The Urban Growth Management Initiative: Preliminary Results

The Urban Growth The Urban Growth Management Initiative:Management Initiative:

Preliminary ResultsPreliminary Results



Daniel L. CivcoDaniel L. Civco andand AnnaAnna ChabaevaChabaeva Center for Land use Education And Research (CLEAR)Center for Land use Education And Research (CLEAR)

Natural Resources Management and EngineeringNatural Resources Management and EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutUniversity of Connecticut

Shlomo AngelShlomo Angel Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service, New York Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service, New York

UniversityUniversityWoodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs,

Princeton UniversityPrinceton University

Stephen SheppardStephen Sheppard Department of Economics Department of Economics

Williams CollegeWilliams College








A project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development DivisionA project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development DivisionA project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development DivisionA project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development Division

The Urban Growth Management Initiative March 9, 2005, ASPRS, Baltimore, MD

2

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground The United Nation predicts that the The United Nation predicts that the

population ofpopulation of developing countriesdeveloping countries is is growing at an annual rate of 2.3%growing at an annual rate of 2.3%

Within 30 years, that population will Within 30 years, that population will double from 1.94 billion in 2000 to double from 1.94 billion in 2000 to 3.88 billion in 20303.88 billion in 2030

The The built environmentbuilt environment, however, will , however, will more than doublemore than double during this period during this period

Yet, there is little systematic data to Yet, there is little systematic data to estimate, let alone to explain, current estimate, let alone to explain, current and future levels of urban expansionand future levels of urban expansion

The United Nation predicts that the The United Nation predicts that the population ofpopulation of developing countriesdeveloping countries is is growing at an annual rate of 2.3%growing at an annual rate of 2.3%

Within 30 years, that population will Within 30 years, that population will double from 1.94 billion in 2000 to double from 1.94 billion in 2000 to 3.88 billion in 20303.88 billion in 2030

The The built environmentbuilt environment, however, will , however, will more than doublemore than double during this period during this period

Yet, there is little systematic data to Yet, there is little systematic data to estimate, let alone to explain, current estimate, let alone to explain, current and future levels of urban expansionand future levels of urban expansion


3

United Nations Urban Land United Nations Urban Land Management Initiative ObjectivesManagement Initiative Objectives

United Nations Urban Land United Nations Urban Land Management Initiative ObjectivesManagement Initiative Objectives

Study the causes and Study the causes and consequences of urban expansionconsequences of urban expansion

Prepare viable models of Prepare viable models of minimalist urban growth minimalist urban growth managementmanagement

Study the causes and Study the causes and consequences of urban expansionconsequences of urban expansion

Prepare viable models of Prepare viable models of minimalist urban growth minimalist urban growth managementmanagement


4

Urban Mapping ObjectivesUrban Mapping ObjectivesUrban Mapping ObjectivesUrban Mapping Objectives

Use moderate resolution satellite Use moderate resolution satellite remote sensing data to map the extent remote sensing data to map the extent of urban land for a sample of 120 cities of urban land for a sample of 120 cities around the worldaround the world Two time periodsTwo time periods Circa 1990 and 2000Circa 1990 and 2000

Provide complementary data for use in Provide complementary data for use in modeling and understanding the causes modeling and understanding the causes and consequences of urban expansionand consequences of urban expansion physical,physical, economic and demographic dataeconomic and demographic data

Use moderate resolution satellite Use moderate resolution satellite remote sensing data to map the extent remote sensing data to map the extent of urban land for a sample of 120 cities of urban land for a sample of 120 cities around the worldaround the world Two time periodsTwo time periods Circa 1990 and 2000Circa 1990 and 2000

Provide complementary data for use in Provide complementary data for use in modeling and understanding the causes modeling and understanding the causes and consequences of urban expansionand consequences of urban expansion physical,physical, economic and demographic dataeconomic and demographic data


5

Study CitiesStudy CitiesStudy CitiesStudy Cities A stratified sample of 120 cities was A stratified sample of 120 cities was

selected from a universe of 2,719 cities selected from a universe of 2,719 cities with metro-area population in excess of with metro-area population in excess of 100,000 in the year 2000100,000 in the year 2000

Three important characteristics were Three important characteristics were used to define the strata: used to define the strata: the world region in which the city is locatedthe world region in which the city is located city population sizecity population size its level of economic development, its level of economic development,

measured by national per capita incomemeasured by national per capita income The universe of cities was divided into The universe of cities was divided into

nine regions, four size categories, and nine regions, four size categories, and four per–capita income groupsfour per–capita income groups

A stratified sample of 120 cities was A stratified sample of 120 cities was selected from a universe of 2,719 cities selected from a universe of 2,719 cities with metro-area population in excess of with metro-area population in excess of 100,000 in the year 2000100,000 in the year 2000

Three important characteristics were Three important characteristics were used to define the strata: used to define the strata: the world region in which the city is locatedthe world region in which the city is located city population sizecity population size its level of economic development, its level of economic development,

measured by national per capita incomemeasured by national per capita income The universe of cities was divided into The universe of cities was divided into

nine regions, four size categories, and nine regions, four size categories, and four per–capita income groupsfour per–capita income groups

Study CitiesStudy CitiesStudy CitiesStudy Cities

The Universe of CitiesThe Universe of Cities The Sample of CitiesThe Sample of Cities

## Population 2000Population 2000 ## Population 2000Population 2000

RegionRegion of of CitiesCities

Total UrbanTotal Urban % of % of TotalTotal

of of CitiesCities

Total UrbanTotal Urban % of % of TotalTotal

11 EuropeEurope 624624 289,059,052289,059,052 15.9%15.9% 1616 58,094,85458,094,854 14.6%14.6%

22 East AsiaEast Asia 282282 315,465,095315,465,095 17.4%17.4% 1616 38,749,53738,749,537 9.8%9.8%

33 Latin America & Latin America & CaribbeanCaribbean

424424 262,457,151262,457,151 14.5%14.5% 1616 69,876,73269,876,732 17.6%17.6%

44 Northern AfricaNorthern Africa 6464 41,355,07141,355,071 2.3%2.3% 88 21,239,13321,239,133 5.4%5.4%

55 Other DevelopedOther Developed 401401 315,960,542315,960,542 17.4%17.4% 1616 66,958,99666,958,996 16.9%16.9%

66 South and Central South and Central AsiaAsia

346346 272,666,966272,666,966 15.0%15.0% 1616 67,992,64567,992,645 17.1%17.1%

77 South East AsiaSouth East Asia 188188 106,051,972106,051,972 5.8%5.8% 1212 36,940,78736,940,787 9.3%9.3%

88 Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa 271271 136,977,906136,977,906 7.5%7.5% 1212 19,105,24319,105,243 4.8%4.8%

99 Western AsiaWestern Asia 119119 75,568,30075,568,300 4.2%4.2% 88 17,836,18317,836,183 4.5%4.5%

Total Urban 2000Total Urban 2000 2,7192,719 1,815,562,0551,815,562,055 100%100% 120120 396,794,110396,794,110 100.0%100.0%


7

Study CitiesStudy CitiesStudy CitiesStudy Cities


8

DataDataDataData Landsat TM and ETMLandsat TM and ETM

Circa 1990 and 2000Circa 1990 and 2000 Proximal to date of nearest censusProximal to date of nearest census Near anniversaryNear anniversary As cloud-free as possibleAs cloud-free as possible USGS Global Visualization Viewer USGS Global Visualization Viewer Earth Observing System Data GatewayEarth Observing System Data Gateway

EarthSat’s GeoCover Ortho EarthSat’s GeoCover Ortho Landsat TM ProductLandsat TM Product GeoCover-Ortho Stock Scenes GeoCover-Ortho Stock Scenes GeoCover-Ortho Custom ProjectionGeoCover-Ortho Custom Projection

Landsat TM and ETMLandsat TM and ETM Circa 1990 and 2000Circa 1990 and 2000 Proximal to date of nearest censusProximal to date of nearest census Near anniversaryNear anniversary As cloud-free as possibleAs cloud-free as possible USGS Global Visualization Viewer USGS Global Visualization Viewer Earth Observing System Data GatewayEarth Observing System Data Gateway

EarthSat’s GeoCover Ortho EarthSat’s GeoCover Ortho Landsat TM ProductLandsat TM Product GeoCover-Ortho Stock Scenes GeoCover-Ortho Stock Scenes GeoCover-Ortho Custom ProjectionGeoCover-Ortho Custom Projection


9

DataDataDataData

Moscow October 1991 Moscow October 2002

Administrative Units from the Center for International Earth Science Administrative Units from the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) of the Columbia University’s Earth InstituteInformation Network (CIESIN) of the Columbia University’s Earth Institute


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DataDataDataData



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DataDataDataData

GeoCover Landcover DataGeoCover Landcover DataGeoCover Landcover DataGeoCover Landcover Data Urban Growth Management Urban Growth Management InitiativeInitiative

Urban Growth Management Urban Growth Management InitiativeInitiative

Data Source: Landsat ETM, 5 January Data Source: Landsat ETM, 5 January 20002000

Addis Ababa, EtiopiaAddis Ababa, Etiopia

Data Source: Landsat ETM, 5 January Data Source: Landsat ETM, 5 January 20002000

Addis Ababa, EtiopiaAddis Ababa, Etiopia


12

DataDataDataData

GeoCover Landcover DataGeoCover Landcover DataGeoCover Landcover DataGeoCover Landcover Data Urban Growth Management Urban Growth Management InitiativeInitiative

Urban Growth Management Urban Growth Management InitiativeInitiative

Data Source: Landsat ETM, 21 May 2000Data Source: Landsat ETM, 21 May 2000

Tel Aviv, IsraelTel Aviv, IsraelData Source: Landsat ETM, 21 May 2000Data Source: Landsat ETM, 21 May 2000

Tel Aviv, IsraelTel Aviv, Israel


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MethodsMethodsMethodsMethods

Cluster

Done?

T1 Image 50Clusters

Label &Recode

7 ClassesOnscreen

EditExtract

Confused

Recode

T2 Image

Mask

N

Y

T1

UrbanT2

Urban


14


MoscowMoscowMoscowMoscow

LandsatLandsatTT11

LandsatLandsatTT11

First Pass TFirst Pass T11 ClassificationClassificationFirst Pass TFirst Pass T11 ClassificationClassification

Landsat TLandsat T11 MaskMask


22ndnd PassT PassT11 ClassificatiClassificati

onon

22ndnd PassT PassT11 ClassificatiClassificati

onon

Final TFinal T11 ClassificatiClassificati

onon


onon

TT11 UrbanUrban

TT11 UrbanUrban

LandsatLandsatTT22

LandsatLandsatTT22

LandsatLandsatTT22

LandsatLandsatTT22

11stst Pass T Pass T22 ClassificatiClassificati

onon

11stst Pass T Pass T22 ClassificatiClassificati

onon




onon


onon

TT22 UrbanUrban

TT22 UrbanUrban


15




16

Results To DateResults To DateResults To DateResults To Date

Average time span between TAverage time span between T11 and T and T22

11.0 Years11.0 Years Minimum Annual Urban GrowthMinimum Annual Urban Growth

0.7 % 0.7 % (Astrakhan, Russia)(Astrakhan, Russia)

Maximum Annual Urban GrowthMaximum Annual Urban Growth 20.1 % 20.1 % (Yiyang, China)(Yiyang, China)

Mean Annual Urban GrowthMean Annual Urban Growth 4.8 %4.8 %

Median Annual Urban GrowthMedian Annual Urban Growth 3.3 %3.3 %

Average time span between TAverage time span between T11 and T and T22

11.0 Years11.0 Years Minimum Annual Urban GrowthMinimum Annual Urban Growth

0.7 % 0.7 % (Astrakhan, Russia)(Astrakhan, Russia)

Maximum Annual Urban GrowthMaximum Annual Urban Growth 20.1 % 20.1 % (Yiyang, China)(Yiyang, China)

Mean Annual Urban GrowthMean Annual Urban Growth 4.8 %4.8 %

Median Annual Urban GrowthMedian Annual Urban Growth 3.3 %3.3 %

Based on 86 CitiesBased on 86 CitiesBased on 86 CitiesBased on 86 Cities


17

Results To DateResults To DateResults To DateResults To Date

< 1 %

1 – 5%

5 – 10%

10 – 15 %

15 – 20%

> 20%


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Urban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban Growth

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

% A

nn

ua

l Urb

an

Gro

wth

36 of 86 / 42 %36 of 86 / 42 %36 of 86 / 42 %36 of 86 / 42 %22 of 8622 of 86

26 %26 %22 of 8622 of 86

26 %26 %

17 of 8617 of 8620 %20 %

17 of 8617 of 8620 %20 %

11 11 OfOf8686

13%13%

11 11 OfOf8686

13%13%


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Urban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban Growth0 to 3 Percent Annual Urban Growth

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

As

tra

kh

an

Pa

lerm

o

Kin

gs

ton

Bu

en

os

Air

es

Se

ou

l

Sh

eff

ield

To

ky

o

Ch

ica

go

Pa

ris

Pit

tsb

urg

h

Mil

an

o

Sh

imk

en

t

Pre

tori

a

Le

Ma

ns

Ok

tya

brs

ky

Lo

nd

on

Jo

ha

nn

es

bu

rg

Rib

eir

ao

Pre

to

Mo

nte

vid

eo

Be

ijin

g

As

wa

n

Ce

bu

Bu

da

pe

st

Sa

o P

ao

lo

Sa

nti

ag

o

Pu

sa

n

Th

es

sa

lon

iki

Ph

ila

de

lph

ia

Sy

dn

ey

Sa

n S

alv

ad

or

St.

Ca

the

rin

es

Ca

ste

llo

n d

e l

a P

lan

a

Va

lle

du

pa

r

Me

xic

o C

ity

Ca

sa

bla

nc

a

Cin

cin

na

ti

City

% A

nn

ua

l Urb

an

Gro

wth

36 of 86


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Urban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban Growth3.1 to 5 Percent Annual Urban Growth

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

Sin

gap

ore

Ula

n-B

ato

r

Mad

rid

Tac

om

a

Ho

ust

on

Ad

dis

Ab

aba

Ho

ng

Ko

ng

War

szaw

a

Mu

mb

ai

Gu

adal

ajar

a

Cai

ro

Car

acas

Mo

sco

w

Mo

des

to

Ch

ang

zhi

Min

nea

po

lis

An

san

Kan

pu

r

Ban

du

ng

San

aa

Gu

atem

ala

Cit

y

Ilheu

s

City

% A

nn

ua

l Urb

an

Gro

wth

22 of 86


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Urban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban Growth5.1 to 10 Percent Annual Urban Growth

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

Wie

n

An

qin

g

Zu

gd

idi

Me

tro

Ma

nil

a

Dh

ak

a

Ch

on

an

Fu

ku

ok

a

Ba

ng

ko

k

Ba

ma

ko

Zh

en

gzh

ou

Ch

inju

Je

qu

ie

Sp

rin

gfi

eld

Te

l A

viv

-Ja

ffa

Ja

ipu

r

Ou

ga

do

ug

ou

Le

sh

an

City

% A

nn

ua

l Urb

an

Gro

wth

17 of 86


22

Urban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban GrowthUrban GrowthGreater than 10 Percent Annual Urban Growth

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

Le

ipzi

g

Ja

lna

Ac

cra

Pa

lem

ba

ng

Kig

ali

Gu

an

zho

u

Ho

Ch

i M

inh

Cit

y

Ba

co

lod

Pu

na

Yu

lin

Yiy

an

g

City

% A

nn

ua

l Urb

an

Gro

wth

11 of 86


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Urban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesYiyang July 1994Yiyang July 1994Yiyang September 1999Yiyang September 1999Yiyang July 1994Yiyang July 1994Yiyang September 1999Yiyang September 1999

16 km

Yiyang Urban Growth: July 1994–September Yiyang Urban Growth: July 1994–September 19991999104 % Total / 20.1 % Per Annum104 % Total / 20.1 % Per Annum

Yiyang,Yiyang,ChinaChinaYiyang,Yiyang,ChinaChina


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Urban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth Examples

16 km

Leipzig July 1989Leipzig July 1989Leipzig September 1999Leipzig September 1999Leipzig July 1989Leipzig July 1989Leipzig September 1999Leipzig September 1999Leipzig Urban Growth: July 1989–September Leipzig Urban Growth: July 1989–September 19991999104 % Total / 10.2 % Per Annum104 % Total / 10.2 % Per Annum

Leipzig,Leipzig,GermanyGermanyLeipzig,Leipzig,GermanyGermany


25

Urban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth Examples

64 km

Houston December 1990Houston December 1990Houston October 1999Houston October 1999Houston December 1990Houston December 1990Houston October 1999Houston October 1999Houston Urban Growth: December-October Houston Urban Growth: December-October 1999 1999 29 % Total / 3.3 % Per Annum29 % Total / 3.3 % Per Annum

Houston,Houston,TexasTexasHouston,Houston,TexasTexas


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Urban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesUrban Growth ExamplesYulin October 1991Yulin October 1991Yulin October 2000Yulin October 2000Yulin October 1991Yulin October 1991Yulin October 2000Yulin October 2000Yulin Urban Growth: October 1991-October 2000 Yulin Urban Growth: October 1991-October 2000

142 % Total / 15.8 % Per Annum142 % Total / 15.8 % Per Annum

16 km

Yulin,Yulin,ChinaChinaYulin,Yulin,ChinaChina


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Preliminary Accuracy Preliminary Accuracy AssessmentAssessment


ClassClass

RefereRefere

ncenceClassifieClassifie

ddNumbeNumbe

rrProducerProducer

ss UsersUsers

NameName TotalsTotals TotalsTotals CorrectCorrect AccuracyAccuracy AccuracyAccuracy

Non-Non-urbanurban 193193 180180 167167 86.5%86.5% 92.8%92.8%

UrbanUrban 167167 180180 154154 92.2%92.2% 85.6%85.6%

TotalsTotals 360360 360360 321321 89.2%89.2% OMAOMA

Overall Kappa0.8417Overall Kappa0.8417

12 City Sample of 12 City Sample of TT11 Classifications Classifications12 City Sample of 12 City Sample of TT11 Classifications Classifications


28



ClassClass

RefereRefere

ncenceClassifieClassifie

ddNumbeNumbe

rrProducerProducer

ss UsersUsers

NameName TotalsTotals TotalsTotals CorrectCorrect AccuracyAccuracy AccuracyAccuracy

Non-Non-urbanurban 189189 174174 162162 85.7%85.7% 93.1%93.1%

UrbanUrban 171171 186186 159159 93.0%93.0% 85.5%85.5%

TotalsTotals 360360 360360 321321 89.2%89.2% OMAOMA

Overall Kappa0.8160Overall Kappa0.8160

12 City Sample of T2 Classifications12 City Sample of T2 Classifications


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ObservationsObservationsObservationsObservations The Urban Growth Management The Urban Growth Management

Initiative: Initiative: Confronting the Expected Confronting the Expected Doubling of the Size of Cities in Doubling of the Size of Cities in Developing Countries in the Next Thirty Developing Countries in the Next Thirty YearsYears

Recent UN PredictionsRecent UN Predictions 6.5 to 9.1 Billion Humans in Next 50 Years6.5 to 9.1 Billion Humans in Next 50 Years

The Urban Growth Management The Urban Growth Management Initiative: Initiative: Confronting the Expected Confronting the Expected Doubling of the Size of Cities in Doubling of the Size of Cities in Developing Countries in the Next Thirty Developing Countries in the Next Thirty YearsYears

Recent UN PredictionsRecent UN Predictions 6.5 to 9.1 Billion Humans in Next 50 Years6.5 to 9.1 Billion Humans in Next 50 YearsNumber of Number of

PeoplePeopleHousing and Housing and

ServicesServicesUrban Urban AreaArea

Between 100% Between 100% and 144%and 144%over the over the

next 30 yearsnext 30 years


30

Current StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent Status

100 + Metropolitan Areas Fully 100 + Metropolitan Areas Fully ClassifiedClassified TT11 and T and T22

Change Analysis Performed for Change Analysis Performed for 8686

Accuracy Assessment Accuracy Assessment Conducted on 10%Conducted on 10%

100 + Metropolitan Areas Fully 100 + Metropolitan Areas Fully ClassifiedClassified TT11 and T and T22

Change Analysis Performed for Change Analysis Performed for 8686

Accuracy Assessment Accuracy Assessment Conducted on 10%Conducted on 10%


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FutureFutureFutureFuture Completion of all 120 cities Completion of all 120 cities (by end of March)(by end of March)

Establish present global norms of urban Establish present global norms of urban land growth for different types of citiesland growth for different types of cities

Examine land consumption and urban Examine land consumption and urban povertypoverty overcrowding, access to piped water and overcrowding, access to piped water and

sewerage, and access to home ownershipsewerage, and access to home ownership Investigate physical constraints to urban Investigate physical constraints to urban

growthgrowth Elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness, Elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness,

water barrierswater barriers Develop enhancements to urban land cover Develop enhancements to urban land cover

classification and characterizationclassification and characterization Make data available on the WebMake data available on the Web

Completion of all 120 cities Completion of all 120 cities (by end of March)(by end of March)

Establish present global norms of urban Establish present global norms of urban land growth for different types of citiesland growth for different types of cities

Examine land consumption and urban Examine land consumption and urban povertypoverty overcrowding, access to piped water and overcrowding, access to piped water and

sewerage, and access to home ownershipsewerage, and access to home ownership Investigate physical constraints to urban Investigate physical constraints to urban

growthgrowth Elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness, Elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness,

water barrierswater barriers Develop enhancements to urban land cover Develop enhancements to urban land cover

classification and characterizationclassification and characterization Make data available on the WebMake data available on the Web


32

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Dr. Robert BuckleyDr. Robert Buckley The Transport and Urban Development The Transport and Urban Development

Department, Urban Development Division, Department, Urban Development Division, World BankWorld Bank

Williams College StudentsWilliams College Students Tomoko Harigaya, Wei Wang, Vladimir Tomoko Harigaya, Wei Wang, Vladimir

Andonov, Syed Kashif Akhtar, Victoria Andonov, Syed Kashif Akhtar, Victoria Wolff, Peng (Bruce) Ou, Timothy CrawleyWolff, Peng (Bruce) Ou, Timothy Crawley

CLEAR Staff and Graduate StudentsCLEAR Staff and Graduate Students Jason Parent, Scott Bighinatti, James HurdJason Parent, Scott Bighinatti, James Hurd

Dr. Robert BuckleyDr. Robert Buckley The Transport and Urban Development The Transport and Urban Development

Department, Urban Development Division, Department, Urban Development Division, World BankWorld Bank

Williams College StudentsWilliams College Students Tomoko Harigaya, Wei Wang, Vladimir Tomoko Harigaya, Wei Wang, Vladimir

Andonov, Syed Kashif Akhtar, Victoria Andonov, Syed Kashif Akhtar, Victoria Wolff, Peng (Bruce) Ou, Timothy CrawleyWolff, Peng (Bruce) Ou, Timothy Crawley

CLEAR Staff and Graduate StudentsCLEAR Staff and Graduate Students Jason Parent, Scott Bighinatti, James HurdJason Parent, Scott Bighinatti, James Hurd


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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

University of Connecticut Students from Fall 2004 NRME 237 Introductory Remote Sensing





A project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development DivisionA project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development DivisionA project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development DivisionA project sponsored by the World Bank Urban Development Division















The Urban Growth Management Initiative: Preliminary Results

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