The Vienna Settlement and the Concert Of
Transcript of The Vienna Settlement and the Concert Of
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The Vienna Settlement and the Concert of
Europe
1814-1832
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Europe, 1812Before the Congress of Vienna.
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Europe, 1815Europe after the Congress.
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CONGRESS OF VIENNA CONVENESSeptember 1814
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Vienna, 1814Expected Time: 2 monthsActual Time: 9 months
Diplomats present: 700Dominant Figures: 5
Goals1. Restore Balance of Power2. Restore “legitimacy”3. Compensation
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Austria
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Metternich
Foreign minister of Austria
M.I.P Europe: 1814 to 1848
Reactionary, opponent of war
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Francis I
Emperor of Austria
Timid soul
Only job is to restrain Metternich
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Britain
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Lord Castlereagh
British Foreign Minister, 1815-1822
Realistic, but has vision of peace
Wants peace through some type of organization
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Posterity will ne'er survey A nobler grave than this: Here lie the bones of Castlereagh: Stop, traveller, and piss.
-Lord Byron
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Russia
Czar Alexander I
Complex, unstable
Has vision of a “Holy Alliance”
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Prussia
King Frederick William III & Karl von Hardenburg
Goals: Recover Prussian territory lost to Napoleon Gain additional territory in northern Germany (Saxony).
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France
King Louis XVIII [Bourbon]
Talleyrand, foreign minister
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THE SETTLEMENTCongress of Vienna, 1815
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Balance of Power
• Territorial Adjustments:– Belgium (former Austrian Netherlands) to
Netherlands (House of Orange)– Austria receives parts of N. Italy (Lombardy &
Venetia)– Russia receives Finland & most of Poland– Norway goes to Sweden (from Denmark)– Sardinia receives Savoy
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Balance of Power, cont.
• Britain GAINS– Islands in West Indies, land in S. America, Ceylon
in Indian Ocean, & S. Africa’s Cape Colony• Reorganization of German States
– German Confederation of 39 autonomous states– Francis I of Austria president of Confederacy
• France restored to 1792 borders
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The Legacy of Napoleon?
“Napoleon ‘exported’ the Revolution to Europe.”
NATIONALISM & LIBERALISM
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The Concert of Europe‘An Alliance System’
• Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818• Acted as international government/ policeman• Greatest threats: nationalism and liberalism• Lasts as long as memories of Napoleonic Wars
last
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The Age of Metternich
The Revolt against Revolt
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Conservatism vs. Liberalism & Nationalism
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19th Century Liberals
• Who were they?– Those excluded from the existing political process;
they were NOT democratic.– From the middle class --> bourgeois.
• Hostile to the privileged aristocracy.• They sought the removal of economic
restraints (laissez-faire economics).
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19th Century Conservatives
• Who were they?– Traditional ruling classes– Peasants
• Skepticism regarding Enlightenment principles• Against the "excessive" belief in individual
rights• Church, State, and Family: the sources of
social order
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The Revival of Religion
• Catholic countries restored power & status of the church
• Protestant countries witnessed religious revivalismThe Second “Great
Awakening” in America
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Political Challenges to Conservative Rule
• Popular revolts for Constitutional rule:– Spain – Russia
• Nationalist movements:– Italy– Balkans and Greece
• Wars of Independence in Latin America
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Nationalist Movements
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Round One: Crisis in Germany
• Wartburg Festival• Carlsbad Decrees
– Attacked who?– Is censorship ever
effective?
• The Tzar is upset
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Round Two: Spain & Italy
• The Congress at Troppau
• Revolution in Spain, 1820– Liberal revolt– Congress of Verona,
1822– Crushed by French
troops
• Revolutions in Italy– The Carbonari– Congress of Laibach,
1821– Results
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“When a state, by revolutionizing itself,
leaves the alliance, the alliance has the right to
compel it to return.”
-Troppau protocol
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Round Three: Russia
• Death of Tzar Alexandar I– Nicholas I appointed heir
to throne– Moscow regiment &
others wanted Constantine
• The Decembrists Revolt, 1825 – Moscow regiment refused
to take oath, Nicholas used force & crushed revolt.
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The Decembrists
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Nicholas I
“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism”
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Round Four: Greece
• Cry for Greek Independence
• Why are the Europeans sympathetic?
• Results– Treaty of
Adrianople, 1829
– Independent Greece
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Overview of the Revolutions: 1820-1825
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Revolutions Abroad
1804-1830
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Revolutions in Latin America
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The Haitian Revolution‘…the only successful slave revolt in history…’
• 1659-1804: Saint-Domingue was French territory
• Slavery was based on relentless terror• Toussaint L’Ouverture led successful
independence movement
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Revolution of 1830’s
The Conservative Order is Shaken at Home
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“When France has a cold, all Europe
sneezes.”
- Metternich
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France in the 19th Century
A Crisis of Identity?
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1814 to 1830
• Reign of Louis XVIII– Conservative, realistic &
agreed to a Charter– 1820, son murdered– Conservative Reactions
• Reign of Charles X– 1824– Reactionary– The Four Ordinances
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The Four Ordinances
1. Dissolved the entire parliament2. Strict censorship imposed3. Limited franchise to wealthiest people4. Called for new elections
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The July Revolution
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Louis-PhilippeThe Citizen King (1830-
1848)
• Doubled right to vote (1/30)
• Catholicism: “religion of the majority”
• Censorship abolished • Industrial boom in
France + acquisition of Algiers
• One major flaw?
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Louis-Philippe: The Citizen King?
• Socially, very conservative (no sympathy for working class)
• Worker revolts in Lyons, 1832 & 1834
• By 1848, Louis-Philippe will be forced to flee
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A United Netherlands?: 1815-1830
North: Dutch, Protestant, seafarers and traders.
South: French, Catholic, farmers and individualworkers.
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BELGIUM BECOMES INDEPENDENT (1830)
With the help of the Lord Palmerston & the British.
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Revolutions of 1830
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The British Response1789-1832
From Political Repression to the Great Reform Bill
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The British Response?
• Reactionary, at first.– Edmund Burke’s Reflections
on the Revolution in France, 1790
• William Pitt the Younger– Led coalition against
Napoleon in Europe – Led a campaign against
radicals at home– Suspended Habeas Corpus,
etc.
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The British Response?
• Lord Liverpool’s Ministry (Tory)– Corn Laws, 1815– Coercion Acts, 1817– “Peterloo” Massacre
• Six Acts of Parliament, 1819
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The Six Acts of 1819
1. Forbade large unauthorized meetings2. Raised the fines for seditious libel3. Speeded up trials for political dissidents4. Increased newspaper taxes5. Prohibited the training of armed groups6. Allowed local officials to search homes
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The British Response?
• By 1825, Younger Tories moderate the party– Produce liberal
foreign & economic policies
• Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829George Canning
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The British Response, cont.
• William IV – 1830– Whigs called for
parliamentary reforms
• Earl Grey – (leader of the Whig
Party) asked by William IV to form a new government
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The British Response, Cont.
• A reform bill increased the electorate by 50% and “Rotten Boroughs” were replaced
• Great Reform Bill did not resolve all political inequities
• BUT marked a new beginning in English government
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The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform
(1815-1832)
Important Leaders
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METTERNICH, AUSTRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER
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FREDERICK WILLIAM III OF PRUSSIA
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ALEXANDER I OF RUSSIA
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NICHOLAS I OF RUSSIA
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TALLEYRAND, FRENCH FOREIGN MINISTER
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LOUIS XVIII OF FRANCE
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CHARLES X OF FRANCE
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LOUIS PHILIPPE OF FRANCE
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LORD CASTLEREAGH, BRITISH FOREIGN MINISTER
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LORD LIVERPOOL, BRITISH PRIME MINISTER
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WILLIAM IV OF BRITAIN