THE US BECOMES A GLOBAL POWER AMERICA ENTERS THE WORLD American Imperialism.
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Transcript of THE US BECOMES A GLOBAL POWER AMERICA ENTERS THE WORLD American Imperialism.
THE US BECOMES A GLOBAL POWERAMERICA ENTERS THE WORLD
American Imperialism
Patterns: Old or New
Bemis – aberrationNew
Populated Commercial reasons No settlements No statehood
Lafeber –culmination
Continuation of manifest destiny
Patterns continue Bully compromise
Factors that push towards imperialism
Commerce/trade – investment US investments 1869-1908
US Foreign Trade: 1870-1914
Racism and Social DarwinismFiske & Strong – Anglo-Saxon
superiority
The Hierarchyof Race
The Hierarchyof Race
The White Man’sBurden
The White Man’sBurden
Military and Strategic Interests
Tracy & Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power
New Navy
Great Power Status – Jingoism
Missionary Impulse
American Missionariesin China, 1905
American Missionariesin China, 1905
Closing of the American Frontier – Turner’s thesis
Pressure
The people want it – support for expansion
Support in the press“A new consciousness seems to have come
upon us – a consciousness of strength – and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength. The taste of empire is in the mouth of the people even as the taste of blood in the jungle….” Washington Post
Spheres of Influence
Latin America Asia and Pacific
Imperialism/Foreign Policy 1867-1900
Alaska - 1867Seward’s Folly
Fingers into the Pacific
Midway – 1867 Samoa -1889Goal = the “plum” China
Latin America
Tariff Reciprocity - BlainePan Americanism – Washington Conf.Venezuela Crisis – Cleveland & Olney
Challenges to Monroe Doctrine – Britain Resolution? (1895)
Hawaii
Missionaries and Missionary Boys
Imiola Church 1820sImiola Church 1820s
U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty
1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff
1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils
To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Spanish American War 1898
Background
Marti – Cuban insurgencyWilson –Gorman Tariff – hurt Cuba’s
economy Reconcentration Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy
““YellowYellow Journalism” & Journalism” & JingoismJingoism““YellowYellow Journalism” & Journalism” & JingoismJingoism
Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer
De LômeDe Lôme Letter LetterDe LômeDe Lôme Letter Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.
Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.
Remember the Maine and to Hell with Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!Spain!Remember the Maine and to Hell with Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!Spain!
McKinley’s Role
Spanish refusal of the “ultimatum” War Declaration
End barbarities Protect American lives & investment
Teller Amendment – no annexation – Cuban ‘independence”
Leutchenburg assessment
Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.
Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.
Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!
Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.
The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
Most Significant Front: The Philippines
Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!
The Rough Riders
The American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeagueThe American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague
Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.
Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.
Arguments against Imperialism
Tradition – “isolationism” unilateralismOwn colonial experiences – violated self
determination Expense and use of resources Racism Labor fears End of Reform – focus on own
needs/problems
The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the
island of Guam.island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for theThe U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the
Philippines.Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an The U. S. becomes an imperial imperial power!power!
Significance of the Spanish American War
Am acquires an Empire – world power – reinforces manifest destiny ideas Governing an empire
Tensions between internationalists and isolationists
Presidential power and activism increase – foreign affairs
Military changes Increased size army & navy; centralized
planning – joint chief of staff; military training schools – Leavenworth; federalized the national guard
Racism –Philippine insurrection
Philippine Insurrection - Aguinaldo
Leader of the FilipinoLeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.
IroniesTime and cost Strategies and TacticsAmerican methods worse than Spain in
CubaTaft – excellent administration
Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”
Non-Colonizing Imperialism William Appleman Williams
Control – economically, politically Don’t own
Examples:
Cuban Independence
Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withwith foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. to the U.S. forfor naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.debt.
Senator Orville Platt
Senator Orville Platt
The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor
Does Citizenship Follow the Flag?
Foraker Act 1900– Puerto RicoOrganic Act 1900 - HawaiiInsular Cases 1901-1904
Incorporated and unincorporated territories DeLima v Bidwell; Dooley v US; Downes v
Bidwell –Maybe – Congress determines
Jones Act 1917Foner: Two Freedoms abandoned
No taxation w/o representation Gov’t by consent of the governed
The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay. .
Two Open Door Notes 1899 & 1900Two Open Door Notes 1899 & 1900
Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.
Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese ImmigrantImmigrant
Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese ImmigrantImmigrant
Chinese Exclusion Act,
1887
Chinese Exclusion Act,
1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Open Door Policy
America as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific Power
The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family
Roosevelt: “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Panama
1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..
1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. .
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.
1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..
Building the Canal - 1904
The The RooseveltRoosevelt Corollary Corollary The The RooseveltRoosevelt Corollary Corollary
Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .
Asia and the Pacific: Japan
Taft-Katsura Treaty 1905 Japan/Korea; US/Philippines recognized
Gentleman’s Agreement 1908 Great White Fleet 1907-1909
Demonstrated US Naval power
Root-Takahira Treaty 1908 Respect each nation’s Pacific possession
Support Open Door in China Guaranteed China’s Territorial Integrity
The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907
Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908
Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908
Issue = discrimination against Japanese in SF – segregated school; US fears workers re labor
Japan restricted worker emigration
TR persuaded SF to repeal discriminatory laws
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Russo-Japanese War 1904
Policing the World Policing the World Policing the World Policing the World
Taft: Dollar Diplomacy Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for US opportunities for US businesses.businesses.
Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther US interestsfurther US interestsoverseas.overseas.
Therefore, the US Therefore, the US should create stability and should create stability and order abroad that would order abroad that would best promote America’s best promote America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.
Banana Republics –”El Banana Republics –”El Pulpo” United Fruit Pulpo” United Fruit CompanyCompany
RR in ManchuriaRR in Manchuria
US Investment: Global and Latin America
Lodge Corollary: 1912
Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like like Japan,Japan, would be would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.
Concerns – Japan’s Concerns – Japan’s interest in Baja, CA -interest in Baja, CA -harborsharbors
CompetitionCompetition
RacismRacism
Offends Japan & LAmOffends Japan & LAm
Relationship with Japan
California limits property ownership for Japanese in 1913
Twenty-One Demands – Japan demands authority over China – desires to extend Sphere of Influence in SE Asia
Wilson: Moral Diplomacy Bryan = Sec. of StateArbitration –
promote peace – “cooling off” treaties
Reconciliation – “Right past wrongs” – Colombia paid; citizenship to PR
Spread democracy Decrease militarismRespect the rights of
other nationsCondemn
colonialism –Jones Act 1917 – Philippines
BUT – intervenes often
The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata
Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza
Francisco I Madero
Francisco I Madero
Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa
Porfirio Diaz
Porfirio Diaz
Border WarsPershing and Villa 1914
US Intervention in Latin America
Impact
Latin America
Resentment American desire for
stability -support for dictators (Caudillos)
Violated democratic principles
Asia & Pacific
Competition and rivalry w/ other growing nation – Japan
Pacific and China regarded as Japanese sphere of influence
Changes to Military Structure
Increase size of army & navy Federal gov’t > national guardMilitary training college – Ft
LeavenworthChief of Staff Centralized planning agency