Themes Virginia Woolf Mrs Dalloway
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Transcript of Themes Virginia Woolf Mrs Dalloway
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Themes, Motifs, and Symbols---- Virginia Woolf:Mrs Dalloway
Themes
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
Communication vs. Privacy
Throughout Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa, Septimus, Peter, and others struggle to find
outlets for communication as well as adeuate privacy, and the !alance !etween the twois difficult for all to attain. Clarissa in particular struggles to open the pathway for
communication and throws parties in an attempt to draw people together. "t the same
time, she feels shrouded within her own reflective soul and thinks the ultimate humanmystery is how she can exist in one room while the old woman in the house across from
hers exists in another. #ven as Clarissa cele!rates the old woman$s independence, she
knows it comes with an inevita!le loneliness.
Peter tries to explain the contradictory human impulses toward privacy andcommunication !y comparing the soul to a fish that swims along in murky water, then
rises uickly to the surface to frolic on the waves. The war has changed people$s ideas of
what #nglish society should !e, and understanding is difficult !etween those who support
traditional #nglish society and those who hope for continued change. Meaningfulconnections in this dis%ointed postwar world are not easy to make, no matter what efforts
the characters put forth. <imately, Clarissa sees Septimus$s death as a desperate, !utlegitimate, act of communication.
isillusionment !ith the "ritish #m$ire
Throughout the nineteenth century, the 'ritish #mpire seemed invinci!le. (texpanded into many other countries, such as (ndia, )igeria, and South "frica, !ecoming
the largest empire the world had ever seen. *orld *ar ( was a violent reality check. +or
the first time in nearly a century, the #nglish were vulnera!le on their own land. The
"llies technically won the war, !ut the extent of devastation #ngland suffered made it avictory in name only.
#ntire communities of young men were in%ured and killed. (n -, at the 'attleof the Somme, #ngland suffered /,/// casualties0the largest slaughter in #ngland$shistory. )ot surprisingly, #nglish citi1ens lost much of their faith in the empire after the
war. )o longer could #ngland claim to !e invulnera!le and all2powerful. Citi1ens were
less inclined to willingly adhere to the rigid constraints imposed !y #ngland$s classsystem, which !enefited only a small margin of society !ut which all classes had fought
to preserve.
(n -34, when Mrs. Dalloway takes place, the old esta!lishment and its
oppressive values are nearing their end. #nglish citi1ens, including Clarissa, Peter, andSeptimus, feel the failure of the empire as strongly as they feel their own personal
failures. Those citi1ens who still champion #nglish tradition, such as "unt 5elena and
6ady 'ruton, are old. "unt 5elena, with her glass eye 7perhaps a sym!ol of her ina!ilityor unwillingness to see the empire$s disintegration8, is turning into an artifact.
"nticipating the end of the Conservative Party$s reign, 9ichard plans to write the history
of the great 'ritish military family, the 'rutons, who are already part of the past. The oldempire faces an imminent demise, and the loss of the traditional and familiar social order
leaves the #nglish at loose ends.
The %ear of eath
Thoughts of death lurk constantly !eneath the surface of everyday life in Mrs.
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Dalloway, especially for Clarissa, Septimus, and Peter, and this awareness makes even
mundane events and interactions meaningful, sometimes even threatening. "t the very
start of her day, when she goes out to !uy flowers for her party, Clarissa remem!ers amoment in her youth when she suspected a terri!le event would occur. 'ig 'en tolls out
the hour, and Clarissa repeats a line from Shakespeare$s Cym!eline over and over as the
day goes on: ;+ear no more the heat o$ the sun < )or the furious winter$s rages.= The lineis from a funeral song that cele!rates death as a comfort after a difficult life.
Middle2aged Clarissa has experienced the deaths of her father, mother, and sister
and has lived through the calamity of war, and she has grown to !elieve that living evenone day is dangerous. Death is very naturally in her thoughts, and the line from
Cym!eline, along with Septimus$s suicidal em!race of death, ultimately helps her to !e at
peace with her own mortality. Peter *alsh, so insecure in his identity, grows frantic at
the idea of death and follows an anonymous young woman through 6ondon to forgeta!out it. Septimus faces death most directly. Though he fears it, he finally chooses it over
what seems to him a direr alternative0living another day.
The Threat of &$$ression
>ppression is a constant threat for Clarissa and Septimus in Mrs. Dalloway, andSeptimus dies in order to escape what he perceives to !e an oppressive social pressure to
conform. (t comes in many guises, including religion, science, or social convention. Miss?ilman and Sir *illiam 'radshaw are two of the ma%or oppressors in the novel: Miss
?ilman dreams of felling Clarissa in the name of religion, and Sir *illiam would like to
su!due all those who challenge his conception of the world. 'oth wish to convert theworld to their !elief systems in order to gain power and dominate others, and their
rigidity oppresses all who come into contact with them.
More su!tle oppressors, even those who do not intend to, do harm !y
supporting the repressive #nglish social system. Though Clarissa herself lives under theweight of that system and often feels oppressed !y it, her acceptance of patriarchal
#nglish society makes her, in part, responsi!le for Septimus$s death. Thus she too is an
oppressor of sorts. "t the end of the novel, she reflects on his suicide: ;Somehow it washer disaster0her disgrace.= She accepts responsi!ility, though other characters are
eually or more fully to !lame, which suggests that everyone is in some way complicit in
the oppression of others.
Motifs
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to
develop and inform the text$s ma%or themes.
Time
Time imparts order to the fluid thoughts, memories, and encounters that make up
Mrs. Dalloway. 'ig 'en, a sym!ol of #ngland and its might, sounds out the hourrelentlessly, ensuring that the passage of time, and the awareness of eventual death, is
always palpa!le. Clarissa, Septimus, Peter, and other characters are in the grip of time,
and as they age they evaluate how they have spent their lives. Clarissa, in particular,senses the passage of time, and the appearance of Sally and Peter, friends from the past,
emphasi1es how much time has gone !y since Clarissa was young. >nce the hour chimes,
however, the sound disappears0its ;leaden circles dissolved in the air.=
This expression recurs many times throughout the novel, indicating how
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ephemeral time is, despite the pomp of 'ig 'en and despite people$s wary o!session with
it. ;(t is time,= 9e1ia says to Septimus as they sit in the park waiting for the doctor$s
appointment on 5arley Street. The ancient woman at the 9egent$s Park Tu!e stationsuggests that the human condition knows no !oundaries of time, since she continues to
sing the same song for what seems like eternity. She understands that life is circular, not
merely linear, which is the only sort of time that 'ig 'en tracks. Time is so important tothe themes, structure, and characters of this novel that *oolf almost named her !ook The
5ours.
Sha'es$eare
The many appearances of Shakespeare specifically and poetry in general suggest
hopefulness, the possi!ility of finding comfort in art, and the survival of the soul in Mrs.
Dalloway. Clarissa uotes Shakespeare$s plays many times throughout the day. *hen she
shops for flowers at the !eginning of the novel, she reads a few lines from a Shakespeareplay, Cym!eline, in a !ook displayed in a shop window. The lines come from a funeral
hymn in the play that suggests death should !e em!raced as a release from the constraints
of life. Since Clarissa fears death for much of the novel, these lines suggest that an
alternative, hopeful way of addressing the prospect of death exists. Clarissa also identifieswith the title character in >thello, who loves his wife !ut kills her out of %ealousy, then
kills himself when he learns his %ealousy was unwarranted. Clarissa shares with >thellothe sense of having lost a love, especially when she thinks a!out Sally Seton. 'efore the
war, Septimus appreciated Shakespeare as well, going so far as aspiring to !e a poet. 5e
no longer finds comfort in poetry after he returns. The presence of an appreciation for poetry reveals much a!out Clarissa and
Septimus, %ust as the a!sence of such appreciation reveals much a!out the characters who
differ from them, such as 9ichard Dalloway and 6ady 'ruton. 9ichard finds
Shakespeare$s sonnets indecent, and he compares reading them to listening in at akeyhole. )ot surprisingly, 9ichard himself has a difficult time voicing his emotions.
6ady 'ruton never reads poetry either, and her demeanor is so rigid and impersonal that
she has a reputation of caring more for politics than for people. Traditional #nglishsociety promotes a suppression of visi!le emotion, and since Shakespeare and poetry
promote a discussion of feeling and emotion, they !elong to sensitive people like
Clarissa, who are in many ways antiesta!lishment.
Trees and %lo!ers
Tree and flower images a!ound in Mrs. Dalloway. The color, variety, and !eauty
of flowers suggest feeling and emotion, and those characters who are comforta!le with
flowers, such as Clarissa, have distinctly different personalities than those characters whoare not, such as 9ichard and 6ady 'ruton. The first time we see Clarissa, a deep thinker,
she is on her way to the flower shop, where she will revel in the flowers she sees. 9ichard
and 5ugh, more emotionally repressed representatives of the #nglish esta!lishment, offertraditional roses and carnations to Clarissa and 6ady 'ruton, respectively. 9ichard
handles the !ouuet of roses awkwardly, like a weapon.
6ady 'ruton accepts the flowers with a ;grim smile= and lays them stiffly !y herplate, also unsure of how to handle them. *hen she eventually stuffs them into her dress,
the femininity and grace of the gesture are rare and unexpected. Trees, with their
extensive root systems, suggest the vast reach of the human soul, and Clarissa and
Septimus, who !oth struggle to protect their souls, revere them. Clarissa !elieves souls
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survive in trees after death, and Septimus, who has turned his !ack on patriarchal society,
feels that cutting down a tree is the euivalent of committing murder.
Waves and Water
*aves and water regularly wash over events and thoughts in Mrs. Dalloway and
nearly always suggest the possi!ility of extinction or death. *hile Clarissa mends her
party dress, she thinks a!out the peaceful cycle of waves collecting and falling on asummer day, when the world itself seems to say ;that is all.= Time sometimes takes on
waterlike ualities for Clarissa, such as when the chime from 'ig 'en ;flood@sA= her
room, marking another passing hour. 9e1ia, in a rare moment of happiness with Septimusafter he has helped her construct a hat, lets her words trail off ;like a contented tap left
running.= #ven then, she knows that stream of contentedness will dry up eventually. The
narrative structure of the novel itself also suggests fluidity. >ne character$s thoughts
appear, intensify, then fade into another$s, much like waves that collect then fall.Traditional #nglish society itself is a kind of tide, pulling under those people not
strong enough to stand on their own. 6ady 'radshaw, for example, eventually succum!s
to Sir *illiam$s !ullying, over!earing presence. The narrator says ;she had gone under,=
that her will !ecame ;water2logged= and eventually sank into his. Septimus is also suckedunder society$s pressures. #arlier in the day, !efore he kills himself, he looks out the
window and sees everything as though it is underwater. Trees drag their !ranches throughthe air as though dragging them through water, the light outside is ;watery gold,= and his
hand on the sofa reminds him of floating in seawater.
*hile Septimus ultimately cannot accept or function in society, Clarissa managesto navigate it successfully. Peter sees Clarissa in a ;silver2green mermaid$s dress= at her
party, ;@lAolloping on the waves.= 'etween her mermaid$s dress and her ease in !o!!ing
through her party guests, Clarissa succeeds in staying afloat. 5owever, she identifies with
Septimus$s wish to fight the cycle and go under, even if she will not succum! to thetemptation herself.
Symbols
Sym!ols are o!%ects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent a!stract ideas
or concepts.
The Prime Minister
The prime minister in Mrs. Dalloway em!odies #ngland$s old values and
hierarchical social system, which are in decline. *hen Peter *alsh wants to insult
Clarissa and suggest she will sell out and !ecome a society hostess, he says she will
marry a prime minister. *hen 6ady 'ruton, a champion of #nglish tradition, wants tocompliment 5ugh, she calls him ;My Prime Minister.= The prime minister is a figure
from the old esta!lishment, which Clarissa and Septimus are struggling against. Mrs.
Dalloway takes place after *orld *ar (, a time when the #nglish looked desperately formeaning in the old sym!ols !ut found the sym!ols hollow. *hen the conservative prime
minister finally arrives at Clarissa$s party, his appearance is unimpressive. The old
pyramidal social system that !enefited the very rich !efore the war is now decaying, andthe sym!ols of its greatness have !ecome pathetic.
Peter Walsh(s Poc'et'nife and &ther Wea$ons
Peter *alsh plays constantly with his pocketknife, and the opening, closing, and
fiddling with the knife suggest his flightiness and ina!ility to make decisions. 5e cannot
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decide what he feels and doesn$t know whether he a!hors #nglish tradition and wants to
fight it, or whether he accepts #nglish civili1ation %ust as it is. The pocketknife reveals
Peter$s defensiveness. 5e is armed with the knife, in a sense, when he pays an unexpectedvisit to Clarissa, while she herself is armed with her sewing scissors.
Their weapons make them eual competitors. ?nives and weapons are
also phallic sym!ols, hinting at sexuality and power. Peter cannot define his own identity,and his constant fidgeting with the knife suggests how uncomforta!le he is with his
masculinity. Characters fall into two groups: those who are armed and those who are not.
#llie 5enderson, for example, is ;weaponless,= !ecause she is poor and has not !eentrained for any career. 5er am!iguous relationship with her friend #dith also puts her at a
disadvantage in society, leaving her even less a!le to defend herself. Septimus,
psychologically crippled !y the literal weapons of war, commits suicide !y impaling
himself on a metal fence, showing the danger lurking !ehind man2made !oundaries.
The &ld Woman in the Windo!
The old woman in the window across from Clarissa$s house represents the privacy
of the soul and the loneliness that goes with it, !oth of which will increase as Clarissa
grows older. Clarissa sees the future in the old woman: She herself will grow old and!ecome more and more alone, since that is the nature of life. "s Clarissa grows older, she
reflects more !ut communicates less. (nstead, she keeps her feelings locked inside theprivate rooms of her own soul, %ust as the old woman rattles alone around the rooms of
her house.
)evertheless, the old woman also represents serenity and the purity of the soul.Clarissa respects the woman$s private reflections and thinks !eauty lies in this act of
preserving one$s interior life and independence. 'efore Septimus %umps out the window,
he sees an old man descending the staircase outside, and this old man is a parallel figure
to the old woman. Though Clarissa and Septimus ultimately choose to preserve theirprivate lives in opposite ways, their view of loneliness, privacy, and communication
resonates within these similar images.
The &ld Woman Singing an )ncient Song
>pposite the 9egent$s Park Tu!e station, an old woman sings an ancient song that
cele!rates life, endurance, and continuity. She is o!livious to everyone around her as she
sings, !eyond caring what the world thinks. The narrator explains that no matter whathappens in the world, the old woman will still !e there, even in ;ten million years,= and
that the song has soaked ;through the knotted roots of infinite ages.= 9oots, intertwined
and hidden !eneath the earth, suggest the deepest parts of people$s souls, and this
woman$s song touches everyone who hears it in some way. Peter hears the song first andcompares the old woman to a rusty pump.
5e doesn$t catch her triumphant message and feels only pity for her,
giving her a coin !efore stepping into a taxi. 9e1ia, however, finds strength in the oldwoman$s words, and the song makes her feel as though all will !e okay in her life.
*omen in the novel, who have to view patriarchal #nglish society from the outside, are
generally more attuned to nature and the messages of voices outside the mainstream.9e1ia, therefore, is a!le to see the old woman for the life force she is, instead of simply a
nuisance or a tragic figure to !e dealt with, ignored, or pitied.