The Triumph of Steam
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Transcript of The Triumph of Steam
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THE TRIUMPH OF STEAM
Chapter 5: In Summary
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Section One: Key Questions
What was the Industrial Revolution? Why did it happen?
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What 3 Industries Changed the Most?
1. Agriculture (Growing food)2. Manufacturing (Textiles)3. Transportation (Speed on land and sea)
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What was the “working people’s struggle”?
Factory workers had to work long hours, for little $,
in unsafe conditions
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Downsides of Industrial Revolution Cities were dirtier, more crowded and
more disease ridden 80% of the population was poor… Natural resource exploitation: global
warming
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Why Britain? Freer political institutions Capital ($) Raw materials Labour: -Need for labour saving (small
pop)-Willing (poor) workers
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What does “Laissez-Faire” mean? Whigs (business people) had come to
power Deregulated business meant that
business owners had greater control The philosophy: “competition & self-
interest would provide the greatest good”
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What Changed in Agriculture? More land and Richer farm owners, intent on increasing
productivity/profit (need inventions) New breeds of cattle & sheep increased
yield and hardiness Enclosure Inventions aiding: seeding, cultivation,
fertilization, crop rotation
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What did Jethro Tull & Lord Townsend invent?
Seed Drill: horse drawn & created neat rows
-solved waste of BROADCASTING-faster planting & easier maintenance
Nitrogen based crop rotation: rotations of turnip & clover meant no need for fallow years
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Section Two: Transportation
How was transportation vital to industrial revolution and the factory system?
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What was transit like before? Terrible Medieval mud roads Products carried on horseback: -Horses carried a max of 100-200kg
-Horses often slipped or lost their parcels Sea transit was useless in landlocked
areas
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What were the government’s transit solutions???
Government authorized privately built toll roads.
Do you foresee any problems with this?
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Tell me about canals Artificial water ways criss-crossed all of
Great Britain, connecting rivers Invented by Duke of Bridgewater Reduced shipping costs by ¾ 1st finished in 1760 Over 4000 km built by early 1800s!
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Describe Macadam roads Invented by James Macadam Roads that wouldn’t become muddy Turnpike system 3 layers of graded stone designed to
shed H2O
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What was “the Rocket”? Invented by George and Robert
Stephenson In 1829 A locomotive pulling one caboose @ an
unheard of speed: (Any guesses??????)
39km/hr
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Why the steam engine? Problem: H2O in mines Thomas Newcomen’s Compressed
Steam Pump was the solution. It also generated a little power
James Watt used this idea to create practical and efficient Steam Engines capable of driving machines
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What about power & heat? Coal is used in the manufacture of iron Abraham Darby made the making of cast
iron easy Coal= + accessible & therefore
commonly used in houses
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What was the life of a coal miner like?
Coal mining became a HUGE employer Deposits were far underground, so
people worked in darkness Days were long (dark to dark) Accidents were common “Black Lung” from breathing coal dust Early death Low wage
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In what ways could the steam engine change society?
Brainstorm POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES with a partner
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Robert Fulton used the steam engine on a ship
Orville Wright invented a plane Changing concept of time… (what’s that
mean?)
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Section 3: Child Labour
Why was/Is Child Labour Used?
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Why is child labour used? Lenient laws Need (both family & business) Lack of protective social structures Children are able to do fine work
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What did children do otherwise? No compulsory education 80% of parents couldn’t provide for
children on their incomes alone so if children didn’t work, they didn’t eat, etc.
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What jobs were children best at? Fine/small/detail work Running in & out of power looms: picking
out tangles Chimney cleaners Mine-shaft work
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Describe the social setting Middle & upper class people thought
poor should work max. hours Cities growing too fast (dirty,
overcrowded) Guild (unions) were illegal Parliament heard only the voices of
businessmen Local authorities responsible for
“Charity,” but they were unaccountable & poor judges of character
No laws to protect the common people
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What were the “Factory Acts”? Laws helping social reform
1802: Illegal for children to work >12hrs straight in a mill
1819: Illegal to hire <9yrs in textiles
1824: Labour Unions finally legal
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Section 4: WomenWhat role did women play
during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was the female experience in the Industrial Revolution?
Suffered from the declining cottage industry
Paid poorly Hired as “gangs” of women to do
agricultural labor Could not vote (despite Mary
Wollstonecraft) No voice in parliament
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Were all women poor? No! Some could hire servants Others now had spending money
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Section 5: After Math
Effects of the Industrial Evolution
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ProsWhat good things happened during the
industrial revolution???
Some Ideas: Transportation (Rocket, canals, Macadam
roads) Increased production & profit Faster: goods delivery & human movement Social Structure: Business people in
government Instigated better treatment of future
workers
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Changes in laws Enclosure: All agricultural land must be
fenced in. Universal male sufferage Factory Acts: beginning of unions/child-
labor laws 1878: Factory Acts were extended to all
industries. No child was to be employed anywhere, if under the age of 10. 10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days. Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week.
Laissez-Faire government: capitalism was flourishing
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ConsWhat do you think were the major down sides???
Some Ideas: Slums; poor sanitation More poor people—growing discontent Forced relocation (Eng/Scottish farmers, Irish famine) Children/women forced to work: breakdown of family Increased infant mortality Lack of education—no time for in home learning
either
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Was there any opposition to the Industrial Revolution at
the time?
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The Luddites The Peterloo Masacre
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Who were the Luddites? 1811 Sent messages to manufacturers from
"General Ned Ludd and the Army of Redressers.”
Angry workers broke into factories and destroyed 100s of stocking frames
Killing of William Horsfall, the owner of a large mill in the area of Yorkshire
Ended by 1817 after 23 executed
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What was the Peterloo Massacre?
Primary source: By Richard Carlile (Rally speaker/radical)
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Peterloo Massacre continued… Aug 16, 1819: Manchester England 2 radical men were to speak at St.
Peter’s field, including Richard Carlile Crowd of 50 000 can to listen Government was worried & charged into
crowd: 11 dead, 400 injured