The Union in Crisis

Chapter 101850-1861Page 322

Section 1Slavery, State’s Rights, and Westward

Expansion

• Obj: Contrast the economies, societies and political views of North and South

• Describe the role of the Free Soil Party in election of 1848

• Analyze the Compromise of 1850

• With addition of new territories, slavery would once again divide the nation

Mason Dixon Line

• The Ohio River was boundary between slave a free states west of Appalachian mountains

• Mason Dixon Line border between Pennsylvania and Maryland- divided slave and free in the east

Sectional differences

• North- relied on business and trade– Abolitionist movement gaining momentum

• South- Relied on agriculture– Production of cotton labor intensive– South needed slavery

• Racism was common in north and south

Differences

• Wilmot Proviso kept issue of slavery at forefront

• Slavery by 1860 ended in North• Minority of North aboitionists – Slavery was good for economy– Northern workers feared competition for jobs

• South- Slavery beneficial for everyone- slave and owner

Election of 1848

• Spread of slavery main issue• Whigs- Zachary Taylor- avoid slavery, popular

sovereignty• Democrats- Lewis Cass- same as whigs• Free Soil Party- Martin Van Buren- free soil,

free speech, free labor and free men

• Taylor won by a small margin • Free soil had won 10%- scared the south

Impact of Mexican War

• Growing population tipped balance of power in House of Reps to Free states

• South didn’t want Free states to gain control of Senate

• After Mexican war, California wanted to be admitted as free state

• South talked of seceding

Compromise

• 1850- Calhoun, Webster, and Clay would once again try to solve the nations issue on slavery

• Clay would come up with a compromise• Webster would support• Calhoun would argue against- threaten to

secede.• All three very old

Conflict

• Senator Thomas Hart Benton vs. Henry Foote • 2 day long speech• Stephan A. Douglas took charge to get enough

support

Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay brain child• 1. California be admitted as free state• 2. Rest of Mexican territory would decide

themselves– Texas give up New Mexico for 10 million

• 3. Slave Trade abolished in Washington• 4. Fugitive slave Law- Northerners had to help

return runaway slaves• Both sides disliked the compromise

Section 2: A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence

• Obj: Analyze why the fugitive slave act increased tension

• Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen differently by the north and south

• Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas

Compromise of 1850 did NOT solve the issue

A. Resistance

• North dislikes enforcing fugitive slave law• Pass personal liberty laws- nullify Federal laws• Slave catchers Roam North- capture free and

runaways• Could sue- Judges swayed to rule with slave

owners• Christian Riot??

B. Underground Railroad

• Underground Railroad?• Conductors?• Stations?

• Harriet Tubman- Black Moses- made two dozen trips into south leading slaves north

• One slave- Mail?

The Crisis Deepens

• A. Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852• Described life of two slaves– Uncle Tom- described abuse by master– Eliza- describe flight to Freedom

• Alerted people “on the fence” about the atrocities of slavery

• Sold 300,000 copies first year

Kansas Nebraska Act

• Kansas Nebraska Act organizes territory so TCR can be build- 1854

• Decided both territories popular sovereignty will decide free or slave

• Nebraska- Free• Kansas- going to be a close call

Bleeding Kansas • Kansas becomes battleground• 7,000 pro-slavery men invade territory to stuff

ballot boxes• Free soilers also descend on the territory• Violence Breaks out• 1856- proslavery thugs burn down Lawrence

Kansas• Several hundred settlers would be killed

Bleeding Kansas Cont.

• 2 state gov’ts set up and four different constitutions sent in to be approved

• Meanwhile, John Brown executes 5 pro-slavery men

• Charles Sumner attacked by Preston Brooks• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuT3kBw17o0

• Congress refused to admit Kansas as a state• Would enter as Free in 1861

Section 3Political Realignment Deepens Crisis

• Obj: Analyze how deepening sectional distrust affected the nations politics

• Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas on slavery

• Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on the slavery debate

• The issue of slavery starts pulling the U.S. apart at the seems

A. Shifting Politics

• Whigs last president would be Millard Filmore in 1852

• Whig party would fall apart as slavery separated the party

• Know Nothing Party would arise as more immigrants came into the country

• Republican Party would be born in 1854– Attracted anti slavery democrats, whigs, free

soilers and know nothings

B. Election of 1856

• Reps- nominate John C. Fremont• Dems. James Buchanan- north, and John C.

Breckinridge- from south

• Buchanan would win, but Reps and anti slavery won 1/3 of popular vote

Dred Scott Decision• Scott was slave who sued for freedom• Slave owner took him into free states- should

be free• Supreme court ruled- Roger B. Taney- chief

Justice• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9j3lKSs2ZoA

– Dred Scott is not a citizen- property– Slaves and descendants are property – Rule Missouri Compromise unconstitutional-

slavery can spread if people want it– Cant take away people’s property without due

process

Lincoln Douglas Debates

• Argued about the legitimacy of slavery and popular sovereignty

• Lincoln- against slavery and popular sovereignty- slavery is a moral wrong

• Douglas- little giant- for popular sovereignty and protection of slavery

• Douglas won Senate election, but Lincoln gained great reputation that would help him become president

John Brown Attacks

• John Brown- possibly a little unstable- Claimed God called him to end slavery

• Tried to start a slave Revolt in the South-1859• Took over U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry• Expected slaves to rally to him- they do not• Revolt put down• John Brown hung• Looked on as a martyr in North• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB_kbFAui-U

Section 4Lincoln, Secession, and War

• Obj: Compare the candidates in the election of 1860, and analyze the results

• Analyze why southern states seceded from the Union

• Assess the events that led to the outbreak of war

• The election of 1860 threatened to destory the Union

Election of 1860

• A. Election of 1860– Election of 1860 is pivotal time in Nation– 4 Candidates– Abraham Lincoln-Rep- against spread of slavery– John C Breckinridge- Southern Dem- protect

spread of slavery and state’s rights– Stephen Douglas- Northern Dem- popular

sovereignty – John Bell- Constitution party- compromise- save

union

• Two different Elections• Abraham Lincoln takes 60% of North• Breckinridge takes majority of South• Douglas and Bell do well only in border states• Lincoln wins• South goes into hysteria • South Carolina first to secede- Dec 20 1860• More would follow

Confederacy Established

• Feb 1861- Confederate States of America established

• 7 southern states: • Jefferson Davis Prez• Capitol was Richmond Virginia• Believed they had the right to leave Union• Constitution almost like U.S. constitution but

stressed states rights• Protect slavery

Last Minute Compromise

• Secret meeting in Washington• Crittenden Compromise- • Allow slavery below line in Missouri

compromise• Reimburse slave owners for runaway slaves

• FAILED

Failure to Compromise

• Lincoln Inaugurated • Said he would not allow the union to dissolve• Stop the spread of slavery, but said nothing

about eliminating slavery altogether• But what should Lincoln do about southern

U.S. forts

Fort Sumter

• Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens in the south and need resupply

• Lincoln decides to send supplies• April 6, 1861, South Carolina gunners open up

on Fort Sumter• Shell for 30 hours• Union soldiers surrender• Civil War has begun• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoj_fNAn9OE

Conclusion

Fall of Fort- Lincoln calls up 75,000 volunteer troopsFour more southern states secede South raises an army

Both sides thought war would be short.