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THE UNITED NATIONSFOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION
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Committee: The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Topic B: Tackling Land Degradation and Desertification Written by: Daniela Martellotto and Alexandra González
I. Committee Background
The Food and Agriculture Organization, also known as FAO, has three main goals which are
as follows: the eradication of hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition; the elimination of poverty
and social progress for all; and, the sustainable management of natural resources. This organization
was founded on October 16, 1945 in Quebec City, Canada mostly on account of food shortages and
lack of sustainable agriculture. Now, its headquarters are located in Rome, Italy and it is present in
130 countries with regional level offices. The creation of this committee also set a neutral forum
where nations negotiate agreements as equals, providing knowledge and information to help
developing countries and nations in transition, to modernize and improve certain aspects. The issues
that FAO addresses when aiding these nations are agriculture, forestry and fishery practices to
ensure nutrition and food security.
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II. Topic information
A) History of Topic
According to World Health Organization, “desertification” is a form of land degradation by
which fertile land becomes a desert. Land degradation and desertification occurs when the ground is
negatively affected and therefore unable to provide the goods and services to support an
ecosystem. The root of these problems comes from the nutrients in plants being lost. This could be
caused by humans or animals eating away plants excessively, or even when the nutrients are
diminished due to intensive farming and intensive cropping in places such as the Amazon.
Other aspects that affect land degradation are extreme weather conditions such as droughts
and harmful human activities that produce contamination and pollution. This has a direct impact on
the soil quality as well as on the use of land. In some areas, deserts expand causing the land to
degrade and water resources to dry up. Food production is to reduce, the population is obligated to
move to more hospitable places, leaving the land useless. The range of impact of land
desertification includes various health issues; like the spread of infectious diseases when people
begin to migrate, water and food transmitted diseases increase due to the lack of hygiene and
availability of clean water, as well as respiratory diseases which are caused by atmospheric dust from
the wind erosion and air pollutants.
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Land degradation has affected nations worldwide. This problem affects 1.5 billion people
globally. Relying on the United Nations, “2.6 billion people depend directly on agriculture, but 52%
of the land used for agriculture is moderately or severely affected by soil degradation”. This
demonstrates how the consequences of reduced land productivity, socio-economic problems,
uncertainty in food security, migration, limited development and damaged ecosystems have
impacted the world.
Desertification and land degradation started because of natural and anthropogenic means in
the Mediterranean. There were many powerful changes in the environment until 5000 BCE.
Consequently, to the present day, human interactions have been growing. Although the human
impact has been growing over time, the repercussions or consequences were not as severe as they
are now. Initially, the reasons for land use were agriculture and the keeping of livestock. The
consequences of this were land erosion and forest degradation. Due to the fact that land
degradation is the result of the human interactions, the problem expanded with the growth of the
human population and the greater demands this population placed on the natural resources.
Land use is also another major cause of land degradation and desertification. According to
the World Resources Institute, the first documented evidence of land degradation was found in
Africa’s Rift Valley region and around the Tigris and Euphrates river systems in the Middle East. In
such places, irrigated land and secondary salinization together with waterlogging has resulted in the
decline of fertile soil. To the present day, “technological advancement, industrialization of agriculture
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and subsidy policies have accelerated the rate of land degradation during the last 50 years in the
areas vulnerable to desertification.”
There is no evidence in the Mediterranean or western Europe that can explain the physical
degradation continuing to desertification without human action. According to findings of the
Archaeomedes project, “land degradation is immediate when physical degradation is in phase with
agro-pastoral (crops and livestock) activities. Furthermore, impact breaks the ecosystem, so that
minor instability in the physical boundaries bring serious land degradation.” In conclusion, the
degradation and desertification of land worldwide is occurring due to human interaction. Much
needs to be done to ensure safe and eco-friendly land practices that will protect the health and
stability of ecosystems worldwide.
B) Current Issues
New Zealand:
New Zealand has been facing problems in land including soil, water and food. Some areas in
New Zealand are showing intense land degradation and loss of topsoil due to erosion. There has
also been land instability and erosion problems. “Ecological fall away” has been caused by land
degradation, insects and weeds. There is land degradation since the potential of wind erosion has
been increasing and causing droughts. The agriculture of the country needs to change and more
sustainable practices should be promoted.
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Ethiopia:
Land degradation is affecting the lives of thousands of people in Ethiopia and it will have a
great impact on future generations. In this country, the major cause of land degradation is the rapid
population increase, soil loss, deforestation and unbalanced crop and livestock production. When
land is not used correctly, it causes desertification and produces the loss of agrobiodiversity. Since
the land supplies such as fertilizer and farm machinery are low, the equilibrium that exists between
crops, livestock and forest production are disturbed. Several United Nations sponsored projects are
researching possible solutions to Ethiopia’s land degradation issue. These projects include the Soil
Conservation Research Project, the National Soil Service Project and the Land Use Project.
Malawi:
Land in Malawi has been a very important part in the country’s economic growth and
development. The main source of employment is in the agricultural and natural resource sectors.
Land degradation and desertification is a significant problem that has been greatly affecting Malawi
in the past decade. It happens because of the incorrect use of land, the small and large scale farms
that are practiced and managed, building and road construction. Traders in forest and wildlife
products are a major cause as well. Since there is a lack of coordination on policy between
departments who are in charge of protecting and helping to manage land, it has been a challenge
for Malawi. However, there are various initiatives to help reduce land degradation and
desertification. The United Nations Convention for Combating Desertification (UNCCD), the
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Southern Africa Action Programme for Combating Desertification, the United Nations Convention on
Biological Diversity (UNCBD), and many more who are supporting Malawi with this problem.
Vietnam:
Nguyen Ba Ngai, the director of Administration for Forestry in Vietnam, said that “Vietnam
needs to take stronger action against desertification, defined as the direct consequences of long-
term unsustainable land use”. According to Vietnam News, “Vietnam has 9.3 million hectares that
could be categorised as going through a process of desertification, accounting for 28 per cent of the
total land”. In this nation, land degradation has been happening due to a natural anthropogenic
phenomena. Since this country is located in East Asia and is tropical, more than 75% of the country’s
landmass is mountains and hills. The decreasing of the land’s biological productivity happens
because of natural soil erosion, landslides, lateralization and acidulation. For the last two decades
the economic development and population growth has been rapidly increasing and this has caused
a high amount of pressure to be placed on natural resources.
Rwanda:
Erosion and land degradation have been major cause for the poverty and food insecurity that
is found in Rwanda. It has been a significant problem in the southwest of Rwanda. The Gikongoro,
Kibuye and higher zones of Cyangugu, Butare and Gitarama have reported 246 tonnes per hectare
of soil loss per year, as well as declining land productivity in this territory. In a study conducted by the
Rwandan government in 2006, “Farmers reported that 56 percent of the fields in Kibuye and 49
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percent of the fields in Gikongoro had declined in fertility since they had started cultivating their
land”. The devastating cause of the degradation is the incrementation of the rural population, which
is putting more pressure on already depleted farmland.
Kenya:
Desertification in Kenya is a major problem that is preventing the country from developing. In
Kenya, the major cause of land desertification is the poor use of land. Due to this, the land in this
country has been suffering from serious erosion. There is a project in Kenya called School and
Dropout Services that has the objective to increase and raise awareness in the community. This
means that this project is encouraging people to use natural resources in a sustainable way to lessen
the impact of farming and manufacturing on the land.
Indonesia:
One of the most important areas of tropical forests worldwide is in Indonesia. This country has
been affected mostly by land degradation. According to the World Resources Institute, it is
estimated that the land in Indonesia has been degraded from 12 to 74 million hectares. The main
cause has been mostly focused on farmers using unsustainable cultivation practices. To prevent
further harm, Indonesia must reverse its outdated agricultural methods that could only worsen land
conditions.
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C) UN Action
The United Nations has been educating farmers in more sustainable cultivation practices. The
UN’s goal is to tackle the effects of land degradation and desertification that happens because of
erosion. The efforts are mainly focused in Africa and China, which has been able to reverse
desertification after five decades of sustainable farming practices. Jan McAlpine, the director of the
United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), said that the Forum’s Secretariat is taking part in initiatives
like the Global Partnership with Forest Landscape Restoration. This partnership is working on the
restoration of the billions of hectares that have been degraded in land across the world. They are
also trying to rejuvenate the large tracts of the agricultural and forest lands that have been affected
by desertification. According to the United Nations General Assembly, “the UN Decade for Deserts
and the Fight Against Desertification, which runs from January 2010 to December 2020 to promote
action that will protect the drylands. The Decade is an opportunity to make critical changes to secure
the long-term ability of drylands to provide value for humanity's well being”.
III. Conclusion
Tackling land desertification is a serious and severe problem that must be solved. According
to the United States Department of Agriculture, about 33% of the world’s territory is considered
desertificated and more than one billion people have been affected by it. Land serves many
purposes and so it has a great impact on life around it. Countries need to address this issue because
if land continues to be lost to degradation and desertification, it can no longer be used for farming,
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leading to a world food crisis. This is why many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like
Partnership for African Environmental Sustainability (PAES), Cological Society Ruzgar and Green Asia
Network are working to promote consciousness and build environments and lands that are
sustainable to use. In conclusion, governments must tackle the issue or land degradation and
desertification or face a worldwide crisis that will result in population upheaval, lack of food and
clean water and the spread of disease.
IV. Essential Questions
1. How is your country affected by land degradation?
2. What is your country doing to combat land degradation?
3. How common is land desertification in your country?
4. What are your country’s solutions to eradicate this problem?
5. What is your country’s position on this topic?
6. How can countries reverse the effects of land degradation and desertification on their
ecosystems?
7. Are there any NGO’s in your country that are helping with this problem? If so, which ones and
how are they helping?
8. Which farming methods are utilized in your nation? How have these impacted the environment?
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V. Resources
"Desertification, Desert, Drought, Arid, Climate Change, Drylands, Poverty, Ecosystem, Biodiversity,
UNCCD." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. <http://www.un.org/en/events/
desertificationdaybackground.shtml>
"Desertification Research in Argentina." - Torres. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. <http://
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ldr.2392/abstract>
"Desertification and Land Degradation: Origins, Processes and Solutions. A Literature Review."
Desertification and Land Degradation: Origins, Processes and Solutions. A Literature Review. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2016. <http://www.desire-his.eu/en/study-site-contexts/wp11-information-review-
thematicmenu165/515-desertification-and-land-degradation-executive-summary>
"ETH Zurich - Natural and Social Science Interface - Land Degradation in Vietnam." ETH Zurich -
Natural and Social Science Interface - Land Degradation in Vietnam. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<https://www1.ethz.ch/uns/res/models/landdeg/index>
"Ethiopia Commits to Restore One-Sixth of Its Land." World Resources Institute. Web. 18 Apr. 2016.
<http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/10/ethiopia-commits-restore-one-sixth-its-land>
"Kenya." Kenya. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2016.<http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/
kenya.html>
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"Land Degradation Assessment." Natural Resources and Environment: Land Degradation
Assessment. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. <http://www.fao.org/nr/land/degradation/en/>
"Land Degradation and Desertification." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. <http://www.who.int/
globalchange/ecosystems/desert/en/>
"Tackling Land Degradation Crucial for Human Well-being, UN Officials Stress." UN News Center.
UN, 17 June 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35050#.Vs27GYTMwUU>
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