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Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Before the year 1830, due to the lack of ice-storehouses and

iceboxes, few Americans used ice for the refrigeration of food. As these two

methods of reser!ation become broadly a!ailable, eo le used axes and

saw to har!est ice for their storehouses which is ro!ed to be difficult,

dangerous and certainly did not resemble anything that could be du licated

on a commercial scale. Artificial refrigeration began when "cottish rofessor

#illiam $ullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1%&&.

'e used a um to create a artial !acuum o!er a container of diethyl ether, which has undergone a heating rocess, absorbing heat from

the surrounding air. (t resulted in roducing a small amount of ice, but had no

ractical a lication at that time. (n 18)0, *nglish scientist +ichael araday

li uefied ammonia and other gases by using high ressure and low

tem eratures, and in 183 , an American ex atriate to /reat Britain, acob

erkins, built the first working !a our-com ression refrigeration system. (t was

a closed cycle that could o erate continuously, 2( am enabled to use !olatilefluids for the ur ose of roducing the cooling or free ing of fluids, and yet at

the same time constantly condensing such !olatile fluids, and bringing them

again into o eration without waste.4 'e said in his atent.

5here ha!e been a few studies in connection with this to ic,

com aring water to other refrigerants but this research does not only limit to

water as the main sub6ect but also to the different refrigerants readily a!ailable

in the software for simulation, common to what industries use, and are stillconsidered not to do much harm to the en!ironment.

5he +echanical *ngineering degree offers a course sub6ect in

refrigeration7 under it are the to ics about the different refrigerants and

refrigeration cycle. 'ence, the ur ose of this research is to in!estigate the

refrigerants used in the refrigeration systems for the aim of im ro!ing their

coefficient of erformance $9 :. (n addition, learning the rinci les of

thermodynamics, heat transfer, tem erature to ressure relationshi ,

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refrigerants is a re-re uisite before going through the rocess of this

research.

Conceptual Background

;efrigeration industries including com ressor manufacturers,

refrigerant roducers and refrigeration system roducers ha!e been

in!estigating new refrigerants and re lacement refrigerants. 5heir

in!estigations ha!e been generally based on the en!ironmental concerns,

refrigeration ca acity and erformance, safety, chemical stability under

extreme tem erature and ressure conditions in the system, suitability for

materials and refrigeration oil in the system, and reasonable rice. <nder

these as ects the refrigerants ;%18, ;%1%, ;1), ;)), ;13 a, ;1&)a and

;)=0 ha!e been in!estigated. "ome of them ha!e been used for many years,

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some are current refrigerants, and some ha!e been considered as

re lacement refrigerants. Ali >ilicarslan and ?orbert +uller, 18 uly )00&:

As +echanical *ngineering students, knowledge of the sim le

!a our-com ression cycle is deemed im ortant for it is the basis of the study.

5he figure below resents an image of a basic sim lified cycle.

ig. 1 Basic "im lified $ycle

Conceptual Framework

ig. ) @irection of ;esearch

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5he flow chart indicated abo!e shows the course of the study.

5he first ste would be researching about the sim le !a our com ression

system, different refrigerants. ?ext ste would be determining which

refrigerant would gi!e the highest $9 by using the /enetron ro erties 1.)

for software basis and formulas from reference books for calculations and

lastly the collecting and recording of results gathered from the research.

Theoretical Background

1.1.1 Vapor compression re!rigeration or Vapor compression

re!rigeration s"stem.

;efrigerant undergoing hase changes is one of the

many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-

conditioning of buildings and automobiles. (t is also used in domestic and

commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or fro en storage

of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other

commercial and industrial ser!ices. 9il refineries , etrochemical and

chemical rocessing lants, and natural gas rocessing lants are among the

many ty es of industrial lants that often utili e large !a or-com ression

refrigeration systems.

;efrigeration may be defined as lowering the tem erature of an

enclosed s ace by remo!ing heat from that s ace and transferring it

elsewhere. A de!ice that erforms this function may also be called an air

conditioner , refrigerator , air source heat um , geothermal heat um or

chiller heat um :. 5he figure below shows a single stage refrigeration.

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ig. 3 5y ical "ingle "tage a or

$om ression ;efrigeration

1.1.# Pressure $ %nthalp" &iagram

5he ressure-enthal y diagram or -' diagram is a tool that all

' A$ and ;efrigeration engineers should be able to use roficiently. 5his

diagram describes the relationshi of ressure and enthal y of a select

refrigerant. (n order to ro erly understand this diagram, it is best to go

through the !a or com ression cycle on a -' diagram.

9n the -' diagram, ressure is indicated on the y-axis and

enthal y is indicated on the x-axis. 5y ically enthal y is in units of BtuClb and

ressure is in units of ounds er s uare inch si:. 5he u side down < figure

shown on the diagram designates the oints at which the refrigerant changes

hase.

?otice that *x ansion is a constant enthal y rocess. (t is drawn

as a !ertical line on the -h diagram . ?o heat is absorbed or re6ected during

this ex ansion, the li uid 6ust asses through a !al!e, like water coming out of

a ta . 5he difference is, that because the li uid is saturated at the start of

ex ansion by the end of the rocess it is artly !a our. oint 1 is inside the

cur!e and not on the cur!e as described in the *!a oration rocess. 5he

refrigerant at the beginning of the !a ori ation is already artly e!a orated.

5his de ends on the sha e of the cur!e, and the start and end ressures.

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ig. ressure *nthal y @iagram

9n the other hand the $om ression rocess is shown as a

cur!e. (t is not a constant enthal y rocess. 5he energy used to com ress the

!a our turns into heat, and increases its tem erature. 5his tends to raise the

tem erature of the !a our, making oint 3 mo!es further and further into the

su erheated art of the diagram as com ression rogresses. oint 3 is

outside the cur!e and not on the cur!e as described in the $om ression

rocess. 5his means that before $ondensation can start, the !a our has to be

cooled down.

1.1.' (e!rigerants

D reon D is a trade name for a family

of haloalkane refrigerants manufactured by @u ont and other com anies.

5hese refrigerants were commonly used due to their su erior stability and

safety ro ertiesE they were not flammable at room tem erature and

atmos heric ressure or ob!iously toxic as were the fluids they re laced, such

as sulfur dioxide . 'aloalkanes are also an order s: of magnitude more

ex ensi!e than etroleum deri!ed flammable alkanes of similar or better

cooling erformance. <nfortunately, chlorine- and fluorine-bearing refrigerantsreach the u er atmos here when they esca e. (n the stratos here , $ $s

break u due to < radiation, releasing their chlorine free radicals. 5hese

chlorine free radicals act as catalysts in the breakdown of o one through

chain reactions. 9ne $ $ molecule can cause thousands of o one molecules

to break down. 5his causes se!ere damage to the o one layer that shields the

*arthFs surface from the "unFs strong < radiation, and has been shown to

lead to increased rates of skin cancer. 5he chlorine will remain acti!e as acatalyst until and unless it binds with another article, forming a stable

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molecule. $ $ refrigerants in common but receding usage include ;-11 and

;-1). ?ewer refrigerants with reduced o one de letion effect such

as '$ $s ;-)) , used in most homes today: and ' $s ;-13 a , used in

most cars: ha!e re laced most $ $ use. '$ $s in turn are being hased out

under the +ontreal rotocol and re laced by hydrofluorocarbons ' $s:,

such as ;- 10A , which lack chlorine . 'owe!er, $ $s, '$ $s, and ' $s all

ha!e large global warming otential .

?ewer refrigerants are currently the sub6ect of research, such

as su ercritical carbon dioxide , known as ;-% .5hese ha!e similar

efficiencies com ared to existing $ $ and ' $ based com ounds, and ha!e

many orders of magnitude lower global warming otential.

The Problem

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Statement o! the Problem

5he demand and su ly of a refrigeration system that can

roduce a significant increase in the efficiency is growing day by day. eo le

are in a search of new ideas to construct a new refrigeration system or to

im ro!e the current model or design of a refrigeration system.

A refrigerator is a de!ice that transfers heat from a cold body to

a warm body with the aid of an external energy source. 5o maximi e the

refrigeration systemFs erformance, an ade uate refrigerant must be used.

5his study aims to make a design of a refrigeration system that

will im ro!e its coefficient of erformance. 5he study also aims to build arefrigeration system that can hel minimi e the o one de letion ercentage.

@etermine the ways to im ro!e the refrigeration systemFs

coefficient of erformance. Analy e on how the refrigeration system affects

the o one and how can it be treated. @etermine what ty e of refrigerant to be

used in order to achie!e a better coefficient of erformance while not affecting

the o one layer.

Signi!icance o! the Stud"

5he study will benefit the followingE

5o the researchers, they will further understand the rinci les

and theories concerned. (n doing the research, they will be able to a ly the

learning and skills they gained through their rogram and a ly it into a studythat can hel im ro!e the refrigeration system.

5o the industry and community, it will hel to know the ro er

refrigerant to be used in order to achie!e a greater coefficient of erformance

and it will also hel to minimi e the use of harmful refrigerants that disturb our

en!ironment.

5o the future researches, the study may act as a guide for other related studies.

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Scope and )imitations

Scope

5he study will in!ol!e the design of a refrigeration system that

will im ro!e the $oefficient of erformance $9 : by using an ade uate

refrigerant in order to roduce a high efficiency rating. or the refrigeration

system, standard !a or com ression cycle is used. or the refrigerant, ;ef.

%18, ;ef. %1%, ;ef. 1), ;ef. )), ;ef. )=0, ;ef. 13 a, and ;ef. 1&)a will be

used. 5he $9 will be the main factor to be com uted in order to identify what

ty e of refrigerant is ade uate to be used.

)imitation

5he study will not co!er any other ty e of cycle for this will

cause inconsistency in the coefficient of erformance. 5he refrigerants being

chosen are the ones that is common in todayFs industry of refrigeration. ?o

materials will be needed for it will be only be conducted using a simulation

software for refrigeration system, namely, /enetron ro erties ersion 1.).

&e!inition o! Terms

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Compressor - is a de!ice that con!erts ower using an electric motor, diesel

or gasoline engine, etc.: into otential energy stored in ressuri ed air i.e.,

com ressed air:. By one of se!eral methods, an air com ressor forces more

and more air into a storage tank, increasing the ressure.

Condenser - is a de!ice or unit used to condense a substance from its

gaseous to its li uid state by cooling it. (n so doing, the latent heat is gi!en u

by the substance, and will transfer to the condenser coolant

%*aporator - is a de!ice used to turn the li uid form of a chemical into its

gaseous form. 5he li uid is e!a orated, or !a ori ed, into a gas.

(e!rigeration - a rocess of mo!ing heat from one location to another in

controlled conditions.

(e!rigerant - a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat um and

refrigeration cycle. (n most cycles it undergoes hase transitions from a li uid

to a gas and back again.

(1# - @ichlorodifluoromethane: is a colorless gas usually sold under the

brand name reon-1), and chlorofluorocarbonhalomethane $ $: used as a

refrigerant and aerosol s ray ro ellant.

(## - $hlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane: is a

hydrochlorofluorocarbon '$ $:. 5his colorless gas is better known as

'$ $-)), or ;-)). (t is commonly used as a ro ellant and refrigerant.

(1'+a - norflurane: is a haloalkanerefrigerant with thermodynamic ro erties

similar to ;-1) dichlorodifluoromethane: but with insignificant o one

de letion otential.

(1,#a - 1, 1-@ifluoroethane, or @ *: an organofluorine com ound with the

chemical formula $)' ). 5his colorless gas is used as a refrigerant, where

it is often listed as ;-1&)a refrigerant-1&)a: or ' $-1&)a

hydrofluorocarbon-1&)a:.

(#- - $A;* 0: is refrigerant grade ro ane, a natural, or Dnot in kindD,

refrigerant suitable for use in a range of refrigeration and air conditioning

a lications.

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(/1/ - Ammonia: has been used in industrial a lications since the 1=30s

and is generally acknowledged as being the most efficient refrigerant. (t has a

low boiling oint and is fa!oured because it is a highly energy efficient

refrigerant.

(/10 - #ater !a or or water: is one of the oldest refrigerants being used for

refrigeration a lications down to about the free ing of water.

Saturated *apor - A li uid and its saturated !a or are in dynamic e uilibriumE

the number of molecules esca ing from the li uid and assing into the !a or

hase er unit time is e ual to the number of molecules returning to the li uid

during the same inter!al.

Suction line - is a i e, hose, or tube that deli!ers a fluid to the suction or

inlet side of a um or com ressor.

Superheated steam - is an extremely high-tem erature !a or generated by

heating the saturated steam obtained by boiling water.

Thermostatic e pansion *al*e - a com onent in refrigeration and air

conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the

e!a orator thereby controlling the su erheating at the outlet of the e!a orator

and is often referred to generically as Dmetering de!icesD.

Chapter #: (elated )iterature

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Chapter ': 2ethodolog"

'.1 Introduction

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5he study is uantitati!e research. @ata from the study is

needed to come u with a !alue to determine the efficiency of the refrigeration

system. 5he !alues will come from the simulated flow !alues and manually

com uted !alues. 5he data will be achie!ed through the formula based from

the book of "toecker and ones about refrigeration systems.

'.# Collection o! &ata

*ach refrigerant will be tested and data must be gathered in

order to com are the results of the ex eriment. @ata can be obtained through

two methods res ecti!ely by using a simulation rogram, /enetronro erties1.), and using the formula for manual calculations. 5hrough the

simulation rogram, the $9 or $oefficient of erformance of the refrigeration

system is gi!en directly also the mass flow of the system, cooling ca acity

and heating ca acity of the refrigeration system. "econd method is using the

formula of the standard !a or com ression cycle and com uting the s ecific

!alues of each refrigerant in order to accurately determine and to differentiate

ro erly the coefficient of erformance of the refrigeration system. All datamust be ro erly organi ed according to ty e of refrigerant used. 5he largest

$9 is not the best but one of the best refrigerants that can be used in the

refrigerant cycle.

'.' Task &escription and Schedule

;efrigerants must be di!ided among grou members in order tobe time efficient and ac uire the data much faster. At least 1 refrigerant must

be sol!ed within )-3 days by each student in order to meet the deadline. 5he

simulation of all refrigerants can be accom lished within )-3 days of work. An

estimated time of one semester is necessary for the ro6ect to be done. 5o

meet the deadline of submission, the grou must work double time es ecially

during weekends and holidays. "cheduling is deemed im ortant to a!oid

conflicts and delays

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'.+ Cost %stimation

5here will be no ex enses to be defrayed while making the

research because there will be no materials to be used. 5he simulation

rogram can be ac uired freely !ia the internet.

(e!erences

htt ECCwww.egr.msu.eduCmuellerC?+;eferencesC+ueller>ilicarslan)00&G(nt *

nergy;esG$om arati!e"tudy;%18. df

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htt ECCwww.ale h ero.co.ukCrefC!a comcyc.htm

htt sECCen.wiki edia.orgCwikiC a or-com ressionGrefrigeration

htt ECCwww.refrigerants.comCcatalog. df

htt ECCwebcache.googleusercontent.comCsearchH

IcacheEhtt ECCwww.ignou.ac.inCu loadC<nitJ

htt ECCwww.iifiir.orgCuserfilesCfileCwebfilesCsummariesC;efrigerantGclassification

G*?. df&)0 -3). df

htt ECCwww. renhall.comCdi!isionsCectCa Cstanfield.oldCstanGsam le. df

3ppendices

Kist of igures

igure 1 Basic "im lified $ycle

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igure ) @irection of ;esearch

igure 3 5y ical "ingle "tage a or $om ression

;efrigeration

igure ressures *nthal y @iagram

Francis &ale T. Cabag iran AddressE Blk3 Kot10, +angahan unta rincesa $ebu $ity,$ebu$ontact ?umberE 1 301 C LM3= 3MM&8=3=*mail addressE franciscobalagtasNyahoo.com

P%(S453) &3T3

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Birth &ate: 9ctober 8, 1==&6ender: +ale5ationalit": ili ino(eligion: ;oman $atholic

%&7C3TI453) B3C86(475&

College".O. )01) resent @on Bosco 5echnical $ollege $ebu

unta rincesa, $ebu $ityBachelor o! Science in 2echanical

%ngineering 2a9or in 2achine &esign3nd 2anu!acturing

Secondar" %ducation".O. )008 )01) @on Bosco 5echnical $ollege $ebu

unta rincesa, $ebu $ity

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S8I))S T3)%5TS 35& 3BI)ITI%S• ;es onsible, diligent, hardworking and unctual•

9 erateE Kathe, @rilling, +illing, "ha er and #elding +achines• ersistent in accom lishing tasks• Kearns fast and works with less su er!ision• 'as hands-on ex erience in C5C or Computer 5umeric Control• 'as basic working knowledge and hands-on ex erience inE

o Computer 3ided &esigningo Technical &rawingo Circuit ;i<ardo Circuit 2aker

• roficient in 2icroso!t 4!!ice: ;ord and Powerpoint

3FFI)I3TI45S

=unior Philippine Societ" o! 2echanical %ngineers >=PS2%? Cebu Chapter

o +ember "O )008 resent:o resident @B5$-$ha ter "O )01&:

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8arl =ude &e la Torre AddressE P&&) >imba "an ;o ue 5alisay $ity$ontact ?umberE 03): )%)-&&1=C 0=33M& 8%M%*mail addressE karl6udedelatorreNgmail.com

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Birth &ate: "e tember 1, 1==&6ender: +ale5ationalit": ili ino(eligion: ;oman $atholic

%&7C3TI453) B3C86(475&

College".O. )01) resent @on Bosco 5echnical $ollege $ebu

unta rincesa, $ebu $ityBachelor o! Science in 2echanical

%ngineering 2a9or in 2achine &esign3nd 2anu!acturing

Secondar" %ducation".O. )008 )01) @on Bosco 5echnical $ollege $ebu

unta rincesa, $ebu $ity

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".O. )00) )003 "t. @ominic "chool of >imba>imba 5alisay

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Q $an work under ressureQ "trategic thinking to accom lish task easier Q $an o erate com uter and working machinesQ 5ime well-manageQ ;es onsible erson with regards to assigned task

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=unior Philippine Societ" o! 2echanical %ngineers >=PS2%? Cebu Chapter

o +ember "O )008 resent:

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6ender: +ale5ationalit": ili ino(eligion: ;oman $atholic

%&7C3TI453) B3C86(475&

College".O. )01) resent @on Bosco 5echnical $ollege $ebu

unta rincesa, $ebu $ityBachelor o! Science in 2echanical

%ngineering 2a9or in2achine &esign

3nd 2anu!acturing

Secondar" %ducation".O. )008 )01) @on Bosco 5echnology $enter

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S8I))S T3)%5TS 35& 3BI)ITI%S• ;es onsible, diligent, hardworking,•

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o Computer 3ided &esigningo Technical &rawingo Circuit ;i<ardo Circuit Construction

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o +ember "O )008 resent:

8hiet 3ngelo &. )a (osa AddressE S&-300= "angi 5abunok 5alisay $ity, $ebu$ontact ?umberE 03): M)-)8&0 C LM3=3331&===1*mail addressE khietbatchoyNgmail.com

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S8I))S T3)%5TS 35& 3BI)ITI%S• ;es onsible, diligent, hardworking and unctual• 9 erateE Kathe, @rilling, +illing, "ha er and #elding +achines• ersistent in accom lishing tasks• Kearns fast and works with less su er!ision• 'as hands-on ex erience in C5C or Computer 5umeric Control• 'as basic working knowledge and hands-on ex erience inE

o Computer 3ided &esigningo Technical &rawingo Circuit ;i<ardo Circuit 2aker

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=unior Philippine Societ" o! 2echanical %ngineers >=PS2%?

Cebu Chapter o +ember "O )01) resent: