%...

•^T^T'^A

IMAGE EVALUATIONTEST TARGLT (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

If:lis

'!|40

IIIM

2.0

1.8

1-4ill 1.6

V]

<?/a

'^f

VI

/ft.

c?

/:

7

//A

Photographic

SciencesCorporation

«4^

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

%V

^\\

6^

%^

'f'."

t

\:

CIHM/ICMHMicroficheSeries.

CIHIVI/ICIVIH

Collection demicrofiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Tvchnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notaa tachnlquas at bibliographiquas

Tha Instituta hat attamptad to obtain tha baat

original copy avaiiabia for filming. Faaturas of this

copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua,

which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha

raproduction, or which may significantly changatha usual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow.

D Colourad covars/Couvartura da coulaur

r~~| Covars damagad/

DCouvartura andommagia

Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/Couvartura rastaurAa at/ou paliiculAa

I I

Covar titia missing/

DD

D

D

La titra da couvartura manqua

|~~| Colourad maps/Cartas g6ographiquas an coulaur

Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black /Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua bleua ou noira)

r~l Colourad platas and/or illustrations/

Planchas at/ou illustrations an coulaur

Bound with othar matarial/

Rati* avac d'autras documants

Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion

along intarior margin/La reliura serrie paut causar da I'ombra ou da la

distortion la long da la marga intiriaura

Blank laavas addad during rastoration mayappaar within tha taxt. Whanavar possibia, thasahava baan omittad from filming/

II sa paut qua cartainas pagas blanchas aJoutAaslors d'una rastauration apparaissant dans la taxta,

mais, lorsqua caia Atait possibia. cas pagas n'ont

pas AtA filmAas.

Additional commants:/Commantairas supplAmantairas.-

L'Institut a microfilm^ la maillaur axamplaira

qu'il lui a AtA possibia da sa procurar. Las details

da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-Atra uniquas dupoint da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar

una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar unamodification dans la mithoda normala da filmago

sont indiquAs ci-dassous.

r~1 Colourad pagas/

D

This itam is filmad at tha raduction ratio chackad balow/Ca documant ast filmA au taux da reduction indiquA ci-dassous.

Pagas da coulaur

Pagas damagad/Pagas andommagias

Pagas rastorad and/oi

Pagas restaur4as at/ou palliculAes

Pagas discoloured, stainad or foxe<

Pages dAcolor6es, tachetAes ou piquAes

Pages detached/Pagas ditachies

Showthrough/Transparence

Quality of prir

Qualiti inigaie de I'impression

Includes supplementary materii

Comprend du materiel supplAmentaire

Only edition available/

Seule Edition disponible

r~1 Pages damaged/

[~~n Pages restored and/or laminated/

I—I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/

I

1 Pages detached/

I I

Showthrough/

[~~| Quality of print varies/

r~1 Includes supplementary material/

I—I Only edition available/

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata

slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to

ensure the best possible image/Les pages totalement ou partiellement

obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, una pelure,

etc., ont ilA flimies A nouveau de fa9on A

obtenir la meilleure image possible.

eb

rj

r<

n

10X

Th« copy filmtd h«r« hai batn raproducad thanksto tha ganarosity of:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast qualityposaibia conaidaring tha condition and iaglbiiityof tha original copy and in kaaping with thafilming contract spacifications.

Original copias in printad papar covers ara filmadbeginning with tha front covar and anding ontha last paga with a printad or iliustratad impras-sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. Ailothar original copias ara filmad beginning on thafirst paga with a printad or illustrated impres-sion, and andinc on the last page with a printedor illustrated impression.

The last recorded frame on each microficheshall contain the symbol —• (meaning "CON-TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),whichever applies.

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed atdifferent reduction ratios. Those too large to beentirely included in one exposure are filmedbeginning in the upper left hand corner, left toright and top to bottom, as many frames asrequired. The following diagrams illustrate themethod:

L'exemplaira film* fut reprodult grice A la

g*n4roslti da:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

Lea imagas suivantea ont At* raproduites avac la

plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition atda la nettet* de lexemplaira film*, et enconformit* avac las conditions du contrat dafilmage.

Lea exemplairaa origina>jx dont la couvarture anpapier est imprim*e sont filmis en commen^antpar la premier plat et en tarminant aoit par la

darniAre paga qui comporta una empreinted'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la secondplat, salon la cas. Tous las autras exemplairaaoriginaux sont filmAs en commen9ant par la

premiAre page qui comporte une empreinted'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant parla derniAre page qui comporte une telle

empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la

derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon lecas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le

symbols V signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. pei^vent AtrefilmAs A des taux de reduction diff6rents.Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atrereproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* A partirde I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite,et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombred'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammas suivantsii.ustrent la mAthode.

1

rJ*^

ii

u

I-

c

tl

tl

t(

el

S(

\'

II

III

<ll

111'

It

.1.

se

nn

Sepamt-Alidrui'k hur: ^Intenwtionalos Archiv filr Ethnojmiphie" Bd. III. 189t>.

TIIK

USlH] OF MASKS AND 1 1 KA 1 )-()K\ AMENH^Slis iHi;

xoirniw KsT COAST OF A M i:i:ic.\

BY

l)n. FlIANZ I'.OAS,I'rnf, ill till- I'hirk IniviTsiiy, W^n'str,- I'.S. A.

(With ri.ilc II .V nil.

Our iiiiiM'iiiiis (iiHiaiii laiLTc ((illrctiiins nf masks IVuin tlic Xurtli-Wcst I'nasl nl Aiiiriica,

l)iit it is mily occasiinialiy ilial ilir .lrsi!ri|iliiiiis aiiij ciitalo^jurs u'ivr inliiriiiatidii as td their

ust) ami iiicaniiiK. On niy liisl visil fu liiitisli Culiiiiiliia . in iSMi. I paiil siiccial altciilidii

to this siilijcct. .\ ciiiisiilcialilc ciillccliiin n\' ili'awiiius aiiil |iiiutn;.'raiilis of masks, wiiicii I

CJirrifil with iin'. iliij imi lii'lji me maifiially in my invest iiraf inns. I tVeiinently siinwi'ij

the iliawin^'s to Indians whom 1 ex|iociri| to he conversant with every tinnu' n^llTi'inn to

tills snliject. lint il was nniy in rare cases that they recui.'ni/.eil tiie nuisks, and were alilo

to f-'ive an>' intiii inaticin as to their use an<l meaning'. \'ery soon I aniveil at the ceii-

clusioii , that, (i.xcepl in a \h\\ instances, the masks were no ceiiventinnal types repre-

soiitiii^ certain iileas known to the wiinle people, Imt were eiriier inventions nf the imli-

vidiials wiio nsi^d them, or that I he knowledtjo of their nifanin'-' was contined \i> a limited

numljer of persons. The tumier iiypotiiesis diil not seem prolialile, as the same types of

iiia.sks arc fnund in nnmerons specimens and in coll(;ctions made at diflonnt times and iiy

different piisons. .Vmonj: the lypi's which arc, comparatively froipiontly found, 1 mintion

the 7'.w»i/7,"(/(( '» ol the Kiciihiidl , (a typical i-epresentation of which may ho si en i" ..oiijii-

nal-M i tt lieilnn^;en aus del' Ht li noiojrisclien A lit liei in iif,' der K^rl. .•i,.seen zii

Berlin," N". 4, I'late I, Fi^r. ti, the iiaiie, eat;lc, and raven.

Further inipiiries slmwed that the prol)alHlity of ascertaining.' the meaning.' of a mask

incroiiMid wlien the [larticiilar village was visited in which the specimen was collected.

It was tliu.s that I uscorlaineil the nieaniny: of the dnuhle mask tiL'iired in Woi.kt's ,.('\>t.

.Iacousen's Roise an der Nord w(!sl kilsto Amerika's," p. 11".'. The outer face repre-

sents a deer; the; inner, a Imiiian lii<-e. It n^fers to the tradition of thenri},'iii of the (leer, which

originally was a man. luit was transloinied, mi actnunt of his inteiitiun tu kill the smi of

') A- a gutluiMl A-, almost Ac. 7 tlic (iiriiiiiii rli in liacli. s/ an fxploiliil /.

8724:i

rrclfio N. W. History DeptPROVINOHAL. L.(BRARY

VICfOBIA, B. C,

»V ..

2 -

the <li;ity, into its jin'soiit sha]H: At last I fbiiiid that the use of masks is rlosely connectwl

with two institutions of thi'se tiihes, - with thdr clans nr ^I'ntcs, and witii tlieir secret

societies. Tlie latter class of masks is confined to the KintLinll , Nuthi , and Tuiinshidn,

and I liolieve that they originated with tln' tirstnanied jieople. Tiie meaning of each mask

is not known outside tho f?ens or soc-city to which it helonf^s.

'I'liis liK t makes the st\idy one of threat ditliculty. It is only i)y chance that a specimen

lielonKiiiK to <ine ol our collections can lie identilieil, as only in rare exceiitions the place

whore it was purchased is clearly stated. The majority of spocimons are purchased in

Victoria, wlieie they are collected by traders, who. of course, keep no record of thouroriKin.

]',esides this, the Indians are in the hahit of trading masks, and copying certain

modtds which strike their fancy from neighboring tribes. Tho meaninR of these .si)ecimens

is, of course, not known to tho \)<;n\>U; wiio use it, and it is necessary to study first the

source friMu which such carvings were deriveil. Thus the beautiful raven rattles of the

Tsiiiixliiaii are frcMiut^ntly imitated by the Kwakiiill , and the l)eautifully woven Chilcat-

blankfis are useil as far south as (,'omox. The carved head-dresses of the T.siwsliidii , the

Aiiihiildi'l (used in dance.s), with their attachment of ermine-skins, are even used by the

natives of Victoria.

My in(|uiries cover the whole coast of British Columbia. In the e.xtrenni northern part

of this region a peculiar kind of mask, which has been so well describcil by Kh.klsi;, is

used as a helnnd. I do not think that this cu.stom extends very far south. Setting this

aside, we may distinguish two kinds of masks, dancing masks, ami masks attached to

house-fronts and heraldic columns.

The latter are especially used by tribes of Ktvakhitl lineage and by the Bihinlu. All

masks of this kind are clan masks, having reference to the crest of the house-owner or

post-owner. They are generally made of cedar-wood, and from three to five feet high. One

of the most beautiful specimens 1 have seen, is a mask of the sun, forming the top of an

heraldic column in Alert Hay. Vancouver Island. It belongs to the chief of the gi'Us .S'*'

unillr of the Xiiiikish tribe. The latter is the second in rank among the triijos of the

l\iriil,-iiitl group, which form one of the subdivisions of the linguistic stock of the same

name. The clan claims to be descended from the sun, who assumed the shape of a bird,

and came down from heaven. Ho was transformed into a man, and settled in the territory

of the Niiiiki.-<li ti'ibe. The name of this mask is Thsihtkiiiiill (si..;-mask, from //-' .seta,

sun; itiinill. mask). It has a bird's face, and is surrounded by rays. Certain clans ot

the Biliiitltt have the mythical Masiiiasnld'niq, covered by an immense hat, on the tops of

their house-fronts; luit tlu' use of masks for this purpose is, on the whole, not very extensive.

In order to understand their meaning and use, it is net'cssary to investigate very

thoroughly the .social organization of each tribe, and to study these masks in connection

with the carvings represented on tlu' posts and beams of the houses and with the |iaintiugs

found on the housefronts. Thus the Kinikiiitl proiier are thi' highest in rank among the

group ta which the XiwkMi belong. They are divided into four groups, which rank as

follows; first, the Km' hhi; next the A'-'o' iiio/iik or Kiic' i/a (the latter being their war

name); then the Lo' kiiililn : and linally the \V(ila><kirakiiitl. Each ofthe.se is divided into

a number of dans, some of which, however, belong to two or three of these divisions.

1 shall mention here the divisions of the Kw' tela only, again arranged according to rank,

and shall aiid tlieir princijial carvings.

8

- 8

1. 'I'lic niilile.st clan is tliat of MalnlnlK. Their ciiiif wiais a mask it'iircsi'iiting \\>\\

gull, and they use also masks nf animals it'incsmtin^,' llic tiHid of tlic i:nll. Tlirii- hcams

are not carveil.

2. Kwdkwn' k'lon. Tlio posts sn|i|iortinL; llio lirams of tlw iionsc rrpn'scnt the f,'risly

bear, on top of wliicli a crane is sitting'. 'I'lieir mask represents the crane.

H. (hii'iisini. Tlieir i»ost represents a irane standin a man s iiead

4. 1.1 ithUi(jn' riiil' ((ill. who aro the servants of the Kifuhnn' Irnm. Their post i> kill er

(Dt!l|)lnnus Orca) with a man's hotly.

T). Si'xiiitir (the same clan as that of the Ximlii.sli) leir carxiiit; is the sun. Besides

this, they n.sf a dug's mask, representing the doi; which aecompanied the snn when he

was transforinod into a man. the Tsdiiu'lriiii . and se\eral other car\iiit.'s.

Kacli clan has a niimlier of secondary carvings which have reterenre to the traditions

relating the adventures of its ancestor.

As will lie seen from this list, the endilems are also usotl as ilatniim-masks. The use

of masks for this purjiose is spread all over the coast, Iming found anioni; the T/ini/il as

well as among the trilies near Victoria; hut among the hitter very tiw types of masks

are used, and it is the privilege of certain tribesand clans to wear them. <Mi Plate 11 iV HI a

nundier of these masks are icprescnted. before discussing tlieir meaning, I have to say a

few words as to the use of daiicing-masks.

Wo may distinguish two da.s.ses of daiicing-inasks. - those peculiar to the several clans,

and those helonging to secret societies.

The former are of two different kimls, - masks used at the ixitlutiii (the festival at

which property is given away), and masks used for the mimical pert! irinances in winter,

when dances representing the traditions of the clans are acted. Masks iiiust not he used

in sunimor and during daylight, except the jinllatch masks. The latter ari- worn hy {'hiefs

in the dance opening this lestival. After the guests have arrived, the chief who gi\i's the

festival ojiens the ceremonies hy a long dance, in which he wears the principal mask of

his gens. Thus the chief of the gens Si'xiiitic of the Kinikinll uses the sun or the Txoini' Irati,

w'hicli is exactly like Fig. 4, Plate 1 in N". 4 of the ,.(»riginalmittlieilnngt;n", e.Nce|)t that it

is all black, and has no marks repre.senting copperplates on its iheeks. Other masks of

this kiml repri'seiit the ancestor of the clan. Thus 1 found a mask reiiresenting XntiKm

(= the old one), PI. Ill Fig. U) the hiotheiof the raven, uspil hy the chief ot a dan of the 'nnnil.si.s,

of which lie is the ancestor. A tinv gentes do not always use masks at such occasions,

hut have larw jiosts representing the ancestor, which are hollowed out from liehiiid. The

mouth <if such a post forms a speaking-tube, through which the chief addresses the assc'inhly,

thus acting the part of his ancestor.

By far the most interesting masks ate those used in the winter dances. The KiaikhiU

and all the neighlioring tiibes which belong to tlit; .same elhnolot;ical group have two

different kinds of winter dances, — one called Yn' wiqa by the Kirukiufl, Xn' nllcin by the

TIdtlitsik'iiala, Tlniiht'ijii hy the U'ik'i' iiok, and Si.sdii'kh by the liiliiuht; the other called

Taa' ik'u, 7'w' tsu' ik-d, or Tlnk-oa' Id, and Kn' xiitf \>y the same sejiarate tribes.

The former dance takes place during the month of November among the southern tribes,

early in October among the Bilip a. The latter is danced from December to I'ebruary by

the Kirakiiill, and from November to .lanuary liy the liihinlu.

The masks on Plate III aie used in the dance Simm'klt of the Hih/iila. Nos, 1 and 2

9

- 4

ropresciit the mj'thical h'-oiii'i'ton iiml his wile, h'niiiii'k'ni is a scii-monstor, tlic fatliiT

ami iiia.slcr nf tlic soals, wlm tal<(^s tjiosc wlio liavc (ii|isiz<'i| in liieir caiiofs to tliu liotlnm

(pC III!' sia. Til's liciii;.' |ilays a vriv iiii|Miitani |iail in tlie io^iemls nf many clans, niarryin«

a ilau^litcr ot tlic ancrstor. or jeiiilin^' liini liis iMiwcif'nl iidii. 1 liciirvc tiicsi Ic^ciiils

(iri^;inaliy liclnn^'eil In tlio Kirnl.lnfl , anil lia\'(' liccn liuii(i\v((i liy tlic Hiliinla. '\'\\v nanio

Kiiii.ii'kdii is iiniliiiililc-i||y iif Kiiiili-iiill origin : it lias also lici'ii Imirowcd liy tlic ('ullu'ltij

.

the sontlidii nri^'liliois of tlir Kirakinll. TIk^ masks aid iist-d in sfvciai mimiral iMiloiniaiiccs.

l''i(;s, o and \ lii'lon^; to^'ctlicr. Tliry liclon;,' to a clan in whose liistoiy K-nnin'/riiii

plays an iMi|ioilaiit |iart. K-<iiiin'lrnii liad nianinl a ;;iil. and llio adventures oC iheir son

are acted in the dance. The yoimi; man [V'vj.. .ii calls tlie eajile (Fij,'. 4) and asks liiiii to

carry him all over the world. The eaj:le comiijies with his requests, and on retmniiiL' the

yoim^ man tells his e.\|i(iriences, liow he had visited all countries and |)eo|p|es. and I'oiind

them not to he leal men, bnt halt liiiman, halt animal. This hitter idea is widely spread

anion;; the inlialiit.ints ot iht^ North-West (.'oiist.

The iie.xt Hgnre (oi is the mythical M(iniii(iniilii'iii<i. 1 have tieateil of these myths on

a previous occasion (see (ilolms. vol. Lllli. The special mask leprc'sented here is used

in a dance in vvhicli Miisnidxtilit'iiiii ajipears in his house, at the entrance uf which stands

his inesseii«er, AUt/iiln' hinim. who calks, anil aiiiiouiKcs the arrival of tlie various dancers,

the Thnnderliird . the Sinin' ilr (the Tsnnnlr'an of the lii/i/nlnj. ami others, Lnt'ortuiiately

1 was iinaMc to uliiain this mas!;. It represents a linman face, covered with parallel

stripes which inn from the upper left side to the lower ri^jht side of the tiice. and are

alternately red and hliK;. lie carric's a baton painted in the same way.

ri. Ill I'i;:, ti is prohahly not used in the Sisiiii'l;h, hut helon^is to t\H\ jMitlatrh. It is a

headornaiiient in the shape of the killer (Delphimis Orca). Only the head, the tail, and the

tins are ie|iresented, 1 was told that the idea of the head-dri'ss is to reiiresent this whale

as a canoe, the red horns hein« the jiaddles. Although this idea coriespond.s to s./me .'Xtent

to the myths of the neighborin;,' tribes, 1 doubt the correctness of this exi)lai. '.tioii. The

horns, it will be seen, form a crown similar to the crowns of copper horns and 'iiouiitain-

f;oat lionis u.sed by the Tfiiiiisliiaii anil Hithhi: and 1 believe our specimen is an 'mitation

of the latter,

Althou^'li the last three li^'ures are rather poor specimens of carving autl paiitin;;,

they nevertheless command considerable interest. The round mask (Fi;:, 7) represems the

spirit Ainililtii'l.s'iii , and is used in thi' dance opcminu; the Si.sini'bh. Three sjiirits - Atliiml;-

tdui'lx, .\'(iiiiix(l;iii'ii , and AiiiiHI;ii'l>i'ai -~ are said to live in the woods, Thron;;ii their help

men acipiin^ the art of daiiciii;;, and wh()S(jever wishes to become a wod dancer invokes

Alhiiiil.'liidi'l.s III help him. It is said that they live in a sulilerraneaii lod^e dn;; out by

yiiiiii.sikiic'ii. From Feliruary until October they stay in this house, but then they leave

it and approach the villa;,'es. As soon as they, and more especially AiiHlikii'tn'ai , api)ear,

the danct' Si.sdii'/;!/ be;,'iiis. Their apperam-e is the subject of the lirst mimical iierformaiice

of the danc'n^ seasiai. ,\ man wearing' this ma.sk wails outside the hou.ses, and asks

everybody whom he encounters why he does not dance, and tlirou;,di his presence instigates

him to dress up and make his appearance at the ^reat dance which is celebrated at ni;;ht.

PI, 111 Fi^. s represents the half-moon. The mask is used in a dance together with the

new and full moons. The mask is worn liy a woman, and the being she represents is

named Ainliiliihi.

lU

I'l

'mm

— i)

(l

Fin. it liMs tilt' sliaiie of tlio wcll-kiiciwii iii|.]MTiil!it<'s wiiic li arc so lii^;lily valm-il mi

the Nditli-Wcsl Coast. Its naini' is Tin' lin (chiiim r|iliil('i. Tlit> lnu'ciul In wliicli this mask

refei's Kiys Miat a man went iiiln a ilistaiit (niintiy i.i sianh tiir a witi'. At last hr met

Till' lid, tli»' inistirss iif (lie I (i|i|icrplalis. lie iiianiril Inr. aiiil it was thus tliat thrv

lifst caiiii' to iir known to Ihf Hihinlit.

1 sail! alioV(\ tlial tliis danco of llic HHiiiiln < iirirs|ionils lo thr S'l'nllriii of Hie 'I'/kI-

liisik' iKilii. Tlic (loulilc mask liunitd on |i. li".i o|' Woi.nr's lionk. wliic h I mi'ntionnl aliovc.

lii'lon^s to tliis ilancf, In iln' villa^ic ihiinln'-s/h . wliirli is icimnionly lallcil and siicllcd

Newftii liy i;iit;iisli tradt is. I collccti'd a whole set of siuli masks, ii'incsfnliii^ .Jlic frasi

of till' raven." This collection has been de|Misiied in (lie lioyal i';ilmo|o;.'ical Museimi at

IJeilin. The ceiitial 11^'uie is the raven, to whose hKe two mo\alile winirs arc attached,

Tho other li^;iires represent animals which lodk piirl in the feast. The lirst part of the

daiKc represents the raven catcliiiij; tln' salmon, which is latc^r mi fried. The animals are

invite(| to partake in tlu! meal, and the events of this feast an^ represented in the ilaiice.

it was mi thai oicasimi that they received their preseiil Hnni. while lit'l'me they had lieen

hall'liuman l>ein;:s.

.\t the end oi' tin; Sn'nlliiii s(^ason the 'I'sn' ihi he^iiiis. IHirin^' this season ih(\ whole

trilie is dixided into a numlier of uroiips, which form stjcret .societies, Ammi« the Kmikiiill

1 ohserved seven groups, tho principal of which is called the Mr' niilrniil. To this ^rmip

helmif.' the lla'iiiatx'a, the crane, the lln' tinni . ;,'risly hear, and ilu' Su'lliiiiall. The lirst,

Hccoiid, and thinl of thesis are the ,,iiiaii-eaters". The other ^'lonps are llie followin;^:

2. Ivi>l"iisl;i' iiKi, wlio are formed hy the old men.

;^. Miui'iiiii'i'iKit (the killers), who are formed hy the yoiin;^ men.

4. Mii'iiiiitis (the dams), the marriiMl women.."). K-it'lniw (the partriilnes), the uniiiarried a'nls.

t). Ili'iiirik- (tiKKse who eat contiiuially), the old chiefs.

7. IvrLi'i/dldlr (the Jackdaw), the (children.

Every one of these Ki'onps ha.s its separate feast, in which no memher of another t,'roup

is allowed to partake; tiut hefore heKiniiiii^' their feast they must send a dish of food to

the Hdiiidlx'd. At the opening of the ti'ast the chief of the j,'rou|i for instance, of the Ivi'

k-do — will say, ,.The partridges always havi' something' nice to eat", and then all |iee|) like

partridges. All these ureups try to offend the Mi'milnxd , and every one of these has

some particular ohject hy which he is otlended. The ;::risly iiear must not he shown any

red color, his preference Ijcinu black. The Xu'lliiiml/ ;iiid crane do not like to hear a nose

iiieiitioiied , as I heirs are very long. Sometimes the Ibrmer try to induce men to mention

their noses, and then they burn and smash \vhate\cr they can lay their hands on. Kor

example: a Sn'tlvniall blackens his nose. Then the people will say, ,.t>h, ymir luiad is

black!" but if somebody should happen to say, ,,\VluU is the matter with yoiir nose?"

he would take otfence. Soinetiiues thi\v cut o|f the ,.noses" (jf canoes because of their name.

The Xii'tlcindtl must be as tilthy as ))ossible.

Sometimes a chief will give a feast to which he invites all these groups. Then nobody

is allowed to eat before tlie ll(('nidts'a has had his share and if Ik; shoidd doi'line to

accept the food offered to him, the feast must not take place. After he has once hitien

men, he is not iillowed to take part in feasts.

The chief's wife must make a brief speech before tiie meal is .served. She has to say,

11

(

— rt

^I tli.iiik you (111- ((Piiiiiit.'. Mo mciTV and I'lit ami ilriiik." If she should make a mistaki^

tiy doviatiriK linni tin' tininula, slic lias to KWf aiiotlH'r I'casf.

The tlrst- (if tlics<' classes, tlui Mi'rnii'oal, ar<i a real nest of secret societies. I tailed

In mijii ;i full umlerstandiiiK of this sulijoct, which offers one of the most interestiu;; hut

at till' saUH' time innst ditlicull iimlileins of Xnrth-VVest American ethnology. I am parti-

cularly iti iloulit as to in how tiir the secret societies are inde|iendont of the ('lans. It

seeius to me, from what I was aide to learn, that the crests (jf the clans ami tiie insi<:nia

of the secret sottietios are aci|uire(l in tli(! same way. Thev are oldained liy marriage, if

a man wants to olitain a certain carvin^' or the luendiersliii) of a secret socit^ty. ho mustmarry the ilaunhtdi' of a man who is in possession of tins carviuR or is a niemljor of the

secret .society; hut this can lio done only hy consent of the whoh* trihe, who nmst declare

the candidate worthy of iieconnni,' a nieniher of this society or of ac(|uirintr that crest.

In tlie sjime way the chieftaincy of one of tlie.se .societies devolves upon the luishand of

the chief's daughter. If the chicsf of a certain clan or of a secn^t .society has no daughter,

a sham iiiania^re is c(!leliratcd hetweeii the cliief's son and the future chief. But in someinstances, tlu; d.in^'hter oi- son succeeds immeiliately the father.

The ceremonies are as foilous. When it has Ih'cu decided that a man is worthy of

aciiiiiiim: a crest , he sends messengers to his intended wife's fatht^i- to a.sk his |icrmis-ioii

to marry the ^'iil. If the tiitlier consents, he demands fifty hlankets, or more, accordin^j;

to his rank, to lie paid at once, and doiiliie the amount to he jiaid three months later.

After these two payments have lieeii made, the youiij,' man is allowed to live with his

wife in liis parents-ill law's house. There he must live threti mouths, and, after having

paid a hundred lilaiikets more, is allowed to taKe his wife to his own home. Sometimes

the ;,'iiTs fiither receives a> iniicli as five hundred Idankets in course of time.

WIkmi the yoiuii,' man comes to live in his fiither-in-law's li<iu.se, the latter returns

the titty hlankets which tnrnied the first instalment of the payment for the tiirl. At this

timo the yoiiii'^ man ^'ives ,i fi'ast (without ^riviiif,' away hlankets). and on this occasion

the old man states ,if what time \w intends to return the rest of the jiayment. DuriuK

this feast the youiif; man rises, and in a lony; speech asks his wife's father to give himhis cnwt (carvinjis) and name. The father must comply with this request, and announces

when he is piinjj; to transfer his rank and diiinity. This is done at a p;reat festival. I amnot t|uite sure whether the whole trihe, or the clan alone, takes part in it. The father-in-

law takes his coppcu' and formally makes it over, tojrether with his name and carving:,

t<i the youn;,' man. who presents the quests with lilankets.

These filets are derived from infiirmation which I olitainod in OuDita'aiir (Newetti),

Fort Uupert, and Alert Bay, and from a thorough study of the traditions of these trihes,

in which the memhership of secret societies and carvinf;s, are always ohtained hy marriage.

Notwithstanding this, the man who is thus entitled to heconie memher of the secret

society nmst lie initiated.

The memhers of these societies, when performing their dances, are characterized byliead-di'e.s.ses and certain styles of painting, some of which are represented on Plate II, as

1 found them u.sed hy the 'riatlanituala.

The most important among them is the Hfi'mats'a (derived from ham to eat). I havedescrilied his initiation in the first numlier of the ,.Journal of American Folk-Lore," p. ."j8,

and shall tontine myself here to a brief description of his attire. The new HiVmats'a

12

Mmmmmm

(Uuicos four nisjhts, - twice witli liiiKs nflKMiilnck hnmchi's, twice with nn«s i>f codiii-liiiik

wliicli lias liocii (lyoil n'll. Strips of cc(l:ii-li;nk aiv tied into liis imir, whicji is covimimI witii

eauio-iiowri. His Ihco is iiaiiitnl nlack. He wears tliroe neck-riiins of cedar-liaik anaii-;ei|

as siiowii ill I'i. 11 Fi«. 1 :i and eacli of a separate desi^-ii. St rips of ledariiark are tied aroundliis wrists and ankles. He dances in a sipiatliiiu' position, his arms extended to one side,

as thon^h he wore carrying a corpse. His iiands ,ire IrenihlinK continnally. First he extendshis arms to tiie left, then lie Jumps to the iiy:lit. at the same time moviii« his arms to

the ri^iit. His eyes are starint;. mul his lips inntrudinu' voluptuously. 'I'lie new lliniiiitK'n

is not allowed to have iiiti>rcoiuse with anylMMly, Imt must stay tor a whole yoar in his

rooms. He mnst not work until the end of the tollowinu' danciiii,' season. The IIu'iiihIk'h

innst nse a ki^ttle, dish, and spoon of their nwii for four months after tiie dancing seasonis at an end; then tln'se are thrown away, ami they are allowed to eat with the rest oftli(^ trihe. DnriiiK the time of the winter dance, a pole called hii'mspi,! is erected in thehou.so where the llu'malKH lives. It is wound with red-cedar hark, and made so thatit can he made to tnrn round, fiver the eiilraiice o| the house a riii^' of red cedariiarkis fastened, to warn oft' those who do nut lieloii;; to tin' seciet societv. The same is d(Mi(>

liy the other secret societies, eacli usini,' its peculiar ornament.

Another society is called Md'niuk'n. Tln^ initiation nf a new memlier is exactly like

that of the Hu'iiititu'd. The man or woman who is to hecoine Mu'mnlr'n disappears in thewoods, and .stays for several months with Md'undr'n , the spirit of this j;idup, who f,'iveH

iiiin a nia^ic staff and a small mask. The staff is made of a wooden lulie and a. stick that

fits into it, the whole hein^ covered with cloth. In dancint;, the Minnak.'a carries this

staf!' hetween the jialms of his Iiands, which he pre.s.s(!s against each other, moving,' his

arms at the same; time np and down like a swimmer. Then he opens his hands, soiiaratin^'

the palms, and the .stick is seen to ^row and to decrease in si/e. Wluiii it is time for tht^

new Mii'iiKtlr'a to return from the woods, the inliahitants of the villat,'e no to search for

him. They sit down in a s(|uar<> somewhere in the woods, and sin^ four new souths. Thenthe new Mn'mak-'a ai)pears, adorned with hemlock hranches. Wliili; the Hd'nia/n'a is ^'iven

ten companions, the Mn'mak-'a has none. The same nis^lit he dances for the first time.

If he does not like one of the son^;s, he shakes his stalf, and immediately the spectators

cover their heads with their hlankets. Then he whirls .lis staff, which strikes one of thr)

spectators, who at once hesiiis to hloed profusely. Then Ma'mat'a is reconciled hy a newson},', and he pulls out his stalf from the stricken man's lioily. He mu.st pay the latter

two blankets for this perforiiiaiice, which, of cour.se, is at,'ree(l upon heforehand. Theattire of the Ma'mak-'a is shown in I'I, H l"i^'. 4. His face is painted hlack, except the chin

and the ujiiter lip.

The Ola/a (PI. H Fij;. oi is another iiienilier of this ^jroup. The braid on the rif,'ht side ofhis head is made of red cedar-bark. He also wears a neck-rinK, and strips of bark tied

around his wri.sts and ankles. Tiiis fijznre is jiarticiilarly reniarkaljh', as the Tsimsliinn

desi!j;nate by this name the Ha'maln'a. Undoubtedly Hie Ola/a was acipiired by Hiem throu^^h

intermarriage with the Hriltsnk (erroneouslv called IMa Brlhi). Tlnjy will the Olala also

Wihalai't (= the great dance).

The La Inmj represents the ghost, lie wears black eaglefeathers (I'l. II Fig.Hi in a ring

of white cedar-bark, to winch fringes are attached which cover his face. He wears shirt

and blanket, andai)lain ucck-ring niadoof rod cedar-liark, PI. H Fig. I without any attachments.

- H

III' (iiiiifs ii lattlr, I'l. II I'it:. 7 \vlii( li K |]|i>..iit> an fii^'lc, anil i^ aluiiit a Ibot li>nn. IIi'iIih'h

niif ilani')'. I>nt lli's linwn, nnly Hliaklnu hi!* rattii'.

Till- .s'/7/V (I'l. II Kit'. Hi when ilaminL' lanii- a Innu' Inlw nf MiftnitMl k<'l|>. i loscij at mie

siili' liy a pii'if i>\' wuml, in his ninulli. Siiilii''iily lir lir^iiiN In Mnw it ii|i, ami tln' tulx)

iK^iris til umw out nf Ills inmitli, icproHcnthnj a snaki'.

Till' 'IVi'li'iiis (I'l. II Kiu'. iti lariiis a meat niiMilifc nf small wliistli's iinitatiim the viiici-s

ot liinls. Tlif Tli'ijiiliiif is ii'ini'scnliil in I'l. II I'it'. H>. Me wcats a civca IhmiIiIicss. anil his

ffcniiis is till' spirit Wi'mildkiiiM. Tin' laltic livrs uii thr sea. riiiiliinially tiavi'ljiim in a

lioai. It' a man happiiis tn sc.' him. ln' tails sick. Wn'liiinnn . anulln'C IL'inc n|' thfso

(lanrcs, weal's a iMnnl nf H'll it'ilai-hark . lisiim tVnm tln' miililli' part ul' his tini'lirail, Ills

fail' is paiiitcil all l>lark.

All thi'si' (li:m<'s Ih'Ihiik In thf Mi'iinlrmif , cvci'v oni' npitisriitiim a riass pratfrti'il

by a coitaiii spirit. .\s thr mi'anin>„' ul' thisc ilam-rs is kipl sccict hy thr Mirirlics, it is

('.Ntiijiiily ijitliriijt 1(1 cililaiu any inl'iiinaiinn as in tlcir simiillcunce. HjuIi tlmir'ti has ii

smiK iii'iiiliac tn itsrit; hnt thi'si' sciiiL's, 111' wliii Ii I nlitaincil a nmsidi'ialilc ninnlM'i-. ilo

imt riiiivry any inliiiinatinn . as they aic iiulhin;,' luil l"iastt'iii aniiiinnnini'iits nt thi' pciwn-

anil ii'iji.wn of I'arli ti;;nii'.

I iniliiatnl almvr that raih nt' these ll^im-es has a p(M'iiliai' way nf ilaiiiin^'. .\ ilcsciip-

lion III 11(11' 111' these ilanies may he ul' interest I'ntiirtnnately I dicl not see it ntysell'. Imt

the intiiKnatiiiii was iiliiaineil t'lnm a native '. iiin I lia\e icasun to rnnsiijei' tcnstworiliy.

lie said:

..hniini,' tile ilallie Txk' ilni the whistles Ts'i'hiih/dlil . whirll lliakrs lllnse wllu heal'

its sdiiiid happy, and Tliiii'iK ace I'lcipienlly used. Winn the daine 7'o'(////7 is In he peclliiiiied,

these whistles are heaid in the winuis and in the lianrinL'-liniise. .\ cinlain is put dp ((ear

the lice, si'iiaratin;; a siii.ilj cncnii tVniii the main iiall, ainl in tlie evening; all a.sseinhle to

witnt'ss the dance. Several ila((iers hide iM'hind the i((rtai((, while olheis lit>at titne with

lifiivy stirks mi the iimf and <>u the walls nl the hii((se. I>((riiii; tliis ti(((e the whistle.s

are silent: Iml as simim us iln men dii the n mi slop healiirj lime, the whistles are heard

aj.'ai(i. Now the ai[ilii'((ie liej;in heatinL' time with stirks, at (lie same li(((e sin^^ini:, ...\

!

Ai! ail ail aia ainl" the tone Inin',: drawn down t'dKn a hit^h key, down thron;,'l( an mtave.

'ri(e(( Inur wii(([en ((lake llieir appeaiaine. their hair lonihed so as to entirely hide their

fans. They ^^o aronnd the lire, and disappear liehind tlie eiirtain. .Mler t'onr soniis are

snnj,', the iliii'l' dei'lares that they have disappeared in the woods.

..'I'lie t'ollowi(n: ila>' ("eiylMMly mi'ii, wixnen . and rliildreii is iinitrd jiy one

man or another, and ilirv danie with masks. The ne.xt ((iornin;4 all ^o into the woods to

look foi the to([r Women. Tiny siiiL: limr new somrs. and then the woi((e(( n(aki' their

appi'aia((i'i'. Thoy have heromi! (he MniiKilru. K'l' niiiinlrs . Iln'iintls'ii . and T'l'iinil, The

latter (((lives only very little when dani i((i:. She holds her elhows pressed lirmly ai.'ainst

her sides. The pahns ol' her hands are iniiU'd upward, and she (((oves tlii'((( a little upward

i((id downward. She siniis. ..Y;\. ya . ya 1" and wears a nerklil of lie((ilo(k liraiuhes. The

tiuir Women ne.xt no home, a(iiin[|ia((ii'il liy the crKwd. \Vi(e(( Tn'iiiiit i((l('rs the hniiso,

the aiidieiiii' heat time with a rapid moveiiieiit. She liej-'ins to lianee: and when, after a

short ti(((e, she cries, ..Whip, whip, whip" the piople stop sint,'iiiy; and lieafint; time.

Four ti((ies she r((ns triiipinu' around the lire, forward a((d backward, holding her hands

as de.scriliod ahuve. Then she tm((s round, a([d (((oves her arnis in the .same way as

14

- « -

Mn'miilcd (sec |i. \'.\). Tliiff liiiifs she ii|n'iis her h:inils. tivini; In nlitiiiii liiT wliistli' IVoiii

lllT Sliirit, lull silc lino llMt sIKrcd Ulllil lllf ImIIIIIi lilllr. Sll.' wllil !> tile wlllstit' atl.llll.st

till' iMiii|ilo, Willi jniiiiiiliiiicjv >l<iii|i uikI foVfi llnir li(;iil> with ilicir lil;iiikft.s, coiilliiiiin«

111 lii'iil lliiic. Allir a nIii"I IIiih' Hh'V uiu uvit tjicir tliirs lo sec svlml /''•i/h/V Iims lu'cii

ijoiiiu'. II is sii|i|Hisril tli.il iiif.iiivvliiji lici' Ki'iiiiis is Willi Ikt, ami as a siun u| his iikisciki'

sill' liiijiis a liii'/i' lisli ill Inr liaiiils, '), then lakrs up a knili' ami iiils it in lwi>. iiDiiir-

ilialcly il is tiaiisliiniinj inln Ci'ilim. i;i. liiii'l' nf ilir i|iiiil>li'lii'ail)'i| snakes, ll ^mws ra|iii||y

ill icn^'lli, iniivi's aJKiiK' IIh' llmir, ilimh. ijic |i.imIs uj' ilic limisf, aiHJ lliially ilisap|pt'ais mi

llic lieams.

„Niiw llii' aiiiiii'iiri' lii'iiiii •,((••• iiiMfo t" lual timi'. luvcrini.' tlifir fares. (1n lunkiiin

up. Ilii'v si'c S'li'iilliiiiUijilii liv llio siilc ( r the T'l'iiiiit . liainiiij; ami wiiisliinj;. Sinidciily a

t.'iiil ali^lils nn '"is lieaij. ami smiii i-som u^aiii. tarryiiiK liis licail."

.\ li'W spnjini'iis 111' Mil' Smniniik'iiln ari' in IIh' ciillriliiui al Hcilin, and hih' iii'iii' I

liavi' siM-i in Wasliiiiuinii, || is a small wimiicn liuiiii'. riidcly rarvt'd, wil.ii ninvialilr

arms and Icks. 'I'Ih' li;.'iirr is iiciicitlv Hal . Iiijiit: slmwii iiiil> in rnuil view. Tiir lirad is

a Hal disk, I'l. II \''\\i. It liislcncd liy incansnra pin In liic Imdy. Tln'i'visaii' iiarinw. ;ind I wnlirnad lines iiiade nf mii a iiiii \eiliiall\ dnwiiwaid heluw llie eyes. The iiair is made urinislii Is

of liuiiian hair. Niinieniiis niiriianiial deviies of lliis kind, innveij liy invisihle striii^;.s, are

u.sed in Ihe wiiiler dames.

The winter daiire is nunimleil hy ilir Tsu'ilrniiill (= T-^n'ilriiiinisI:). This con .cidiiiu

cereimmy I rniind in use as well aiiiniii.' liir l\'il:'''ii<ilr as ,i!miii« the 'riullnsik'oulti and

Kind-iall. The llist eall il lln'xImiiH; the i'sl HiiIhIH.ikiikii. When the lime uf this

dance appitiaijies, Die Wili'i'imlr erect a lartie sealtiild in tiie middle |iarl "t Ihe rear

wall 111' the lnHise. mi whiili llu'xhii'il is daiieid by a eliiers daii^htor. The scalfnld is

liiiill liy I'liiir iliiel's. lis pdsts are lied tnKelhor with red and white codarhark. .\ shaman

stands in the dimr nf the hmise. his duty heiiisi to annminee the arrival i<\' llie damir,

Annther sits in the lefi nar mrinr mi the iilalfmin i>\' the limise, playing the drum Twnmore stand tn the ii;.dit and left of the .scalfnld, and nmvo their iiand.s slnwly Inwards the

dancer. When the dainer enters the hnuse. the spectators must cover their heads with

their hlankets. Wlmever dnes nnt nliey this law must |iay lier a certain numlier nf lilankeis.

Tiio spectators sit in the front part of the hmiso, and accomjiaiiy her dauci! with smi;;s

and lioatiiit; time. The scalfnld is distmyed aftei' Hd'shtiiitl lias danced fnur nitihls. This

is the end nf the winter daiicos; and noitlier tho Hii'ukiIhii nor the Xii'tlniKttI , llii'

Mti'mairn, imr any of the other tii.'ures ,ire .allowed to cmitimie thoir practices, their privi-

leges only reviving' at the lie^'inninj,' nf the tollnwing dancing season.

i

15

r

INT ARCH f ETHNOGR Bdi. I!: TAK 11

SA^ 'jrf* ^VKi'wa^X ' . >*. - Al.

^mfmrnim hi i h. m,. i miji iii^i iibiuiijini^U-i I;'"UfVPRRilimMHPT

>^ INT.ARCH.F ETHNO&R. Bd III TAK II.

*fi-

aucL del

.

P.W.MTi'ap exc.

4

i

k.

m M? TAF '.n

1

i^rtk i'lup ticc.

MMMMMl^H^l^n ^liF

r'^Jl

INT.ARCHF. RTHNOGR Dd III TAF. Ill

awot.delPWM.Trap.exe.