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America becomes a world power: imperialism

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PRODUCED BY

HMS HISTORICAL MEDIA AND http://www.multimedialearning.org

WRITTEN BY

HERSCHEL SARNOFF

&

DANA BAGDASARIAN

COPYRIGHT 2004CONTACT INFORMATION:

hsarnoff@lausd.k12.ca.us

drb7270@lausd.k12.ca.us

VERSION 1.1

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TRADITIONAL UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY WAS ISOLATIONIST

“It is our true policy to steer clear of

permanent alliances with any

portion of the foreign world”

PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1796

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“Manifest destiny” extended beyond the borders of the United

States

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The policy of extending a nation's authority by

territorial acquisition or by the establishment of

economic and political hegemony (control) over

other nations.

DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

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REASONS AND RATIONALIZATIONS FOR IMPERIALISM

•To gain more power in the international arena by following the European example

•Missionary zeal (enthusiasm)

•To gain more wealth

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Which countries were the most powerful in the early 20th century based on this map alone?

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Great Britain, a major world power, served as a role model of an imperialist power

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Missionary zeal, the desire to convert “heathen, non-believers” led to

people moving to “uncivilized” areas in hopes of helping natives

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The wealthy are the strong and therefore have the right to rule the poor who are weak. The

United States, as a strong nation, must dominate the weaker nations.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

philosopher Herbert Spencer who developed the theory of

social Darwinism

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How is the burden portrayed?

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The United States became an imperialist power to gain more

wealth.

Year Imports Exports

1870 $300 Million $350 Million

1875 $900 Million $800 Million

1880 $1.22 Billion $1.0 Billion

1889 $900 Million $800 Million

1892 $1.2 Billion $1.42 Billion

1899 1.3 Billion 1.35 Billion

1903 1.7 Billion 1.8 Billion

1914 1.6 Billion 2.8 Billion

THE UNITED STATES NEEDED NEW

MARKETS TO EXPORT THE SURPLUS

PRODUCTS OF ITS FARMS AND FACTORIES

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America’s first attempt at imperialism took place in Samoa

•In 1889, 1 British, 3 German, 3 american ships faced off

•Wanted naval bases

•Typhoon destroyed all but the british ship

•In 1890, Samoa surrendered to us (Eastern Samoa) & Germany (western samoa)

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Missionaries from the U.S. went to Hawaii

in the late 18th century

•After the spanish american war, US interested because near china & had rich soil

•Already christian missionaries there

•American businessmen & planters rose up against hawaiian king in 1886

•New constitution written in 1887, pearl harbor rights given to us, then king died

•daughter Queen Liliuokalani protected hawaii from brief british takeover before us annexationists forced queen to give up land rather than shed blood

•Officially annexed in 1898; not a state until 1959

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Monroe doctrine: in 1823, president monroe vowed that the us would not interfere with european colonies in Latin America, but Europe should stay out of independent latin american countries

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SANFORD DOLE

Became president of the republic of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as

part of the u.s. in 1898; became a state 1959

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Dethroned

“The cause of Hawaii and independence is larger and dearer than the life of any man connected with it. Love of country is deep-seated in the breast of every Hawaiian, whatever his station.”

  - Queen Lili`uokalani, 1894

“Hawaii is ours. As I look back upon the first steps in this miserable business, and as I contemplate the means used to complete the outrage, I am ashamed of the whole affair.”

- (former) President Cleveland, 1898

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PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT

THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

CUBA

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HEARSTPULITZER

•American press called spanish general putting down cuban revolt “the Butcher”

•Articles increased american public support for actions on behalf of cubans

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ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15TH,

1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR.

USS MAINE IN HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR•President mckinley wanted to stay neutral, as a civil war veteran himself

•Unclear that ship was actually destroyed by spain (think: Gulf of Tonkin)

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Yellow journalists were quick to blame the Spanish

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US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE GUN

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THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH RIDERS” IN CUBA

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The Battle of San Juan Hill in Santiago, Cuba•US troops led by lt. col. Teddy roosevelt led cavalry “Rough

riders” unit up hill without horses

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Teller Amendment, 1898-adopted by US Congress during the war

Resolved, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, of right ought to be, free and independent.

Second. the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval

forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

Third. The United States may use military force to enforce the resolutions.

Fourth. The United States has all authority over the island until the people of the island prove fit to form self-rule.

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US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES

•Less than 2 weeks after congress declared war on spain in cuba, us navy commander dewey attacked city of manila with native support & succeeded in less than 4 months

•US then debated over annexation until it was annexed in 1899; they did not receive independence until 1946

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US DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY

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ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY

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ONE RESULT OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR WAS A RECONCILIATION BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH

HELPING END THE LEGACY OF BITTERNESS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR

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US OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

•Both ceded to us after spanish american war in 1898

•Both had hoped for independence

•Neither are us states

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THE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL THE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWERPOWER

HAWAII: 1898

MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867

WAKE ISLAND: 1898

GUAM: 1898

SAMOA ISLAND: 1899

PHILIPPINES: 1898

PUERTO RICO: 1898

Cuba: 1898 occupation; 1902 platt amendment gives us rights to intervene, gives us base @ guantanamo bay, limits cuban treaty ability

What is happening in this cartoon?

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FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN CHINA TAKES CENTER STAGE AT THE END OF THE 19TH

CENTURY

RUSSIA 1896-1898

BRITAIN 1898

GERMANY 1898

BRITAIN 1842

•China resisted foreign influence for decades, but after losing territory in a war with japan, european influence increased

•US responded with open door policy which called for all nations having equal access to china

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THE CHINESE PEOPLE REACT TO IMPERIALISM

BOXER REBELLION, 1900BOXER REBELLION, 1900

BOXER SOLDIER

Boxer rebel•Chinese secret society launched a rebellion in 1900 against foreigners

•Ultimately an international force rescued the foreigners

•China had to pay foreign nations $333 million

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Boxer troops entered the foreign held Peking (Beijing)

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An international force retaliated and seized control

of Peking

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OPEN DOOR POLICY

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JAPAN ENTERS THE WORLD STAGE AS AN JAPAN ENTERS THE WORLD STAGE AS AN INDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWERINDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWER

•Japan defeated russia in war in 1905

•T. roosevelt negotiated peace & got the nobel peace prize

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To show the naval power of the United

States, in 1907 President Teddy

Roosevelt sent the great white fleet of

ships around the world on a 46,000

mile cruise.

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TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY

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US INTERESTS TURNED TOWARD CENTRAL AMERICA AND A QUICKER WAY OF MOVING SHIPS BETWEEN THE EAST AND

WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA

15,000 MILES

•US sought to cut travel time between seas; land route slow; trade with china

•US & Great britain had old plans to construct canal

•France started it but ran out of $

•US negotiated with columbia which governed panama; columbia never ratified treaty

•US encouraged panamanian revolt for independence so US could negotiate canal treaty with panama

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ADVANTAGE OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL

8,000 miles

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PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN FOR THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED CANALFOR THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED CANAL

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Construction of the canal

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1914 Opening of the Panama Canal

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Panama canal today

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IN 1917, THE UNITED STATES BOUGHT THE VIRGIN ISLANDS: FOR

A COALING (REFUELING) STATION FOR MERCHANT AND

WAR SHIPS.

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President Theodore Roosevelt

Big stick diplomacy

Roosevelt corollary: Latin American debts will be paid to europe by US in order to limit European interference in latin america

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Dollar diplomacy

President William Howard Taft

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President Woodrow Wilson

Moral diplomacy

However, President Wilson sent marines to several caribbean countries to put down rebellion and limit foreign influence

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IMPERIALISM IN THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

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PACIFIC ISLANDS “UP FOR GRABS”