THE US THE US ENTERS THE ENTERS THE GREAT WARGREAT WAR

USH2.H.6.1 Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy since Reconstruction

USH2.H.6.2 Explain the reasons for United States involvement in global wars and the influence each involvement had on international affairs

Generalizations:• World conflicts can cause domestic priorities to shift.• Nationalism may have both a positive and negative impact on a nation as well as the global environment.

The Essentials…

Essential Questions:

•How and why did American foreign policy shift from neutrality to interventionism at the beginning of World War I.How and why the United States joined with the Allied Powers to end World War I.How and to what extent American involvement in World War I affected United States foreign policy and helped make the “world safe for democracy.”How and why economic and political conditions in Europe after World War I led to the rise of authoritarian rulers and the onset of World War II.•How and why did American foreign policy shift to isolationism after World War I.

**WW I began in Europe in 1914 and lasted until 1918.

The United States did not enter the war

until 1917.**

Neutrality-isolationism

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT OF 1917

Required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft

Candidates were drafted through a lottery system and then either accepted or rejected for service by a local draft board

About 2.8 million Americans were drafted while another 2 million volunteered

AFRICAN-AMERICAN TROOPSNearly 400,000 blacks were drafted to serve overseas

Had to serve in segregated units under white officers, faced racial discrimination

- Still, many, such as the “Harlem Hell Fighters,” served with distinction, winning medals

THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD

Created in July 1917

Run by former stockbroker Bernard Baruch

Tasked with efficiently managing US industry in the manufacture of war materials

- Controlled what products were made in US factories

FOOD ADMINISTRATION

Run by Herbert Hoover

Responsible for increasing food production and reducing food consumption

Encouraged families to grow their own food in “victory gardens” and to observe “Wheatless Mondays” & “Meatless Tuesdays”

FUEL ADMINISTRATIONRun by Harry Garfield

To conserve fuel, Daylight Savings Time was created and Americans were asked to observe Heatless Mondays

Factories not making war materials had their workweeks shortened

PAYING FOR THE WAR

US spent $32 billion on the warCongress raised income taxes and created new taxes on corporations

US also borrowed $20 billion from American citizens through the sale of Liberty Bonds or Victory Bonds

US TROOPS ARRIVE IN EUROPE The “doughboys” (nickname of unknown origin for US soldiers) of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) arrived in France in July 1917

Commanded by General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing

Trench warfare Armies had dug a

network of trenches (deep protective ditches) along the Western Front in which soldiers lived worked and fought

Living conditions were poor, many soldiers suffered from diseases such as trenchfoot

Trench Foot

“No Man’s Land” The devastated area

between the opposing armies’ trench lines where everything had been destroyed

Soldiers would come out of the trenches and race toward the enemy while fully exposed to enemy fire

NEW WEAPONS

1. Machine Guns-biggest impact!

2. Artillery

3. Poison gas Germans introduced

the use of chemical gasses as weapons

These gasses could burn the skin, blind, or destroy the lungs if breathed in

Fortunately, gas masks and rubber chemical suits offered some protection

4. Tanks-least impact!

5. Airplanes

6. U-boats (submarines)

7. Hand Grenades

8. Land Mines

Russia Pulls Out of the War

Two revolutions in Russia in 1917 (the first one democratic, the second one communist) ousted Czar Nicholas II

The new Russian government negotiated a separate peace with Germany and withdrew Russia from the conflict, closing the Eastern Front

American Victories Summer 1918: US

forces successfully defended Paris from a German attack

Fall 1918: US forces began the Battle of Argonne Forest, which would eventually shatter Germany’s fighting abilities

The War Ends Revolt broke out in

Austria and the Ottomans surrendered to the Triple Entente, leaving Germany alone to fight

After a mutiny broke out in the German navy and the people of Berlin erupted in riots over food shortages in Nov. 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down as Germany’s leader, clearing the way for an armistice

WWI ended at 11 AM, Nov. 11, 1918-the 11th day the 11th month,

the 11th hour!

Wilson’s Wilson’s Fourteen Fourteen PointsPoints

Pres. Wilson presented his plan for resolving the war; his plan sought to restabilize Europe and resolve the root problems that had started WWI to begin with

Britain and France rejected Wilson’s plan in favor of punishing Germany with harsh reparations (fines)

Points 1 - 5

Ban secret alliances Respect freedom of

the seas Remove all barriers

to trade (tariffs) Everyone reduce the

size of their military Stop colonization,

respect the rights of native peoples

Points 6 - 13 Specified the creation

of new states in Europe (such as Poland) and redrew the boundaries of Europe

Also promoted self-determination for various European ethnic states

Point 14: The League of Nations

Create a “League of Nations” to help preserve peace and prevent future wars by offering a forum for resolving international disputes

The only one of Wilson’s 14 Points to be accepted by Europe

The Treaty of Versailles (ver sy)

Signed in June 1919Officially ended WWI

1. Germany had to accept the blame for causing WWI

2. Germany had to pay reparations of $33 billion

($350 billion in today’s money)

3. Germany could only have a limited military

4. Germany had to give up territory to France & Poland

5. Germany had to give up its overseas colonies

Germans signed – but were furious over the terms…. A

cause of WW II?

Congress Rejects the Treaty

US Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles because of strong opposition to joining the League of Nations –

Many feared that joining the League would mean giving up our right to decide our own foreign policies, while others saw the League as the type of “foreign entanglement” that Washington had warned the US to stay out of

US never signed the Treaty or joined the League, returned to a policy of isolationism

Casualties of war 1 in every 4 soldiers

involved died in the war

Even more were maimed: lost limbs, lost vision, burned, etc.

Many suffered from mental problems after the war: “shell shock” or PTSD

Europe lie in ruins

Austrian Corporal

Adolf Hitler

History Repeats Itself…