufficientTurkey redoil3 gms Material liquorratio1:20: (2 lit)0.5 gms Caustic soda for lighter shades2 gms for darker shades.Workingtemperature55oC – 60oC52· The platform and floor of the dyeing place should be protected from the dye stains.· The fabric should be opened fully and immersed in dye bath. It should always be inimmersed condition with continuous stirring.· The temperature should be maintained.· Rinsing should be done thoroughly to remove excess dye.To obtain three colours namely white, yellow and reda. After tying some dots for white, immerse the fabric in yellow colour. Then tie foryellow dots. Now immerse in red colour. This will result in yellow and white dots withred back ground.b. White, yellow and green: First tie the dots on white fabric. Then dye it in yellow. Tiea few more areas to preserve yellow dots. To obtain a final background in greencolour, dye in green colour.c. To obtain two colours namely white dots and coloured background: Tie the dotsaccording to the pattern or design and dye in any suitable dye.Opening the thread of tied portionIf a continuous thread is used for tying of the dots, then the material should be pulled

cross wise in order to open the tied portion. The fastened portion easily opens out whenpulled. If the thread is cut after each dot or portion being tied, each knot should be removedor snipped separately. While snipping the thread, care must be taken to see that the materialis not caught and cut.5.4 Batik5.4.1 IntroductionBatik is a resist dyeing method and the resisting material used is wax. Pattern onmaterial is made by painting the design on the fabric with very hot liquid wax on both sides,before immersing in dye bath. The wax prevents the dye reaching the painted pattern andfinished material is left with pale pattern on a colored background. The wax is sometimesdeliberately cracked to form fine spider like line of colour where the dye penetrates throughthese cracks. The dye bath is always cold, otherwise the wax would melt.5.4.2 Fabrics, Materials and Tools:The fabrics used for batik should be smooth and thin in order to get a good effect.Silk is perhaps the easiest fabric of all to use, fine lawn comes second. Heavy coarse andthick fabrics are not much used. Any fabric for making batik should be thoroughly washedand ironed before use. Cottons should be desized before. Dyes will not be absorbed properlyif the fabric is not clean.Resist dyed fabrics 53Traditional textilesWax: Bees wax is the best wax for batik for fine lines and small areas. This is rather expensivebut more manageable and forms less cracks than other kinds. Rosin can be added in proportionof 1:4 of bees wax. Rosin is used if fewer cracks are required. For design areas, bees wax andparaffinBrushes: Brushes of various sizes will be needed to apply wax. Cheap brushes can be usedfor large areas and one or two good stable brushes should be kept for fine and delicate lines.Brushes should be rinsed well in petrol immediately after use, and then should be washed inwarm water and soap and dried. The brushes made with long handle and pointed edge andball of thread are handier to hold hot wax for a long time.Tjanting and Tjap : Tjanting has a metal cup with a pointed spout and a wooden handle.Tjaps are metal blocks and the stamp face of the tjap is immersed in hot melted wax.5.4.3 Tracing the design on the Fabric:The fabric must be ironed well and must be stretched firmly over a frame. Then thedesign is traced lightly on the fabric with a pointed pencil.5.4.4 Application of wax on the cloth1. Design in single colour: Batik, the design on the fabric is made by applying very hotliquid wax on both the sides, in the required areas of the design. The wax to be appliedon cloth has to be hot so that the liquid penetrates through the cloth. The wax driesimmediately as it is applied on the fabric. The wax prevents the dye penetrating into thedesign. After dyeing, the material is left with the patterns on a colored background. Itis also possible to get a reverse effect by applying wax on the background and leavingthe pattern untouched.2. Multi-colour Design : The multicolor design, parts of the design to be left white arewaxed and dyed in the lightest colour. After it is dry, wax is applied on the portions ofthe design, which are to be retained in light colour. Then the fabric is dipped in thesecond dye bath which is brighter. Remove from dye bath and rinse well.

3. Crackled Design: This can be obtained by applying wax throughout the cloth onboth the sides or dipping in hot wax. Then it is soaked in water and after taking outfrom water, crackles can be made by pressing between hands. After this, it is dyed. Ifcrackles of two colours are desired, apply wax again on the dyed cloth on both sidesand repeat the process to get the crackles by pressing the cloth by hands in oppositedirections.545.4.5 Dyeing Procedure:After applying wax, the fabric is immersed in cold water, before dyeing to ensurethat the wax is quite hard and wet. This makes the fabric to absorb the dye easily. Dyeingprocedure is as per the type of fabric chosen. Only cold dye methods are employed. Whenthe dye bath is ready, the waxed material is taken out of cold water and squeezed well tocrack the wax if necessary. It should be turned gently once or twice to ensure even dyeingand leaving in dye basin for 15 min to 30 min. rinse well and dry.5.4.6 Removal of wax from the fabric1. When the fabric is dry after dyeing, the wax must be removed. Thick wax can becracked off by working the working the fabric with hands. Then wash in petrol.2. Place the fabric in between two pieces of blotting papers or any paper and iron witha hot iron. The melted wax will be absorbed by the paper.3. The wax from cotton material can be removed by soaking in hot soap water withlittle caustic soda and little kerosene. Several hot soaping are required to makefabric free of wax. Rinse it well immediately with soap and water.5.5 Stages of dyeingTextiles may be dyed during the fiber, yarn, or fabric stage depending on the coloureffects desired and perhaps on the quality or end use of the fabric. Better dye penetration isachieved with fiber dyeing than with yarn dyeing and yarn dyeing than with piece dyeing.5.5.1 Fiber-dyeingIn this process the fiber is dyed before yarn spinning1. Solution (spun or dope) dyeing consists of adding coloured pigments or dyes to thespinning solution; thus each fiber is coloured as it is spun.2. Stock or fiber dye: Dye is added to loose fibers before yarn spinning. Good dyepenetration is obtained but the process is fairly expensive. Fibers do not spin asreadily as undyed fibers it loses some of its flexibility. Woolens are often stock dyed.3. Top dyeing gives results similarly to stock dye and is more commonly used. Tops,the loose ropes of wool from the combing machine, are wound into balls, placed onperforated spindles, and enclosed in a tank. The dye is pumped back and forththrough the wool. Even dyeing is possible with this method.5.5.2 Yarn dyeingWhen dyeing is done after the fiber has been spun into yarn, it is described as yarndyeing. Yarn dyeing is less costly than fiber dyeing but more costly than piece dyeing andprinting. The primary reason for dyeing in the yarn form is to createResist dyed fabrics 55Traditional textilesinteresting checks, stripes, and plaids with different coloured yarns in the weaving process.Yarn dyed designs are more limited and large inventories are involved. Yarns are dyed in skeinsor packages.

Yarns may be prepared in skein or hank form and then dyed. Skein dyeing is mostcostly method of yarn dyeing and the yarns retain a softer, loftier hand. Yarn is also done inpackages and dyed as package dyeing. Most of the carded and combed cotton that is used forknitting outerwear is package-dyed.5.5.3 Piece dyeingPiece dyeing usually produces solid colour fabrics. It generally costs less to dye fabricsthan to dye loose fiber or yarns. One other advantage is that decisions on colour can bedelayed so that fashion trend can be followed more closely.5.5.3.1 Cross dyeing : is a piece dyeing of fabrics made of fibers from different genericgroups such as protein and cellulose or by combining acid dyeable and basic –dyeable fibersof the same generic group.5.5.3.2 Union dyeing: is piece dyeing of fabrics made of fibers from different groups , butunlike cross dyeing the finished fabric is a solid colour. Dyes of the same hue , but of compositionsuited to the fibers to be dyed, are mixed together in the same dye bath. Piece dyeing is donewith various kinds of equipment.5.6 Methods of piece dyeingThe methods chosen for piece dyeing depends on fiber content, weight of the fabric,dyestuff and degree of penetration required in the finished product. Time is money in massproduction so that processes in which the goods travel quickly through a machine are usedwhenever possible. Dyeing and after washing require a great deal of pure water, and the wastewater is a cause of stream pollution. For this reason, dyers and finishers are always searchingfor new methods.5.6.1 Jig dyeingJig dyeing consists of a stationary dye bath with two rolls, above the bath. The cloth iscarried around the rolls, in open width and is rolled back and forth through the dye bath onceevery 20 minutes or so and is on rollers the remaining time. There are some problems of leveldyeing. Acetate, rayon and nylon are usually jig dyed.5.6.2 Pad dyeingPad dyeing is a method in which the fabric is run through the dye bath in open widthand then between squeeze rollers that force the dye into the fabric. The pad box holds56only a very small amount of dye liquor, making this an economical method of piece dyeing. Thecloth runs through the machine at a rapid rate, 30 to 300 yards a minute. Pad –steam processesare the most widely used.5.6.3 Winch, Reel or Beck dyeingIt is the oldest type of piece dyeing. The fabric in loose rope sewed together at theends, is lifted in and out of the dye bath by a reel. The fabric is kept immersed in the dye bathexpect for few yards around the reel.Penetration of dye is obtained by continued immersion in slack condition: rather thanby pressure, on the wet goods under tension. This method is used on lightweight fabrics thatcan not withstand the tension of the other methods, and on heavy goods, especially woolens.Reels are of various shapes-oval, round and octagonal.Summary:Tie dyeing is one of the techniques of decorating fabric. The technology is based on resistdyeing and the resisting material used is thread. Knotting, Tiny Dots, Objects resist tying;

Pleating, Bundling, Tritic, Spider Web and Marbling are some of the techniques discussed inthis chapter. Methods of naphthol and vat dyeing were explained with the expertise of shadecard preparation. Batik is a resist dyeing method and the resisting material used is wax. TheFabrics, Materials and Tools required in this art were explained.Exercise:1. Write the simple techniques of tie &dye suitable for dress material?2. Explain the different colour combination of naphthol dyes?3 Write the dye and chemical proportions of Vat for getting light and medium shades?4. How can you obtain Multi-colour and crackled design in batik?5. Explain the methods of piece dyeing?6. Write about the stages of dyeing textiles:Resist dyed fabrics57Traditional textilesFig. 5.1 Knotting Fig. 5.2 Diagonal stripesFig. 5.3. Spider web Fig. 5.4 Sun patternFig. 5.5 Tritic Fig. 5.6 MarblingTie&dye fabric samples58Batick fabric samplesFig. 5.7 Multicolour batickFig. 5.8 CracklingResist dyed fabrics59Traditional textiles5.9 Methods of dyeing65006.0 METHODS OF PRINTINGColour designs are produced on fabrics by printing with dyes in paste form or bypositioning dyes on the fabric from specially designed machines. One form of applying colourdecoration to a fabric after it has otherwise been finished is called printing.Printed fabrics usually have clear –cut edges in the design portion on the right side andthe colour seldom penetrates completely to the wrong side of the fabric. Yarns raveled fromprinted fabrics will have colour unevenly positioned on them.6.1 Block printingBlock printing is a hand process and the oldest technique for decorating textiles. It isseldom done commercially because it is costly and slow. A design is carved on a block. Theblock is dipped in a shallow pan of dye and stamped on the fabric. To obtain variation ofcolour in the same design, as many additional blocks must be carved as there will be additionalcolours. The more colours used the more valuable and expensive the block print will be. Slightirregularities in colour register or positioning are clues to block prints but these can be duplicatedin roller printing made to resemble them.Simple designs are suitable for block printing. Too many details in the design must beavoided. The number of colours should be kept to the minimum. Though these blocks can bemade from potato, linoleum etc. , wood is the most commonly used medium. The design isvaried by scooping the wood so that it is either outstanding or is in relief. The number of blocks

required for a design corresponds to number of colours in the design.6.1.1 Materials for Printing:The materials required for printing are:a) A table of convenient size which is covered with several layers of jute hessi cloth & alayer of grey cloth.b) A few trolleys to carry dyes around the table.c) A few trays made of enamel wood.d) Thin sponge sheete) Hessian cloth, muslin and mosquito net cloth.f) Wooden piece with a flat edge.g) Mortar and pestle for making dye paste.h) Containers for dye paste.i) Facilities for drying, steaming and washing.Methods of printing61Traditional textiles6.1.2 Rapid Colours:Dye proportion:Dye 12.5gmsSodium Hydroxide 6.5gmsWarm Water 18c.c. or (1 part)Urea 9gmsNeutral gum paste 125c.c.Water to make up to 500c.c.Turkey red oil few drops6.1.3Method:Prepare smooth paste of the dye with little warm water and Turkey red oil in a mortar.Add half of the gum to which little sodium hydroxide has already been added to neutralize it.Make a homogenous paste by mixing with the pestle. Then add the remaining NaOH solutionand stir well. Add the remaining gum and urea and stir. Add water to make upto 500c.c. andto obtain a dye of desirable consistency. The fabric after printing should be dried in sunlight forone day. Some after treatment has to be given to fix the dye.6.1.4 After Treatments:1. Sulphuric Acid: The water to material ratio should be 20:1. in one litre of water 3-4 mlof sulphuric acid should be added. The material should be immersed in this solution forhalf an hour at room temperature and then washed with soap and water.2. Steaming: The printed material should be wrapped in news paper and steamed in aclosed vessel for 10-20 minutes.6.2 Screen Printing:Originally this technique was referred to as silk-screen printing because the screenswere made of fine, strong silk threads. Today they are also made of nylon, polyester, andmetal. Flat screen printing was done by hand. It is done commercially for small yardages,50-5,000 yards, and is used extensively for designs larger than the circumference of the rollsused for roller printing.The design is applied to the screen so that all but the figure is covered by a resistmaterial. One screen is used for each colour. The colour is forced through the screen by a

squeegee. In the hand process, the fabric to be printed is placed on a long table. Two people62position the screen on the fabric, apply the colour, move the screen to a new position, andrepeat the process until all the fabric is printed.In the automatic screen process, the fabric to be printed is placed on a conveyer belt.A series of flat screens are positioned above and are lowered automatically. Colour is appliedautomatically, and the fabric is moved automatically and fed continuously into ovens to bedried.Rotary screen printing is done with cylindrical metal screens that operate in much thesame way as the flat screens except that the operation is continuous rather than started andstopped as the screens are raised and lowered in the flat. The rotary screens are cheaper thanthe copper rollers used in roller printing.The chief advantages of screen printing are that the colours can be produced in brighter,cleaner shades than are possible with roller printing and the designs to be repeated can bemuch larger.It is possible to have designs consisting of squares, circles, and ovals. On a knittedfabric, such as jersey, flat & rotary screen printing the transfer printing are the only printingmethods that can be used. Other methods smear dyes as a knitted fabric stretches when itreceives the impact of the rollers.6.3 Stencil printing:This originated in Japan. Its high cost limits its use and importance in the U.S. in stencilprinting, the design must first be cut in cardboard, wood, or metal. The stencil may have a fine,delicate design or there may be large spaces through which a great amount of colour can beapplied. A stencil design is usually limited to the application only one colour and is generallyused for narrow widths of fabric.Stencil printing is one of the methods of resist printing and the resisting material used iswax paper or stencil sheet. This can be used for printing design both on paper and cloth. Thenumber of colours to be used on the design is same as the number of stencil sheets cut.6.3.1 Design suitable for stencil printing:Design for stenciling should consist of clear definite shapes. Fine lines and small detailsare to be avoided as they are difficult both to cut and to stencil.6.3.2 Tools & Materials:1. Thick drawing papers for marking the stencils.2. A stencil knife or a sharp blade.3. Glass sheet as cutting surface.4. Stencil brushes of various sizes, sponges, gun spray.5. Paraffin wax.6. Water colours for paper.Methods of printing63Traditional textiles7. Fabric paints.8. Medium for paints.9. Bundle of papers to provide backing.6.3.3 Procedure:Choose a suitable design for a mono and multicolor scheme. A convenient design is

one which the individual parts of the design are separate from each other.6.3.4 Preparation of Stencil Sheets:Measure the size of the design and decide the colour scheme. Cut stencil cardsseparately for each colour. Prepare cards by cutting drawing paper 2" to 3" bigger than thesize of the design. Transfer the design on to the cards leaving 1" to 1.5" border on all sides andtaking care to transfer the design exactly in the same place in all cards. Mark the parts of thedesign to be cut for one colour in one card. Melt wax, dip the cards in wax and allow for dry.Laying the stencil on glass plate, cut smoothly along the parts of the design using a sharpstencil blade for achieving success. Cut the remaining cards separately for each colour. Holdall cards together against the light to check the accuracy of the design.6.3.5 Printing:Fabric paints are used for printing on fabrics and water colours can be used for printingon paper.For applying colour, stencil brushes, sponges, tooth brushes and gun sprays can beused.Stencil Brushes:Select brushes with soft bristles and blunt ends which preserve the stencilbetter. Use separate brush for each colour.Tooth Brushes:They give sprayed effect. The brush is held over the area to be coloured andthen rubbed with the thumb.Sponges:These can be used with water colours and thinned acrylics to create soft,mottled effects. Cut a flat sponge into strips about one inch wide and dip one end intothe colour.6.4 Air Brush or Gun Spray:This special purpose tool is used for getting spray effect to colour large areas in limitedtime. Direct, acid or vat dyes dissolved in water, alcohol or other organic solvent may be used.Place a bundle of papers on the table to offer a soft backing while printing and place materialto be printed over this and pin securely. Prepare the colour in a thick consistency on a palette.Try out the colour with the brush to see whether the colour is being transferred on the64material evenly by working the brush first on the glass sheet, then on the paper. When colouris applied evenly, then the work can be started on the material. While dabbing the colour, thebrush should be kept up right to get a sharp neat outline. For a multi colour design, the secondcolour is applied after the first one is partially dry.Precautions:1. Never exert pressure on the brush while printing.2. Never wet brushes.3. Always dab up and down.6.5 Roller printingDirect roller printing was developed in 1785, about the time all textiles operationswere becoming mechanized. It turns out colour designed fabrics in vast quantities at the rate of1000to 4000 yards an hour. This method of producing attractive designs is relatively inexpensivewhen compared with any hand method. It is a machine counter part of block printing.Essential parts of the printing machine A cast-iron cylinder is the roller around which

the cloth is drawn as it is printed. The copper printing roller is etched with the design. Originally,the design was engraved by hand an awl; today, the engraving is frequently done pantographtransfer & by photoengraving.There are as many different rollers as there are colors in the fabric. In the diagram,three engraved rollers are used. Furnisher rollers are covered with hard rubber or brushesmade of nylon, or hard-rubber bristles. They revolve in a small colour trough, pick up thecolour, and deposit it on the copper rollers. A doctor blade scrapes off excess color so thatonly the engraved portions of the copper roller are filled with dye when it comes in contact withthe cloth. The cloth to be printed, a rubberized blanket, and a back gray cloth pass betweenthe cylinder & the engraved rollers. The blanket gives a good surface for sharp printing; thegray goods protect the blanket and absorb excess dye. Rayon and knitted fabrics are usuallylightly coated with a gum sizing on the back to keep them from stretching or swelling as they gothrough the printing machine. After printing, the cloth is dried, steamed, or treated to set thedye.6.6 Discharge printing:Discharge prints are piece dyed fabrics in which the design is made by removing thecolour. Discharge prints are usually done on dark backgrounds. A discharge paste, whichcontains chemicals to remove the colour, is then printed on the fabric. Dyes that are not harmedby the discharging materials can be mixed with printing solution if colour is desired in thedischarge areas. The fabric is then steamed to develop design, either as a white or colouredarea.Methods of printing656464Traditional textilesDischarge prints can be detected by looking at the wrong side of the fabric. In the design areathe colour is often not completely removed and one can see evidences of the backgroundcolours, especially around the edges of the design. Background colours must be colours thatcan be removed by strong alkali. Discharge prints are usually satisfactory.SummaryApplying colour decoration to a fabric after it has otherwise been finished is calledprinting. Printed fabrics usually have clear –cut edges in the design portion on the right side andthe colour seldom penetrates completely to the wrong side of the fabric. Detailed process ofblock-printing was explained with rapid fast colours. Fixing of the print was suggested withsuitable after-treatments. Cottage and industrial level screen printing was enumerated. Withsuitable illustrations, Stencil printing was enlightened. Different industrial methods of printingwere explained.