THE TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY BASED ON THE TRANSLATION

STRATEGIES APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE PROPER

NOUNS IN CHRIS COLOMBUS AND NED VIZINNI’S

HOUSE OF SECRETS NOVEL

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Attainment of

a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

BY:

ESTER SUSETYA NINGSIH

12211141010

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

2016

ii

APPROVAL

iii

RATIFICATION

iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih

NIM : 12211141010

Program Study: Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies

Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

and Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang

pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain

kecuali bagian-bagian tertetu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti

tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang baik dan benar.

Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal ini

sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya.

v

MOTTOS

Life has knocked me down a few times. It has shown me things I never wanted

to see. I have experienced sadness and failures. But one thing is for sure…

I ALWAYS GET UP!

-Unknown

Always go with the choice that scares you the most because that’s the one that is

going to help you grow.

-Psychology Quote

“If someone offers you an amazing opportunity and you’re not

sure you can do it, say yes – then learn how to do it later.”

-Richard Branson

Walk with the dreamers, the believers, the courageous, the

cheerful, the planners, the doers, the successful people with

their heads in the clouds and their feet on the ground. Let

their spirit ignite a fire within you to leave this world better

than when you found it.

-Unknown

vi

DEDICATION

THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO:

MY BELOVED PARENTS

AND

MY SISTERS

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirrobbil alamiin. First of all, I want to praise Allah

Subhanahuwata’ala for the greatest blessings given upon me, so I can finally

finish this thesis. Also, I am so grateful for having so many people around me

who always help, support, and pray for me. They had big roles in motivating me

to finish this thesis for attaining Sarjana Sastra degree. My deepest and sincerest

gratitude is also dedicated to Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A. and Andy Bayu

Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum., my thesis supervisors, for their guidance, advice,

corrections, and suggestions during the writing process of this thesis. My gratitude

is also delivered to Niken Anggraeni, M.A., my academic advisor, who always

listens to my problems and gives advice related to academic scope. I also specially

dedicate my sincerest and deepest appreciation to:

1. my family members, especially my beloved sisters Dina Kristina Wati and

Yessy Kartika Sari who take role as my guardian after my parents passed

away, and also for their supports both morally and financially to lead me strive

in order to finish my study from this university;

2. Nia Juliarti, Krisna Bayu Aji, and Ulik Chodratillah for their role as data

triangulators, peer reviewers and grammar checkers;

3. Novandy, who always supports me from the very beginning till the end;

4. my bestfriends, Nurul, Hesti, Zen, Febriana, Gita, Nia, Bella, Kiki, Tami, Anis,

Meli, Ulik, and Krisna who always accompany me and make me laugh;

viii

5. the students of English Language and Literature class E and Translation major,

with whom I have studied and done many great things together for the last four

years; and

6. my seniors, especially in translation major who have sincerely supported and

helped me finish this thesis.

In the end, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect, so I would appreciate

all the criticisms for the betterment of the thesis given to me. Hopefully, this

thesis will be useful to broaden and enrich knowledge in the translation field.

Yogyakarta, 7 October 2016

Ester Susetya Ningsih

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A THESIS ...................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL .................................................................................................................. ii

RATIFICATION .......................................................................................................... iii

SURAT PERNYATAAN............................................................................................. iv

MOTTOS ...................................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. ix

LISTS OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... xiii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

A. Research Background........................................................................................... 1

B. Research Focus ...................................................................................................... 4

C. Research Objectives .............................................................................................. 5

D. Research Significance .......................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................. 7

A. Literature Review ................................................................................................. 7

1. Translation .......................................................................................................... 7

2. Proper Nouns ................................................................................................... 12

3. Translation Ideology ........................................................................................ 23

B. Previous Related Studies ..................................................................................... 26

C. About the Novel................................................................................................... 27

D. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................... 28

x

E. Analytical Construct ............................................................................................ 32

CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................. 33

A. Research Approach ............................................................................................. 33

B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data ................................................................... 34

C. Research Instruments .......................................................................................... 34

D. Technique of Data Collection ............................................................................ 36

E. Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 36

F. Data Trustworthiness ........................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................. 39

A. Findings .............................................................................................................. 39

1. The Proper Nouns Categorization.................................................................... 39

2. The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns .............................................. 40

3. The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns ........................ 41

B. Discussion ........................................................................................................... 42

1. Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel ........................... 42

2. Translation Strategies used in Translating Proper Nouns in House of

Secrets Novel ....................................................................................................... 59

3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in

Translating the Proper Nouns .............................................................................. 75

CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................... 82

A. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 82

1. The Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel .................... 82

2. The Translation Strategies Used in Translating the Proper Nouns .................. 83

3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in

Translating the Proper Nouns .............................................................................. 84

B. Suggestions ......................................................................................................... 84

1. To Translators .................................................................................................. 84

2. To the Students of English Literature Majoring in Translation Studies .......... 85

3. To Other Researchers....................................................................................... 86

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 87

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 90

xi

LISTS OF TABLES

Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet ...................................................................... 35

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns’ Category ........................ 40

Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its

Ideology....................................................................................................................... 41

Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person’s Names

Category ...................................................................................................................... 43

Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals

Category ...................................................................................................................... 45

Table 6. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Geographical and Celestial Names

Category ...................................................................................................................... 47

Table 7. The Example of Proper Nouns under Monuments, Buildings, Meeting

Rooms Category .......................................................................................................... 49

Table 8. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Historical Events, Documents,

Laws, and Periods Category ........................................................................................ 50

Table 9. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Months, Days of the Week,

Holidays Category ....................................................................................................... 52

Table 10. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Groups and Languages Category .. 54

Table 11. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Religions, Deties, and Scriptures

Category ...................................................................................................................... 56

Table 12. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle

Models, Brand Names Category ................................................................................. 58

Table 13. The Examples of the Application of Preservation Strategy ........................ 60

Table 14. The Examples of the Application of Addition Strategy .............................. 62

Table 15. The Examples of the Application of Localization Strategy ........................ 64

Table 16. The Examples of the Application of Globalization Strategy ...................... 66

Table 17. The Examples of the Application of Omission Strategy ............................ 68

Table 18. The Examples of the Application of Transformation Strategy ................... 71

Table 19. The Examples of the Application of Creation Strategy .............................. 72

Table 20. The Frequency and the Percentage of Foreignization Ideology ................. 76

Table 21. The Frequency and the Percentage of Domestication Ideology ................. 78

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies

(2003) .......................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 2. Analytical Construct .................................................................................... 32

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A : Addition

Apn : Given or Pet Names of Animals

Avb : Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names

C : Creation

CALD : Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

G : Globalization

Gec : Geographical and Celestial Names

Grl : Groups and Languages

Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods

KBBI : Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia

L : Localization

Mbr : Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms

Mdh : Months, Days of the Week and Holidays

O : Omission

P : Preservation

Ppn : Part of a Person’s Names

Rds : Religions, Deities, Scriptures

SE : Source Expression

ST : Source Text

T : Transformation

TE : Target Expression

TT : Target Text

xiv

The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies Applied

in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus And Ned Vizinni’s

House Of Secrets Novel

By:

Ester Susetya Ningsih

12211141010

ABSTRACT

The aims of this research are to describe: 1) the categories of proper nouns found

in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel, 2) the strategies used by

the translator in translating the proper nouns, and 3) the translation ideology based on the

dominant strategy which is applied in translating the proper nouns.

This research employed mixed methods, descriptive qualitative method and

quantitative method. The main method is descriptive qualitative method. Then, the data

analysis is supported by simple statistic which represents quantitative analysis. The data

are the original or English version of proper nouns and their Bahasa Indonesia

translations found in House of Secrets novel, which are in the form of words and phrases.

The key instrument of the research was the researcher, and then supported by data sheets.

The trustworthiness of the research was gained by performing credibility, dependability

and conformability. The trustworthiness was also gained by applying triangulations.

The results of the research showed three findings. In terms of proper nouns, there

are nine categories. They are names of person, names of animals, names of geographical

units, names of buildings, names of historical events, names of time units, names of

groups and languages, names of religions, and names of awards and brands. Among the

categories, names of person became the most frequent category which appeared 143 times

(39.18%) in the novel. In terms of translation strategies, there are seven translation

strategies: preservation, addition which is under foreignization ideology, and then

followed by localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and creation which is

under domestication ideology. The result shows that preservation strategy was the most

dominant strategy since it occurred 275 times (75.34%) in the novel. Thus, the findings

clearly showed that the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns was

foreignization since the dominant strategy which is applied was under foreignization

ideology.

Keywords: proper nouns, translation strategies, translation ideology, House of Secrets

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Children’s literature has six genres, they are: picture book, traditional

literature, fiction and non-fiction, biography and autobiography, poetry and verse.

Some of the genres have numbers of subgenres. The traditional literature, for

example, has myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales. The fiction has fantasy,

realistic fiction and historical fiction as its subgenres. All of the subgenres

mentioned above contain some stories. The stories usually have some characters

inside, and each character has its own name given by the author. The names of the

characters grammatically can be called as the proper noun.

Newmark (1998b) divides proper nouns into five categories, they are:

proper names, historical institutional terms, international institutional terms,

national institutional terms and cultural terms. They can be found in some

artworks of children’s literature which subgenres are fantasy or fiction, and fairy

tales. Some popular artworks are translated into various languages in all over the

world. Therefore, the translation process includes the translation of the proper

nouns found in the artworks. Those proper nouns are treated differently,

sometimes they do not need to be translated, sometimes they are directly

transformed and sometimes they are added with definitions or explanations. The

decisions depend on the context and their specific characteristics. These

statements are in line with Klingberg (1986:43) who says that “… personal names

2

… without any special meanings … should not be altered.” Klingberg (1986:43)

also states that, “In earlier children’s literature descriptive names were frequent …

such names have to be translated”. Thus, fairy tale and the fiction are the ones in

which proper nouns are frequently translated because they usually contain certain

meaning.

According to the statement above, the researcher tried to find the fittest

artworks for this research. The choice went to the novel entitled House of Secrets.

It is a New York Times bestseller written by Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini.

Chris Columbus is a famed Hollywood director who works behind the first two

Harry Potter movies and Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief movie. Meanwhile,

Ned Vizzini is a bestselling author of the teen books whose works have been

translated into twenty-five languages. This novel focuses on imaginary world that

contains with various numbers of proper nouns from the real to the imaginary

ones. The proper nouns in this novel are translated based on the messages or

meanings inside them.

For example, in this novel the researcher found the name Student Union

Office which is translated into Kantor OSIS. Instead of translating the source text

name into its literal meaning Kantor Serikat Pelajar or Kantor Perkumpulan

Siswa, the translator prefers to pick the local-kind-of-union OSIS to translate the

term Student Union. It is called localization. Then, the name of Blob-ipus is

translated into si Endut-ipus. The using of the word Endut, instead of Gemuk,

Gempal or Gendut, based on the consideration of the translation that the target

3

readers are children, so it might be more eye-catching. This kind of strategy is

called localization.

Thus, from the examples above, the translator has to make a precise

decision in choosing the fittest strategies in translating the proper nouns found in

this novel to ensure that the messages are accurately digested by the readers. The

dominant strategies that are used to translate the proper nouns can be a parameter

to identify the ideological tendency of the translator toward the text. When the

translator chooses to maintain the names of the proper nouns, it means that the

translator wants to introduce new terms to the target readers, or it can be called as

foreignization. In the contrary, when the translator decides to transform the

names, it means the names are wanted to be understood easily by the target

readers, so it is commonly called as domestication.

According to the described phenomenon above, the researcher decides to

analyze the ideological tendency from translation strategies of the proper nouns

found in House of Secrets novel. This novel provides numbers of proper nouns

which are translated using various strategies, and the strategies can help the

researcher in finding the ideological tendency of the translator. Thus, it is

necessary for the researcher to analyze each strategy the translator used in

translating proper nouns and to identify the ideological tendency of the strategies

used.

The ideology of translating, based on Venuti (1995:469), is foreignization

and domestication which refer to the translator’s basic orientation in operating

text according to social and cultural context. Foreignization is one of the

4

translation ideologies that invites the readers to enter the scope of foreign cultures.

Besides, domestication is oriented to target language, so the readers can get

translation product based on their own culture. Foreignization ideology and

domestication ideology are indeed contradictive with each other, but in its

practice, it is difficult to use only one ideology. For this research, finding

ideological tendency is important because the researcher is able to grasp the

translator’s perspective and translator’s orientation of language, whether it is

foreignization or domestication.

B. Research Focus

Translating proper nouns is a challenging task for the translator.

Commonly, there are hidden aspects inside the proper nouns created by the

author, so it will be difficult work for the translator to make a precise equivalent

in the target text. Thus, to produce an accurate product of translation especially in

translating proper nouns, the translator needs special strategies of translation.

This research focuses on categorizing the proper nouns found in the text

and analyzing the strategies applied to each of them. Then, the collected strategies

will show the ideological tendency of the translated text. The subject of this

research is a novel entitled House of Secrets. This novel has been translated into

various languages and it is addressed for children and teenagers, so the proper

nouns need special treatments.

In some cases, the translator tends to foreignize the translation of proper

nouns by maintaining the source’s text names and brings the readers to the source

language’s culture. Different cases are found that the translator also prefers to

5

domesticate the translation of proper nouns by transforming the source names into

the names which are more familiar in target language, so the target readers who

use the language can easily understand the meaning and also the context.

Gaining the ideological tendency of the translation can be guided by

tracing the translation strategies used by the translator to translate the proper

nouns during the research. The various strategies employed in translating the

proper nouns are considered to be worth analyzed since it can help the researcher

in showing the translation ideology for this research. Based on the background

and the research focus, the problems in this research are formulated as follows.

1. What are the proper noun categories found in Chris Columbus and Ned

Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel?

2. What are the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper

nouns?

3. Based on the dominant strategy applied, what is the translation ideology of

the translation of the proper nouns?

C. Research Objectives

The objectives of the research related to the formulation of the problems

are:

a. to describe the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and

Ned Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel,

b. to describe the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper

nouns, and

6

c. to describe the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which

is applied in translating the proper nouns.

D. Research Significance

This research is expected to be significant for the following parties:

1. This research may give contribution for translation study in the topic of

translating proper nouns.

2. For the students of English Language and Literature Study Program,

especially for those who major in translation, this research is expected to

encourage the readers to conduct the same research by using similar topic.

3. It is expected to enrich the translators’ knowledge on deciding the best

strategies in translating proper nouns from English into Bahasa Indonesia.

7

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is literature review, and the

second part is conceptual framework. Literature review concerns in explaining

about translation, translation of children’s literature, proper nouns, categorization

of proper nouns, translation strategies, translation ideology, previous related

studies and review of House of Secret novel. In the second part, there is

conceptual framework which shows the concept used to conduct the research, and

also the analytical construct which gives description on this research is conducted.

A. Literature Review

1. Translation

Translation is an influential phenomenon in human life. This

phenomenon is related to languages which exist in this world. There are many

countries in the world, and usually each country has language which is

different from other countries. Thus, translation, as a process in turning source

text (ST) into target text (TT), is needed as a bridge to make a certain

language understandable for people who use different languages in different

countries.

a. Definitions of Translation

Translation is a complicated task since the meaning of the source-

language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other

words, translation can be defined as transferring the meaning and form of the

8

text in source language into the meaning and form of the text in target

language. Translation by Electronic Cambridge Dictionary is defined as

something which is translated, or process of translating something, from one

language to another. Then, the goal of a translator should be to produce a

translation that has the same meaning as the source-language text, but is

expressed in the natural form of the target language.

Newmark (1981: 7) indicates that translation is a craft that attempts to

replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same

message or statement in another language. Also, he views translation as a

science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste. As a science, translation includes

the knowledge and the assessment of the facts and the language that describes

them; as a skill, translation contains the appropriate language and acceptable

usage; as an art, translation differentiates good writing from bad and involves

innovative, intuitive and inspired levels; and lastly, viewing translation as a

matter of taste includes the fact that the translator resorts to his/her own

preferences; so, the translated text varies from one translator to another. Kelly

(2005:25) defines translation as the skill of understanding the source text and

rendering it in the target language by using the register, the background

knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended purpose.

From all the definitions of translation proposed by the theorists, the

researcher chooses the definition of translation as proposed by Kelly

(2005:25) because from the definition, he sees translation as a skill which has

to be owned by the translator in rendering meaning from source text into

9

target text. This skill requires background knowledge of both texts, so the

translator can transfer the text exactly based on its intended purpose.

In this research, the skill is used as the translator’s decision to use

certain strategy in rendering texts. The strategies which are used can trace the

ideological tendency of the translator. It is possible for the translator to

introduce foreign language and culture to the target reader, and then it would

be called as foreignization. Also, translator can decide to choose

domestication in order to make the translated texts close to the target language

and culture. Thus, it can be concluded that the researcher chooses definition of

translation by Kelly (2005:25) because it can represent its relation with the

topic of this research.

b. Types of Translation

Based on Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114), there are three types of

translation:

1) Inter-lingual translation, or rewording

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. It

means that inter-lingual translation is the translation which refers to different

languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. In this type of translation, the

messages of a certain language are transferred into different language. This

translation can be done for written texts or spoken texts, for example: books,

novels, movies, etc.

10

2) Intra-lingual translation, or translation proper

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same

language. It deals with making things clear by rephrasing a text or expression

in the same language. Paraphrasing a poem in the same language and

simplifying a novel are some of the examples of intra-lingual translation.

Since there is only one language involved in this type of translation, it is also

called as monolingual translation.

3) Inter-semiotic translation, or transmutation

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal

sign system. It involves transferring the essence of the original, for example

written texts into music, painting or film. There is transfer of message from

the shapes of symbol and sign into the language and vice versa.

The analysis for this research will be done by engaging two novels

which are served in two different languages. The novel is originally written in

English and then translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Since the novels related to

two different languages, they can be called as bilingual translation. Thus, this

research is conducted under the inter-lingual translation.

c. Translation of Children’s Literature

Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study, due to

the fact that books for children have always been written by authors who come

from various countries and use different languages. Children's literature is

usually understood to a book which intentionally read by children. There are a

11

lot of children’s literatures which are translated and they are still read in all

over the world. Children's literature deserves a special attention because it

plays a fairly important role in children's growing-up process. According to

Jiang and Zhao (2013:946) the language of children's literature is featured by

accuracy, simplicity, vividness and rhyme. Its educational function suggests

that too much language variation and untraditional ways would mislead

children.

Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four pedagogical goals when

children’s books are translated: (1) to make more literature available to

children, (2) to further international outlook and understanding of the young

readers, (3) to give the readers, especially children, a text that they can

understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of

values. Klingberg (1986:45) maintains that goals (1) and (2) require close

adherence to the original text, while (3) and (4) require cultural context

adaptation to facilitate understanding or to modify the content so that it

conforms to the set of values of the target culture. In other words, goals (1)

and (2) require more adequacy-oriented translation or foreignization of the

target text, while (3) and (4) require more acceptability-oriented translation, or

domestication. Thus, it is a must for the translator of children's literature to

consider his/her orientation by adopting the most applicable strategies

according to the children’s language ability so that they could easily achieve

the messages of the texts.

12

2. Proper Nouns

a. Definitions of Proper Nouns

Proper nouns are the special words that usually indicate sex, age,

history, specific meaning, cultural connotations, animals, companies, festivals,

names of persons and geographical places. It is in line with the definition

given in The Oxford Concise English Dictionary (2001) proper name is “a

name for an individual person, place, or organization having an initial capital

letter”. Some scholars also have their own definition of proper nouns.

Fernandes (2006) says that in literary works proper names are used as “dense

signifiers in the sense that they contain in themselves clues about the destiny

of a character or indicates of the way the storyline may develop”. Nord

(2003:183) in Jaleniauskienė & Čičelytė (2009:31) states that “proper names

may be non-descriptive, but they are obviously not non-informative”. It can be

explained that proper names can tell about the referent gender, age, or

geographical origin.

Finally, the researcher chooses the definition of proper nouns proposed

by Nord (2003:184). He defines name as the word(s) by which an individual

referent is identified, that is to say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to

identify, for instance, an individual person, animal, place, or thing. Then,

related to translation of proper nouns, he says that proper nouns may be non-

descriptive, but they are informative. Then, it means that if the information is

explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated, but if the

information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she intends to add

13

some information. This definition will help the researcher in analyzing the

translated proper nouns in the novel.

b. Proper Nouns Categories

Some theorists draw different categorizations and below are the

categorizations presented by Frank (1972) and Howard (2009:2). Frank, in

Modern English (1972), categorizes proper nouns into six categories. He lists

six categories of proper nouns which are names of person, names of

geographical units, names of nationalities and religions, names of holiday,

names of time units, and words for personification as can be seen below.

1) Names of Person

The names of person category cover names of single person including real

name, nick name, imaginary name or descriptive name. This category also

includes family names, occupation and position treated as the name of the

bearer of that position.

2) Names of Geographical Units

Frank (1972) states that geographical units can be any names of entities,

such as: countries, cities, rivers, etc.

3) Names of Nationalities and Religions

According to Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary,

nationality has a meaning as national status; or it can be meant as membership

in a particular nation. The word religion means an organized system of beliefs,

ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. It is an

interest, a belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group.

14

4) Names of Holidays

Based on Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary, holiday

means a day on which one is exempt from work; specifically: a day marked

by a general suspension of work in commemoration of an event.

5) Names of Time Units

Time is a moment, hour, day, or year as indicated by a clock or calendar. It

is an appointed, fixed, or customary moment or hour for something to happen,

begin, or end. This definition is taken from Merriam-Webster's Learner's

Electronic Dictionary.

6) Words used for personification

Personification means the attribution of human nature or character to

animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical

figure. It is the representation of a thing or abstraction in the form of a person,

as in art. Also, it has a meaning as the person or thing embodying a quality or

the like; an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a

thing or abstraction.

Then, the second categorization is proposed by Howard (2009).

Howard (2009) in Capitalizing Proper Nouns has categorized the proper

nouns into nine categories. All of the categories are explained as follows.

1) Part of a Person's Name

This category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A.

Garfield, Chester Alan Arthur (Howard, 2009). In this research, it includes

15

nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names related to person’s

names.

Example: Brendan Walker knew the house was going to be terrible.

2) Given or Pet Names of Animals

It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to

animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is category

for animals’ names.

Example: “She. Calico. Light brown with white spots. Her name’s Misty.”

3) Geographical and Celestial Names

This category refers to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g.,

Red Sea, Alpha Centauri (Howard, 2009). It covers names of countries, cities,

addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which exist in space.

Example: A car honked on Sea Cliff Avenue behind them.

4) Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms

This category includes names of buildings build in order to remind of

famous person or event, and names of places where the meetings take place,

e.g., the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard, 2009). This category

also includes names of companies, hospital, campuses and schools as part of

buildings’ names.

Example: Diane led the Walkers into the living room, which had a stunning

view of the Golden Gate Bridge.

16

5) Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods

It is a category which includes the names that bear a historical importance,

e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard, 2009). It means

that this category covers the names of era or periods of time, and events

happened in the past. Also, it includes any events, documents, books, laws,

and others which have relation with names of events.

Example: Brendan had seen the Sopwith in history books about World War I.

6) Months, Days of the Week, Holidays

This category refers to the names of time units, e.g., Monday, Easter,

December (Howard 2009). The names of holidays are also included in this

category since they are related to a certain point of time.

Example: Date of first visit: March sixteenth, 1899.

7) Groups and Languages

This category encompasses groups’ names and names of languages, e.g.,

Myopia Hunt Club, the Republicans, French, National Football League

(Howard, 2009). Names of groups cover ethnical groups or tribes, sport teams,

etc.

Example: “A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native American

grave.”

8) Religions, Deities, Scriptures

This category refers to the various religious terms, e.g., God, Christ, the

Bible (Howard, 2009). All of the religion terms are included under this

category.

17

Example: “But they didn’t tell me your Christian names.”

9) Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names

It is a vast category including such words as: the Nobel 9 Peace Prize,

Eagle Scout, Ford Escort, the Bismarck Kleenex (Howard, 2009). This

category covers names which have relation with awards names, vehicles

names, brand names.

Example: The Walker family stepped out of their Toyota, bumping into one

another.

From the two categorizations mentioned, the researcher chooses

Howard’s (2009:2) categorization to be the most suitable categorization which

covers various proper nouns found in the novel that will be analyzed. The

researcher considers that the categorization proposed by Howard (2009:2) is

more complete and more up-to-date than Frank’s (1972) categorization. Thus,

the researcher uses the categorization from Howard (2009) for this research.

c. Translation of Proper Nouns

Shirinzadeh & Mahadi (2014:8) stated that proper nouns are regarded

so simple that they might be taken for granted in translation explorations.

Some may believe that they should not be translated in transmitting source

texts to target texts. But, it is not the case; if one looks at present translations,

he will notice that different strategies might be applied for translating proper

nouns. They might often be problematic in translation especially in the course

of rendition between different cultures. It is in line with Pour (2009:1) who

states that rendering proper nouns is not certainly a simple task as it can be

18

problematic in the act of translation; furthermore, translators have to be very

careful when they want to translate proper nouns.

Different ways of translating proper nouns are posed by some

researchers in different studies, which express the choices a translator has for

translating proper names regarding the context in which a proper noun is used

and some other factors. There are two different theorists who have proposed

their theorists related to strategies used in translation of proper nouns. First,

Vermes (2003:93-94) model of translating proper nouns can be seen below:

1) Transference

Transference is the strategy used which the translator makes use of the

source text proper noun without applying any changes in the target languages

(Vermes, 2003).

2) Substitution

This strategy is used when the translator uses the conventional

correspondent of the source language noun in the target language (Vermes,

2003).

3) Translation

Translation strategy is used when the noun is rendered in the target text by

the translator (Vermes, 2003).

4) Modification

Modification is the strategy of using a substitute in the target text for the

original noun which is not related or just partly related to the source language

noun conventions or logic (Vermes, 2003).

19

5) Omission

It is the strategy where the translator substitutes the SL noun or part of it

with none in the TL (Vermes, 2003).

6) Addition

Addition is the strategy in which the translator will use expansion in the

translation of the source language noun (Vermes, 2003).

7) Generalization

It is strategy which the translator uses a super-ordinate noun instead of

using the source language noun (Vermes, 2003).

8) Transference plus phonetic adaptation

Transference plus phonetic adaptation is the strategy that can be applied

by the translator to transfer the source text name into the target text but with

phonetic adaptations so as to match it with the TL conventions (Vermes,

2003).

Second, Eirlys E. Davies (2003:65) proposed seven translation

strategies taking into consideration in translation of Cultural Specific Items

(CSIs) including proper nouns that can be seen below.

1) Preservation

Preservation occurs when the translation of the source text term remains

the same. The terms existing in the source text are transferred directly without

any further explanations; they can be copied or literally translated. Based on

Davies’ (2003) categorization, there are two types of preservation.

preservation of form which occurs when a translator may simply decide to

20

maintain the source text term in the translation, for example, the name Ron

Weasley which is also translated as Ron Weasly (Davies, 2003), and

preservation of content which occurs when the actual English words are not

preserved, but where a cultural reference receives a literal translation, with no

further explanation, for example, the name Moony is translated into Luna

which have close meaning in source language (Davies, 2003).

Example: SE (Source Expression): “It’s truly the most amazing house, Mrs.

Walker,” Diane chirped on speaker.

TE (Target Expression): “Rumah itu sungguh sangat menakjubkan,

Mrs. Walker,” celoteh Diane di telepon.

2) Addition

This strategy occurs when “a translator may decide to keep the original

item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary”

(Davies, 2003:78). The additional information can be written within the text in

the form of adjectival descriptions or explanations and outside the text in the

form of explanatory footnotes and glosses.

Example: SE: He’d seen this plane too; it was what the Red Baron flew in old

movies.

TE: Dia juga pernah melihat pesawat ini, pesawat yang diterbangkan

Red Baron—si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal

Jerman—dalam film-film tua.

3) Omission

Omission appears when a problematic CSI is left out in the translation so

that the readers have no idea of its existence (Davies 2003: 79). In other

21

words, the translator can simply removes the original noun or part of the noun

in the translated noun. Omission can be employed in the translation of CSI due

to three reasons according to Davies (2003). First of all, omission can be used

when the translator cannot find the equivalent in the TL. Secondly, omission

may be used as a reasoned decision of a translator. Finally, omission is used

when the translation by explanation or paraphrase gives “a prominence it did

not posses in the original” (Davies, 2003).

Example: SE: But, when she saw the truck, she realized it wasn’t Spartan like

self-denying; it was Spartan like a citizen of ancient Sparta,

with a plumed helmet for a logo.

TE: Tapi, ketika melihat truknya, dia baru sadar arti spartan disini

bukan hidup susah, melainkan warga Sparta Kuno, dengan

helm berjambul sebagai logonya.

4) Globalization

Davies (2003) defines this translation strategy as “the process of

replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or

general”, e.g., mint hamburgers-bonbons a la menthe (Davies, 2003). In other

words, this more neutral or general words are used in globalization strategy

since they are more accessible to various readers with multicultural

backgrounds.

Example: SE: If the Big One comes and the house falls off the cliff, it’s

designed to hit the ocean and drift away.

TE: Jika terjadi Gempa Besar dan rumah ini jatuh dari tebing,

strukturnya dirancang untuk mengempas ke lautan dan

mengapung.

22

5) Localization

Localisation occurs when a translator “instead of aiming for ‘cultural-

free’ descriptions, […] may try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of

the target audience” (Davies, 2003). In other words, this translation strategy is

used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more

familiar to the target readers. Davies also added that localisation does not

contain any strangeness of the foreign text and thus, does not cause any

misunderstanding for the TT readers.

Example: SE: “A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native

American grave.”

TE: “Sepasang pecandu ilmu gaib amatir yang menggali kuburan

orang Indian.”

6) Transformation

Transformation may be used because the translator’s or editor’s

“willingness to wrestle with possible obscurity” (Davies, 2003). The meaning

and the form of the target text are rather different from the source language

text. This strategy also includes the substitution of the source language names

into one equivalent name which exist in the target language.

Example: SE: “... an overgrown tree out in front and a bunch of snoopy

neighbours who were going to look at the Walkers and

whisper,”

TE: “... pohon gondrong diluar, serta sekelompok tetangga ingin

tahu yang akan memandang keluarga Walker dan berbisik,”

23

7) Creation

Creation appears when “translators have actually created CSIs not

present in the original text” (Davies, 2003). In other words, this strategy is

used when there is a recreation of name from the source language to be one

which is firmly or totally different from the source language.

Example: SE: Eleanor put down Gladius Rex and picked up The Heart and the

Helm, a book about pirates.

TE: Eleanor meletakkan Gladius Rex dan memungut Kendali Juru

Mudi, buku tentang bajak laut.

From the explanation above, the translation strategies proposed by

Davies (2003) are finally used by the researcher for this research. These

strategies are listed by taking into consideration translations of CSIs including

proper nouns (Davies, 2003). This strategy can help the researcher in finding

the ideological tendency of the translation of proper nouns because some of

them represent the foreignization or domestication ideology. For example,

preservation and addition strategies are covered by foreignization ideology,

and other strategies are covered by domestication ideology. Therefore, Davies’

(2003) seven strategies of translation are relevant with this research.

3. Translation Ideology

a. Definition of Translation Ideology

According to the ideas of Abrams (2004) cited in Shandra (2014),

ideology is the dominant product of interest of the society, not a single vision

or way of thinking of member of a society. He defines ideology as the beliefs,

24

values, and ways of thinking that human beings comprehend and they take to

be reality. Therefore, there is relation between the common definitions of

ideology with definition of ideology in translation. As Schäffner (2003:23)

claims that all translations are ideological since "the choice of a source text

and the use to which the subsequent target text is put are determined by the

interests, aims, and objectives of social agents".

The terms ‘translation ideology’ covers the tendency, consideration

and interest of the translation that can be reflected by the application of

translation strategy. In other words, ideology, in translation, influences the

translator in choosing translation strategies in translating texts which have

cultural background. Thus, the ideology can be meant as the translator’s

orientation either to source culture, or to the target culture.

b. Foreignization and Domestication Ideology in Translation

Foreignization and domestication terms were introduced and explained

by Lawrence Venuti in his book, The Translator’s Invisibility which published

in 1995. Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies expected by

the society. Those tendencies, however, showing a serious contrast; on one

hand it is believed that a good translation is a translation which holds the

source language and culture, or commonly called as foreignization, while in

another hand it is believed that a good translation has to close to the target

language and culture, or recognized as domestication. Venuti (Katan,

1999:156), regards foreignization as a means to take “the reader over to the

foreign culture, making him or her see the (cultural and linguistic)

25

differences.” Meanwhile, Venuti regards domestication as the ideology that

conform[s] to values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a

conservative and openly assimilations approach to the foreign, appropriating it

to support domestication canons, publishing trends, political alignments.

From the brief explanation above, it can be concluded that

foreignization can be called as source language approach. It takes the target

reader towards the source text, and highlights the identity of the source text.

This ideology tries to send the reader abroad, so the readers can feel the

atmosphere of the original language culture. Different from foreignization,

domestication can be called as target language approach. It is translator’s way

to adjust the element of the source language with the condition of the target

language. Generally speaking, there will be difficulties in understanding the

situation because of the cultural difference between the source language and

target language. Then the translation can be done by turning the text into the

familiar translation culture of the reader. This ideology also can be mentioned

as reader-to-author approach which allows the translation to be read and

understood easily by the readers. The ideas of translation ideology also can be

seen from the theory proposed by Davies (2003) as drawn in Figure 1.

26

Figure

1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies (2003)

The bottom up scheme as drawn in Figure 1 as proposed by Davies

(2003) shows that the ideology in certain text can be traced from the strategies

employed by the translator. The scheme shows that preservation and addition

strategy are under foreignization ideology, while localization, transformation,

and creation are under domestication ideology. The globalization and

omission strategies are changeable since they can be under foreignization or

domestication ideology, based on the contextual consideration. Therefore, in

this research, globalization and omission strategies are placed under

domestication ideology since all of the analyzed data under these strategies

tend to domestication.

B. Previous Related Studies

This research is guided by the previous studies which analyze the

notions of foreignization and domestication in film translation conducted by a

researcher, Ligita Judickaitė (2009), and also a study conducted by Erys

Shandra (2014) which assessed the ideological tendency of proper nouns

traced from the techniques which are applied. Both studies help the researcher

gains any suitable sources related to the research and also comparing the final

27

result to the previous studies, whether it will be in line or the opposite. The

former which was conducted by Ligita Judickaitė (2009) was analyzing the

notions of foreignization and domestication applied to film translation:

analysis of subtitles in cartoon Ratatouille. The analysis is related to English

culture-specific items and their translation strategies used in cartoon

Ratatouille. The latter study was conducted by Erys Shandra (2014), an

English Language and Literature student of State University of Yogyakarta

which analyzed ideological tendency assessed from the translation techniques

applied through the proper nouns in Joanne k. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the

Sorcerer’s Stone and its bahasa Indonesia translation Harry Potter dan Batu

Bertuah.

C. About the Novel

House of Secrets is published by HarperCollins on April 23rd

, 2013.

This is one of New York Times bestsellers novel written by famed Hollywood

director Chris Columbus (director of first two Harry Potter films and Percy

Jackson: The Lightning Thief) and bestselling author of the acclaimed teen

books Ned Vizzini (his work has been translated into twenty-five languages).

This novel has 496 pages. Fantasy, adventure/action, and family are well-

combined as its genre. This is a suitable novel for children in the age of 8-12

years old. J. K. Rowling comments that this novel is hailed as “a breakneck,

jam-packed roller coaster of an adventure”.

The story is about siblings Brendan, Eleanor, and Cordelia Walker

whom once had everything they want, but everything totally changed when

28

Dr. Walker, their father, lost his job. Then, the family must relocate to an old

Victorian house. The house is formerly the home of novelist Denver Kristoff.

Inside the house, there are book collections of Denver Kristoff which are

magical. Each Kristoff’s books have imaginary world that brought the

Walkers to unexpected journey. This novel focuses on imaginary world inside

the books of Denver Kristoff which have visited by the Walkers. This novel is

fit for this research because it contains various numbers of proper nouns, from

the real or imaginary world which are brought and created by the author’s

illusion, which can be analyzed by the researcher.

D. Conceptual Framework

In this research, the definition of translation proposed by Kelly

(2005:25) is chosen since he defines translation as the skills of translator. One

of the skills which become significant to support this research is decision

making skill. It will affect the translation in choosing the strategies that will be

used to translate proper nouns. Then, from the most frequent strategies used to

translate the proper nouns, the researcher can identify the ideological tendency

of the translator.

As for the type of translation, the researcher directly shows and

chooses Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114) this research. His three

types of translation are common in translation studies. As the analysis for this

research will be done by engaging two novels which are served in two

different languages, it can be said that it is bilingual translation. Accordingly,

this research is under the inter-lingual type of translation.

29

Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study because

there are many books for children that have been written by authors from

various countries and use different languages. According to translation of

children’s literature, Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four

pedagogical goals when children’s books are translated: (1) to make more

literature available to children, (2) to further international outlook and

understanding of the young readers, (3) to give the readers a text that they can

understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of

values. Goals number 1 and 2 tend to foreignization, while goals number 3

and 4 lead to domestication.

‘The word(s) by which an individual referent is identified, that is to

say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to identify, for instance, an

individual person, animal, place, or thing’ is stated by Nord (2003:184). This

definition then chosen by the researcher for this research. The researcher sees

its close relation with translation of translation since he said that proper nouns

may be non descriptive, but they are informative. It means that if the

information is explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated,

but if the information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she

intends to add some information.

The choice of translation strategy can reflect the ‘translation ideology’

which covers the tendency, consideration and interest of the translation.

Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies. Those tendencies,

however, showing a serious contrast; on one hand it is believed that a good

30

translation is a translation which holds the source language and culture, or

commonly called as foreignization, while in another hand it is believed that a

good translation has to close to the target language and culture, or recognized

as domestication.

The aims of this research are to investigate three important points of

objectives, i.e. the proper nouns categories which are found in House of

Secrets novel, the strategies used by translator in translating the proper nouns,

and then the ideology tendency of the translated proper nouns based on the

dominant strategies which are applied.

To answer the first research questions, the researcher uses the nine

categories of proper nouns proposed by Howard (2009:2). His categorization

covers; 1) part of person’s names, 2) given or pet names of animals, 3)

geographical and celestial names, 4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, 5)

historical events, documents, laws, and periods, 6) months, days of the week,

holidays, 7) groups and languages, 8) religions, deities, scriptures, 9) awards,

vehicles, vehicles models, brand names. These nine categories of proper nouns

are commonly found in literature texts, especially in the novel House of

Secrets. Thus, the categorization of proper nouns is needed to classify all of

the proper nouns which are found in the novel, so they can be analyzed for this

research.

The second and third questions are about the strategies used in

translating proper nouns and ideological tendency of the translated proper

nouns based on the dominant strategies which are applied. Then, it is the

31

researcher task to find the appropriate theory to solve these two questions. It

has been decided that the researcher chose translation strategies proposed by

Davies (2003:65). Her translation strategies are preservation, addition,

localization, transformation, globalization, omission, and creation. These

seven strategies are related to ideology of translation which is foreignization

and domestication. Foreignization ideology covers preservation and addition,

while localization, transformation, globalization, omission and creation are

under domestication ideology. In the end, the researcher can see the

ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns by tracing the

most-used strategy in translating the proper nouns.

32

E. Analytical Construct

Figure 2. Analytical Construct

Translation Strategies

bfdkf

1. Localization

2. Globalization

3. Omission

4. Transformation

5. Creation

1. Preservation

2. Addition

Domestication Foreignization

Translation of the Proper nouns

Translation

Inter-lingual

Translation

Inter-semiotic

Translation

Intra-lingual

Translation

Bilingual

Translation

Multilingual

Translation

Target Text

House of Secrets

Source Text

House of Secrets

Proper Nouns

Proper Nouns

Categories

(Howard:2009)

1. Part of a person's name

2. Given or pet names of animals

3. Geographical and celestial

names

4. Monuments, buildings, meeting

rooms

5. Historical events, documents,

laws, and periods

6. Months, days of the week,

holidays

7. Groups and languages

8. Religions, deities, scriptures

9. Awards, vehicles, vehicle

models, brand names Translation Ideologies

Translation Strategies

(Davies: 2003)

(

Proper Nouns Categories

(Howard: 2009)

33

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Approach

This research employed mixed methods, both descriptive qualitative

method and quantitative method. Mixed method research is a research designed

(or methodology) in which the researcher collects, analyzes, and mixes (integrates

or connects) both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or a

multiphase program of inquiry (Creswell, 2003). The purpose of this method of

research is that the combination of both qualitative research and quantitative

research provide a better understanding of a research problem or issue than either

research approach alone. This research focused on categorizing the proper nouns

found in House of Secrets novel. The analysis allowed this research to set up

categories and count occurrences belong to each category. Then, the collected data

were recommended to be counted using a simple statistics.

The qualitative research applied descriptive analysis and process in which

facts and (or) individual ideas of the researcher were gained to achieve a general

conclusion from specific situations. The quantitative data then complemented

qualitative data in terms of giving precise frequency of proper nouns occurrence.

This combination was held to attempt the investigation of the ideological

tendency as proposed by Venuti (2003) that domestication and foreignization of

the translation of proper nouns in House of Secrets can trace the strategies

employed by the translator.

34

B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data

The sources of the data were House of Secrets novel by Chris Columbus

and Ned Davinci and its Indonesian translated novel entitled House of Secret by

Lulu Fitri Rahman. The data of this research were the proper nouns which exist in

the analyzed novel. The data were in the form of words and phrases which are

found in the expressions or sentences inside the text or paragraph as the context of

data. The novels were chosen because they have enough adequate data in the form

of proper nouns which can be observed for this research.

C. Research Instruments

There were two instruments involved in this research. The key instrument

was the researcher who took an action as the planner, data collector, data analyzer,

and data reporter. The secondary instrument was the data sheet. It was in the form

of a table presented below.

35

Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet

Notes:

Ppn : Part of a person’s name Grl : Groups and languages G : Globalization

Apn : Given or pet names of animals Rds : Religions, deities, scriptures O : Omission

Gec : Geographical and celestial names Avb : Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand

names

T : Transformation

Mbr : Monuments, buildings, meeting

rooms

P : Preservation C : Creation

Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws,

and periods

A : Addition ST : Source Text

Mdh: Months, days of the week, holidays L : Localization TT : Target Text

Code

Proper Nouns

Proper Nouns Categories

Translation Strategies

Foreig-

nization

Domestication

ST TT

Ppn

Apn

Gec

Mbr

Hdp

Mdh

Grl

Rds

Avb

A

P

L

G

O

T

C

001/1/1/Pa/SP/F Brendan

Walker

Brendan Walker

002/1/1/Pa/SP/F Diane Dobson Diane Dobson

Total

36

D. Technique of Data Collection

There are many kinds of technique in collecting data in qualitative research.

Those are interview, focus group, or observation (Vanderstoep & Johnston, 2009:

200).

Meanwhile, the process of collecting the data took the following steps:

a. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the source text,

b. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the target text,

c. classifying the proper nouns by splitting them up into the nine categories,

and

d. comparing and analyzing the data in the source and the target text to figure

out the strategies applied.

At the end, the most frequent strategies employed were seen and the

ideological tendency of the text was finally detected.

E. Data Analysis

After finishing the technique of the data collection, the researcher finally got the

raw data to analyse. The relation between data collection and data analysis is

inseparable since when the researchers collected the data, they actually have started

conducting data analysis. The remaining steps of data analysis of data are described

in the following steps.

37

1. Categorizing

After getting the raw data, the researcher made a categorization system in form

of table. The table contained lists of categorization of the proper nouns.

2. Classifying

The next step to do after categorizing was putting the proper nouns with based on

their types or categories along with their strategies.

3. Analysing

After the classifying finished, the researcher started to analyse the data.

4. Discussing

After analysing and getting the data finding, the researcher did not only confirm

the findings to some employed theories, but the researcher also elaborated to

ensure that the findings answered the objectives of the research.

5. Reporting

The last step was reporting the findings and discussion gained from the research.

F. Data Trustworthiness

As stated by Moleong (2001), there are four criteria of validity and reliability

to obtain the trustworthiness of the data. They are credibility, transferability,

dependability, and conformability. In this research, the trustworthiness was gained by

using credibility, dependability and conformability. Credibility is concerned with the

accuracy of the data. In achieving credibility, the researcher performed deep and

detailed observation on the data and applied theories from experts of translation, such

38

as, Howard (2009), Davies (2003), etc to confirm the research data, so the data can be

regarded credible. The researcher read the novel comprehensively and confirmed

selected data which are in line with the research questions.

Then, dependability refers to the stability and track ability of the changes in

data over time and conditions. The researcher examined both the process and the

product of the research for consistency to achieve the degree of dependability. To

gain dependability of the data, the researcher used the triangulation technique. There

are four main types of triangulation; by sources, by methods, by researchers and by

theories. In this research, only sources and theories applied. The sources are in the

form of the original and Bahasa Indonesia version of novel House of Secrets. For the

theories, the researcher checks some books, journals, article, undergraduate thesis and

some internet sources related to the research.

Finally, conformability aims to measure how far findings and interpretation of

the data which have been analyzed. The overall thesis including its appendix was

checked separately by three English Language and Literature students, Krisna Bayu

Aji whose major is Translation Studies, Nia Juliarti whose major is Linguistics, and

Ulik Chodratillah whose major is Literature. Then, the results of the triangulated data

were discussed and consulted with the thesis supervisors, they are Drs. Suhaini M.

Saleh, M.A and Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum. Both of them give advice regarding

the mistakes occurred inside the thesis.

39

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Findings

In this research, there are three findings according to three research objectives.

It is about the proper nouns categorization, application of the translation

strategies, and the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy applied in

translating the proper nouns. The findings are shown in the form of tables which

contain frequency and percentage to support the analysis of the data.

1. The Proper Nouns Categorization

From the research, there are 365 proper nouns found inside 223 pages of

House of Secret novel. The categorizations of the proper nouns based on the

categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories of proper

nouns; 1) part of a person's name (Ppn), 2) given or pet names of animals (Apn),

3) geographical and celestial names (Gec), 4) monuments, buildings, meeting

rooms (Mbr), 5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp), 6) months,

days of the week, holidays (Mdh), 7) groups and languages (Grl), 8) religions,

deities, scriptures (Rds), 9) awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb).

All of the categories of proper nouns were found in the House of Secrets novel.

Thus, Table 2 below shows the frequency and percentage of the number of each

category of proper nouns which exist in House of Secret novel.

40

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns’ Category

No. Proper Nouns Category Frequency Percentage

1. Part of a person's name (Ppn) 143 39.18%

2. Given or pet names of animals (Apn) 8 2.19%

3. Geographical and celestial names (Gec) 49 13.42%

4. Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr) 16 4.38%

5. Historical events, documents, laws, and periods

(Hdp)

38 10.41%

6. Months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) 7 1.92%

7. Groups and languages (Grl) 29 7.95%

8. Religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) 8 2.19%

9. Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names

(Avb)

67 18.36%

Total 365 100%

From Table 2, it can be seen that all of the proper noun categories

proposed by Howard (2009) exist in the text. Part of a person's names (Ppn) has

the highest frequency with 143 occurrences or 39.18% out of 365 proper nouns,

so it becomes the most frequent category which is found in the text. It is followed

by awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb) which occur 67 times

(18.36%), geographical and celestial names (Gec) occur 49 times (13.42%),

historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp) occur 38 times (10.41%),

groups and languages (Grl) occur 29 times (7.95%), monuments, buildings,

meeting rooms (Mbr) occur 16 times (4.38%), given or pet names of animals

(Apn) occur eight times (2.19%), religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) occur eight

times (2.19%), and months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) occur seven times

(1.92%).

2. The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns

Since this research uses the translation strategies as proposed by Davies

(2003), the researcher finds that all of the seven strategies; preservation, addition,

localization, globalization, omission, transformation and creation, are used by the

41

translator in translating the proper nouns in the text. Table 3 below shows the

frequency and percentage of the strategies employed by the translator in

translating the proper nouns in House of Secrets novel.

Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its

Ideology

No. Translation

Strategies

Frequency Percentage Ideology of

Translation

Frequency Percentage

1. Preservation 275 75.34% Foreignization 286 78.35%

2. Addition 11 3.01%

3. Localization 9 2.47% Domestication

79

21.65% 4. Globalization 6 1.64%

5. Omission 6 1.64%

6. Transformation 51 13.98%

7. Creation 7 1.92% 365 100% 365 100%

It is shown in Table 3 that the seven strategies proposed by Davies (2003)

are used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in the text. Preservation

becomes the most frequent strategy since it is applied 275 times (75.34%) out of

365 occurrences. It is followed by transformation strategy which is employed 51

times (13.98%). Addition strategy is used 11 times (3.01%), while localization

strategy is employed nine times (2.47%). Then, it is continued by creation strategy

which is applied seven times (1.92%), and the last two strategies are omission

strategy which is only used six times (1.64%), and also globalization strategy

which is only applied six times (1.64%).

3. The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns

Foreignization and domestication are known as translation ideologies and

each ideology covers some translation strategies. Foreignization ideology covers

two strategies namely preservation and addition. Domestication ideology shares

five strategies namely localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and

42

creation. From the 365 data findings as shown in Table 3, there are 286 data

(78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79 data (21.65%) tend to

domestication ideology. Thus, foreignization ideology means that the translator

wants to maintain the source language in order to introduce new terms to target

readers.

B. Discussion

The discussion part contains the analysis of the data which are obtained in

this research. The analysis will be divided into three parts based on the formulated

problems in the first chapter. The first part is the analysis of the categorization of

the proper nouns found in the House of Secrets novel, second part is the analysis

of the translation strategies applied in translating the proper nouns, and the third

part is the analysis of translation ideology based on the strategies employed in

translating the proper nouns.

1. Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel

The categorization of proper nouns used in this research is the

categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories, namely; (1)

part of a person's name, (2) given or pet names of animals, (3) geographical and

celestial names, (4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, (5) historical events,

documents, laws, and periods, (6) months, days of the week, holidays, (7) groups

and languages, (8) religions, deities, scriptures, (9) awards, vehicles, vehicle

models, brand names. Then, the result shows that the most frequent category

which exists in House of Secrets novel is part of a person's name while the most

43

infrequent category is months, days of the week, holidays. The further explanation

can be seen in the discussion below.

a. Part of a Person’s Names

From 365 proper nouns found in this research, there are 143 proper nouns

belong to part of a person's names category. Howard (2009) stated that this

category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A. Garfield, Chester

Alan Arthur. It also includes nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names

related to person’s names. In this research, the researcher found that the names

under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 143

proper nouns under this category, 125 names are translated by using preservation

strategy, four names are translated by applying addition strategy, three names are

rendered by using localization strategy, two names are rendered by employing

omission strategy, six names are transferred by using transformation strategy, and

three names are translated by applying creation strategy. Globalization strategy is

not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of names

under this category can be seen in Table 4 below.

Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person’s Names

Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 003/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Walker Mrs. Walker

2. 024/3/4/Ppn/ST/D the Walkers keluarga Walker

3. 028/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Jake Walker Dr. Jake Walker

Example number 1 and 3 in Table 5 are considered part of persons’ names

since they are referred to persons who become characters in the text. Example

number 1 is designed with title Mrs, while example number 3 is designed with

title Dr. In the text, Mrs. Walker (example number 1) is told as the mother of

44

Brendan Walker, Cordelia Walker and Eleanor Walker, the main characters in the

text, and also the wife of Dr. Jake Walker (example number 3). Meanwhile, Dr.

Jake Walker (example number 3) is told as the father of Brendan Walker,

Cordelia Walker and Eleanor Walker, the main characters in the text, and also the

husband of Mrs. Walker (example number 1). These names are applying

preservation strategy, in which the data example number 1 and 3 are simply

preserved into the target language. Both of these names are having no connotative

meaning, thus it is the translator’s consideration to maintain the given names. The

using of preservation strategy to translate these names has made them remains

foreign to the target readers because the translated names in example number 1

and 3 tend to be foreignized.

In example number 2, the name the Walkers is also included to the part of

person’s name category. As stated before, names under this category can be

represented in the form of a single person name and also name of a group of

people, including family name as the given example in example number 2. In

English as the source language, names which are begun with determiner “the”

and followed by letter –s commonly refer to family names, which are considered

equivalent to the term keluarga in the target language, Bahasa Indonesia.

According to the existing of the equivalent term that can replace the source text

term, the researcher considers that the translator transfers the name the Walkers by

applying transformation strategy into keluarga Walker. As explained in the

Chapter II, transformation strategy occurs when the names of the source language

are altered or distorted, or when an equivalent names in the target language occur

45

replacing the foreign name from the source language. As the result, the

transformation strategy brings the name closer to the target reader’s culture and

tends to domestication ideology.

b. Given or Pet Names of Animals

It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to

animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is a category for

animals’ names. The researcher found that there are eight names which are

considered under this category. The examples of given or pet names of animals

which are found in the analyzed text can be seen in Table 5 below.

Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals

Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 034/5/8/Apn/SP/F Misty Misty

2. 242/101/199/Apn/SP/F Scooby-Doo Scooby-Doo

3. 267/112/225/Apn/SP/F Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse

In example number 1, the name Misty is considered as pet names of

animals since it is a name of a horse. The name is transferred to the target text by

applying preservation strategy. It is calico horse, and it is female. The translator

chooses to preserve the form of the name since it just the name of an animal and

has no any significant meaning. The application of this strategy made the name to

be known as a foreign name by the target readers. Thus, this translating strategy

leads into foreignization ideology.

The names Scooby-Doo and Mickey Mouse in example number 2 and 3 are

well known among the target readers since they are names of animals’ character

in serial cartoon or animation movies. Scooby-Doo is a male dog which appears in

46

Scooby-Doo film series which are Warner Bros’ production. While Mickey Mouse

is a male mouse which becomes main character in Mickey Mouse film series

which are produced by Walt Disney. The names are very famous among the

children and adults audiences, so the translator decides to transfer the names by

maintaining them without any changes. This employment of preservation strategy

is considered as the way to lead the translated names into foreignization ideology.

c. Geographical and Celestial Names

Howard (2009) stated that this category refers to all place names and

names of celestial bodies, e.g., Red Sea, Alpha Centauri. It covers names of

countries, cities, addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which

exist in space. Geography, based on CALD, is the study of the systems and

processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. In this

research, there are 49 proper nouns belong to the geographical and celestial names

category. The researcher found that the 49 names under this category are mostly

translated by using preservation strategy. There are 31 names which are translated

by using preservation strategy. Then, one name are translated by applying

addition strategy, one name is transferred by using localization strategy, two

names are rendered by using globalization strategy, one name is rendered by

employing omission strategy, twelve names are transferred by using

transformation strategy, and one name is translated by applying creation strategy.

The examples of geographical and celestial names which are found in the

analyzed text can be seen in Table 6 below.

47

Table 6. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Geographical and Celestial Names

Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 133/50/98/Gec/ST/D France Prancis

2. 200/76/151/Gec/SL/D Six twenty-four

Taylor Street

Taylor Street nomor 624

3. 202/77/151/Gec/SA/F Goat Island Pulau Goat – Pulau Kambing

In example number 1, the name France is translated to the target text into

Prancis. The strategy is transformation. As stated by Davies (2003), that the

strategy of transformation occurs when in the target language, the source language

name is replaced with one which is equivalent. As the name has already existed in

the target language culture and has equivalent term which is existed in the target

language culture, thus the target reader has already been familiar with the name.

The employment of transformation strategy brings the name closer to the target

text culture and leads to domestication ideology.

Example number 2 is rendered to the target text by employing localization

strategy into Taylor Street nomor 624. Six twenty-four Taylor Street is considered

as an address of certain place, so it is included in this category. The name Six

twenty-four Taylor Street can be literally translated into Taylor Street 624. The

translator translates it into Taylor Street nomor 624 because it is common in target

language to do so. An address which is combined with number is commonly

mentioned by adding the word ‘nomor’ before the number. The employment of

localization does not cause any strangeness and does not cause any

misunderstanding for the TT readers. As localization strategy is used to replace

the specific word by one that is more familiar to the target readers, so this

translation tends to domestication ideology.

48

The name Goat Island in example number 4 is translated to the target text

by applying addition strategy into Pulau Goat – Pulau Kambing. Goat Island has

its literal meaning as Pulau Kambing. Then, the translator decides to put the literal

meaning as additional information to the translated name Pulau Goat. This

additional information is also become additional description because the translator

considers that not all target readers master in English. The translated name is the

preservation of the original source text name and then added by details which give

the impression to the target readers that the name is a foreign name. Though the

details made the name more understandable, the translation of the name tends to

foreignization ideology.

d. Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms

This category includes names of buildings build in order to remind of

famous person or event, and names of places where the meetings take place, e.g.,

the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard, 2009). This category also

includes names of companies, hospital, campuses and schools as part of buildings’

names. Inside the novel, there are 16 proper nouns belong to this category. In this

research, the researcher found that the names under this category are almost all

translated by using preservation strategy. From 16 proper nouns, 14 names are

translated by using preservation strategy, and only two names which are translated

by applying transformation strategy. Addition, localization, globalization,

omission and creation are not used in translating the proper nouns under this

category. The list of proper nouns under this category can be seen in Table 7

below.

49

Table 7. The Example of Proper Nouns under Monuments, Buildings, Meeting

Rooms Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 036/5/9/Mbr/SP/F Kristoff House Rumah Kristoff

2. 049/10/18/Mbr/SP/F Steinway Steinway

3. 348/208/422/Mbr/ST/D Leaning Tower of Pisa Menara Miring Pisa

In example number 1, Kristoff House is rendered into Rumah Kristoff by

using preservation strategy. It is considered as preservation of content since the

word House is literally translated into Rumah. This translation is under the

preservation of content because the result is the literal translation of the source

terms. Though it has been literally translated, it leads the name into foreignization

ideology because the target readers know that name is from foreign language.

In example number 2, the name Steinway is rendered into Steinway by

using preservation strategy. Steinway, according to its website, is the company

that has been granted more than 125 additional patents, positioning the Steinway

as the piano by which all others are judged. It is considered as buildings names

because it is name of a firm or company. There are no further explanations given

by the author about this name. Thus, the translator maintains the foreign term in

order to introduce this term to the target readers. This preservation strategy leads

to foreignization ideology.

The different case applied in example number 3, when the name Leaning

Tower of Pisa is transferred into Menara Miring Pisa. This translation is under

transformation strategy. The name is replaced by the equivalent name which

exists in the target language. This translation let the readers to stay home by

transferring the foreign term to be one which is more common and familiar.

Finally, the translation tends to domestication ideology.

50

e. Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods

It is a category which includes the names that bear a historical importance,

e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard, 2009). It means that

this category covers names of era or periods of time, and events happened in the

past. Also, it includes any events, documents, books, laws, and others which have

relation with names of events. There are 38 proper nouns in the novel which

belong to this category. In this research, the researcher found that the names under

this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 38 proper

nouns under this category, 28 names are translated by using preservation strategy,

two names are translated by applying addition strategy, two names is rendered by

using localization strategy, two names are transferred by employing globalization

strategy, three names are translated by using transformation and one name is

transferred by using creation strategy. Omission is not used in translating the

proper nouns under this category. The list of proper nouns under this category can

be seen in Table 8 below.

Table 8. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Historical Events, Documents,

Laws, and Periods Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 038/5/9/Hdp/SA/F Great San Fransisco

Earthquake

Gempa Besar yang

mengguncang San

Fransisco

2. 174/69/135/Hdp/SP/F The Book of Doom and

Desire

Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat

3. 196/76/150/Hdp/SP/F Mythology and Magical

Lore of the Californians

Mitologi dan Hikayat

Ajaib California

In example number 1, the phrase Great San Fransisco Earthquake is

considered as part of this category because it is an event happened in the past. It is

in line with the meaning of time, which means an occasion or period, or the

51

experience connected with it, according to CALD (Cambridge Advanced

Learners’ Dictionary). This name rendered into Gempa Besar yang mengguncang

San Fransisco by applying addition strategy. It actually can be literally translated

into Gempa Besar San Fransisco, but the translator chooses to add some details or

information. The details --yang mengguncang– (-that shake-, translated) are

inserted to prevent ambiguity in target readers’ perception. Though the details

made the name more understandable, but the readers are still consider that it is a

foreign term, so the translation of the name tends to foreignization ideology.

In datum number 2 and 3, the name The Book of Doom and Desire and

Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians are translated in the target

language by applying preservation strategy into Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat dan

Mitologi dan Hikayat California. According to story of the novel, the first name,

The Book of Doom and Desire, is considered as a title of book, which is written by

Denver Kristoff, the antagonist character in the novel. While the second name,

Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians is considered as a title of Dr.

Aldrich Hayes’ lecture which is delivered at the Bohemian Club in front of

spectacular aristocratic. In this category, these names are considered as proper

noun under names of documents. The Book of Doom and Desire is translated into

Kitab Petaka dan Hasrat since it is a name of book which is not really exists in

real life, so the translator prefers to literally translate the name literally than to

modify or to create it. Mythology and Magical Lore of the Californians is

preserved into Mitologi dan Hikayat Ajaib California since it is a lecture’s title

which is uncommon in target language. It is the way to minimize the confusion of

52

the target readers. Finally, this preservation strategy makes the translated names

tends to foreignization ideology.

f. Months, Days of the Week, Holidays

This category refers to names of time units, e.g., Monday, Easter,

December (Howard 2009). Names of holidays are also included in this category

since they are related to certain point of time. In this research, there are seven

proper nouns belong to this category. The researcher found that the names under

this category are mostly translated by using transformation strategy. From seven

proper nouns under this category, five names are translated by using

transformation strategy, one name is translated using localization strategy, and

one name is transferred by using preservation strategy. Addition, globalization,

omission and creation are not used in translating the proper nouns under this

category. The listed data of this category are served in Table 9.

Table 9. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Months, Days of the Week,

Holidays Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 112/39/75/Mdh/SP/F Halloween Halloween

2. 187/75/148/Mdh/ST/D March Maret

3. 315/164/327/Mdh/ST/D Sundays Minggu

The name Halloween, in example number 1, is under the names of

holidays since it is refer to a day marked by a general suspension of work in

commemoration of an event. Halloween, according to CALD, is defined as the

night of 31 October when children dressed up in special clothes and people try to

frighten each other. Halloween is translated by employing preservation strategy in

which the name is preserved to the target text without any changes. The translator

maintains the name in the target in order to introduce new terms to the target

53

readers and bring the reader to the source language culture. However, Halloween

is popular in the target language and there is no equivalent name in the target

language that can replace it. By maintaining the name, the translator wants the

name leads to foreignization ideology.

In example number 2 and 3, the name of month and day as part of months

and days of the week are translated by applying transformation strategy. The word

March is rendered into Maret, while the word Sundays is transferred into Minggu.

The names are replaced by the equivalent names which exist in the target

language. This translation let the readers to stay home by transferring the foreign

terms to be one which are more common and familiar. Finally, the translation

tends to domestication ideology.

g. Groups and Languages

This category encompasses groups’ names and names of languages, e.g.,

Myopia Hunt Club, the Republicans, French, National Football League (Howard,

2009). Names of groups cover ethnical groups or tribes, sport teams, etc. In this

research, the researcher found that the names under this category are mostly

translated by using transformation strategy. From 29 proper nouns under this

category, nine names are translated by using preservation strategy, two names are

translated by applying addition strategy, one name is rendered by using

localization strategy, one name is translated by applying globalization strategy,

one name is rendered by employing omission strategy, 14 names are transferred

by using transformation strategy, and one name is translated by applying creation

strategy. The list of names under this category can be seen in Table 10 below.

54

Table 10. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Groups and Languages Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 013/1/2/Grl/SA/F Forty-niners pemain 49ers

2. 114/41/77/Grl/ST/D Boy Scouts Pramuka

3. 206/77/152/Grl/SP/F Tuchayune Tuchayune

In example number 1, the name Forty-niners is translated into pemain

49ers. Forty-niners is an American football team from San Francisco. The

additional detail pemain allow the target readers to know that 49ers is a name of a

sport team. Although it is added by details to make it more understandable, it is

still know as a foreign name. This translated name tends to foreignization

ideology.

In example number 2, the name Boy Scouts is translated into Pramuka by

applying transformation strategy. According to CALD, The Scouts (UK) or the

Boy/Girl Scouts (US) is an international organization which encourages young

people of all ages to take part in activities outside and to become responsible and

independent.

While according to KBBI, pra.mu.ka n akr Praja Muda

Karana; organisasi untuk pemuda yg mendidik para anggotanya dl

berbagai keterampilan, disiplin, kepercayaan pada diri sendiri, saling

menolong, dsb (an organization for young people that teaches some

skills and encourages its participants to be more discipline, confident,

and kind-hearted, translated).

From these two definitions, translator understands that the foreign term

has an equivalent meaning in target language. By this consideration, the translator

decides to translate that name into one which is different but has already exists in

the target language. The effort of the translator in translating the name into one

which is familiar in target readers is considered to give a tendency to

domestication ideology.

55

In example number 3, the name Tuchayune is preserved to the target text

into exactly the same name without any changes. Tuchayune is a tribe who lives

in Goat Island. Tuchayune people originally come from America who buried their

leader sitting up. Tribe name is under groups’ names category. The name is

preserved because there is no equivalent name in the target text. It is because the

tribe or the people are not very popular in the target language like Indian. The

way the translator simply preserves it has led the translated name to foreignization

ideology.

h. Religions, Deities, Scriptures

This category refers to various religious terms, e.g., God, Christ, the Bible

(Howard, 2009). The word religion means an organized system of beliefs,

ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. It is an interest, a

belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group. In this research,

there are eight names under the proper nouns which belong to this religions

category. From eight proper nouns under this category, one name is translated by

using preservation strategy, one name is transferred by applying addition strategy,

one name is translated using localization strategy, one name is rendered by

employing globalization strategy, one name is translated by using omission

strategy, and three names are transferred by using transformation strategy.

Creation is not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. Then, the

list of the proper nouns is served in Table 11.

56

Table 11. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Religions, Deties, and Scriptures

Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 086/25/46/Rds/SL/D Christian Baptis

2. 269/113/226/Rds/SA/F Inquisition sidang Inkuisisi

3. 277/121/241/Rds/SG/D Satan Iblis

In example number 1, the word Christian is included into religion name,

and it is under the religions, deities, scriptures category. The name Christian

appears in expressions inside original text and translated text as below.

SE: “They like to talk. But they didn’t tell me your Christian names—“

TE: “Mereka senang bergunjing. Tapi, mereka tidak menyebutkan nama

baptis kalian—“

From the given context, the researcher understand why the translator using

localization strategy instead of transformation strategy. Localization does not

contain any strangeness of the foreign text and thus, does not cause any

misunderstanding for the TT readers (Davies 2003: 84). In this case, nama baptis

is more common in target language culture than nama Kristen. This translated

name is understandable for the target reader because people in Indonesia know

that nama baptis is automatically used by Christian, so the explanation that it is

nama Kristen is not needed. This application of localization strategy leads the

name to domestication ideology.

In example number 2, the name Inquisition is translated to the target text

into sidang Inkuisisi. According to CALD, Inquisition is defined as 1.) a period of

asking questions in a detailed and unfriendly way; 2.) in the past, an official

organization in the Roman Catholic Church whose purpose was to find and punish

people who opposed its beliefs. This event is related to certain religion and it is

57

uncommon since the event is actually a session held by official organization of

Roman Catholic Church. In the text, Inquisition is told as a session to judge

Galileo who make too much trouble about the earth moving around the sun. The

translator transfers the name Inquisition by applying addition strategy into sidang

Inkuisisi. The name Inquisition is preserved into Inkuisisi and then added by the

word sidang (meeting, or session, translated) which gives additional information

and description to the target readers. The additional detail made the name more

understandable, but it still gives impression that the name is a foreign name. This

addition strategy in translating the name tends to foreignization ideology.

In example number 3, the name Satan is translated to the target text into

Iblis. The term Satan, based on CALD, is defined as the name used by Christians

and Jews for the Devil (= a powerful evil force and the enemy of God). The name

Satan can be literally translated into Setan. In the other hand, the word Iblis is

commonly a translated name of Devil or Demon. In this case, the translator

considers that the word Iblis has more general impression toward the target

readers, so he decides to translate it by replacing the specific reference Satan into

a more general reference Iblis. Finally, the employment of globalization strategy

in this research has led the names closer to the target readers for the existence of

more general and neutral words. in the end, the application of globalization

strategy gives more effects to domestication ideology.

i. Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names

It is a vast category including such words as: the Nobel 9 Peace Prize,

Eagle Scout, Ford Escort, the Bismarck Kleenex (Howard, 2009). This category

58

covers names which have relation with awards names, vehicles names, brand

names. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category

are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 67 proper nouns under

this category, 64 names are translated by using preservation strategy, one name is

translated by applying addition strategy, one name is transferred by using

omission strategy, and one name is translated by employing creation strategy.

Localization, globalization, and transformation strategy are not employed in

translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of proper nouns under

this category can be seen in Table 12.

Table 12. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle

Models, Brand Names Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 005/1/1/Avb/SP/F IPhone iPhone

2. 027/4/7/Avb/SP/F Toyota Toyota

3. 162/58/113/Avb/SA/F Aleve obat pereda nyeri Aleve

The name iPhone and Toyota in example number 1 and 2 are considered

as brand names of smartphone and vehicle. iPhone is a line of smartphones

designed and marketed by Apple Inc., while Toyota that is commonly known as

‘Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese company that engages in the design,

manufacture, assembly, and sale of passenger cars, minivans, commercial

vehicles, and related parts and accessories primarily in Japan, North America,

Europe, and Asia” (Mkono,2013). In this novel, the name Toyota is a brand of

car. The names are maintained by the translator because the names are very

popular among the audiences in all around the world. It is also uncommon for

brand names to be translated into certain names in target languages. The intention

59

of the translator is to lead the names into foreignization strategy since they are

known by the target readers as brand names which belong to foreign country.

The name Aleve in example number 3 is transferred into target language

by applying addition strategy into obat pereda nyeri Aleve. The additional details

made the name be more understandable to the readers whom are mostly children

who have not really know about the pharmaceutical terms. From this additional

information, the readers know that Aleve is name of drug or medicine used for

pain alleviation. The way the translator translates this name by adding some

details is considered to introduce foreign term to the target readers. Thus, this

translation leads to foreignization ideology.

2. Translation Strategies used in Translating Proper Nouns in House of

Secrets Novel

In this research, the translation strategies proposed by Davies (2003) are

used to analyze the translation of proper nouns. This strategies cover preservation,

addition, localization, globalization, omission, transformation and creation. As

stated before, the strategies are divided into two groups which are under the frame

of domestication and foreignization ideology. Then, the result shows that from the

total 365 proper nouns which are found in the text, preservation is the most

frequent strategy applied in translating the proper nouns, while globalization and

omission strategies are the most infrequent strategies used in translating the

proper nouns. The detailed description can be seen in the discussion below.

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a. Preservation

Preservation is a strategy occurs when the translation of the source text

term are transferred directly without any further explanations; they can be simply

preserved or copied. This strategy is the most frequent strategy applied by the

translator to translate the proper nouns which exist in the novel. In total of 365

proper nouns, this strategy is applied 275 times. It is applied to translate all of the

categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of Secrets novel. This

strategy is under the frame of foreignization ideology. Table 13 below shows some

examples of the employment of preservation strategy.

Table 13. The Examples of the Application of Preservation Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 035/5/9/Hdp/SP/F Victorian Victoria

2. 077/21/39/Mbr/SP/F John Muir Medical

Center

John Muir Medical

Center

3. 206/77/152/Grl/SP/F Tuchayune Tuchayune

In example number 1, the name Victorian is considered as a period.

According to CALD, time also can be in the form of historical period which

means a period in history. Victorian is time when Queen Victoria was queen of

Britain (1837-1901). The word Victorian is translated into Victoria by applying

preservation strategy. This translation procedure is usually employed by the

translator when an entity does not have any close equivalent in the target language

and target culture (Davies 2003). The translator maintains the name in the target

in order to introduce new terms to the target readers and bring the reader to the

source language culture. By maintaining the name, the translator wants the name

leads to foreignization ideology.

61

In example number 2, John Muir Medical Center is considered as part of

buildings names. This name is preserved to target language by maintaining the

form of the name into John Muir Medical Center. The translator fully understands

that it is name of a hospital which is located in foreign country. Thus, he decides

to maintain the original name in order to introduce the name to the target readers.

The way the translator chooses preservation strategy to translate this term leads

the name into foreignization ideology.

In example number 3, the name Tuchayune is preserved to the target text

into exactly the same name without any changes. Tuchayune is a tribe who lives

in Goat Island. Tuchayune people originally come from America who buried their

leader sitting up. Tribe name is under groups’ names category. The name is

preserved because there is no equivalent name in the target text. It is because the

tribe or the people are not very popular in the target language like Indian. The

way the translator simply preserves it has led the translated name to foreignization

ideology.

b. Addition

Addition is a strategy occurs when translator chooses “to keep the original

item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary”

(Davies, 2003:64). The additional information can be inserted within the text in

the form of subtle adjectival descriptions or explanatory footnotes. This strategy is

the third most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns

which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 11

times. It is applied to translate six categories of proper nouns which are found in the

62

House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of foreignization ideology.

Thus, the application of addition strategy would let the translated names tend to

foreignization ideology since it makes the names to stay foreign for the target

readers. Also, this employment would bring the target readers to the source

culture and taste brand-new cultural specific items of the source language because

the existence of the original source text terms and additional details that follows

would give impressions for the readers that the terms being introduced are foreign

terms. Table 14 below shows some examples of the employment of addition

strategy.

Table 14. The Examples of the Application of Addition Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 125/47/92/Ppn/SA/F Red Baron Red Baron—si penerbang

pesawat tempur legendaris

asal Jerman--

2. 286/128/254/Ppn/SA/F stumpy Stump Stump yang memang sesuai

dengan namanya, stumpy—

gemuk pendek.

3. 343/199/403/Ppn/SA/F Krom of Slayne’s

Savage Warriors

Krom dari Prajurit Barbar

pimpinan Slayne

In example number 1, the name Red Baron is conveyed to the target text

by employing addition strategy into Red Baron—si penerbang pesawat tempur

legendaris asal Jerman. Red Baron is a pilot. This addition strategy is applied in

order to give additional detail to explain the foreign word in the source text which

is still maintained and introduced in the target text. As stated before that the

application of addition strategy will lead to foreignization ideology, but it does not

fully apply in this data. The additional addressing term si is considered to give

more effects to domestication ideology since the addressing term si is very

specific and belongs to the target language culture. The additional details also

63

gives the clear impression to the target reader that something uncommon has just

being introduced to them.

In example number 2, the name stumpy Stump is translated to the target

text into Stump yang memang sesuai dengan namanya, stumpy— gemuk pendek.

Instead of literally translated it into gemuk pendek Stump, the additional details

are added in order to emphasize that the given name is properly given to the

character because the character also has characterization as gemuk pendek

(stumpy, translated). This effort of the translator to add some details in foreign

name is considered as the way to make the name tends to foreignization ideology.

In example number 3, the name Krom of Slayne’s Savage Warriors is

translated to the target text into Krom dari Prajurit Barbar pimpinan Slayne. The

translator decides to insert the word pimpinan as explicit information to make the

target readers aware that Krom is from Savage Warriors which led by Slayne. Finally,

the translated names give effect to foreignization ideology.

c. Localization

Localization occurs when culture-specific references are replaced by ones

that are more familiar to the target audience and as Davies suggests, this strategy

is contrary to globalization because it helps to avoid the loss of effect and at the

same time it does not affect harmfully the meaning of the translated items. In this

strategy, the source culture term or name that sounds strange and unfamiliar to the

target readers is replaced by the one that is well-known in the target culture. This

strategy is the fourth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the

proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy

64

is applied nine times. It is applied to translate six categories of proper nouns which

are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of

domestication ideology. Thus, the application of localization strategy would let

the translated names tend to domestication ideology. Table 15 below shows the

application of localization strategy.

Table 15. The Examples of the Application of Localization Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 170/64/127/Ppn/SL/D Men of the Royal

Flying Corps

Awak Korps Penerbang

Kerajaan

2. 208/78/155/Grl/SL/D Native American orang Indian

3. 212/80/158/Hdp/SL/D The Great Snake Si Ular Hebat

The application of localization strategy is seen in example number 1 in

which the name Men of the Royal Flying Corps is translated into Awak Korps

Penerbang Kerajaan. Localization strategy occurs when the translator tries to

anchor a referent firmly in the culture of the target audience. In other words, this

translation strategy is used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones

that are more familiar to the target readers. The term is specific to certain country,

and it is introduced to target language by translated into Korps Penerbang

Kerajaan. Then, for the word Men is translated into Awak. According to CALD3

(Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary - 3rd

Edition), Men is plural form of

Man; 1.) an adult male human being. 2.) a male employee, without particular rank

or title. The translator chooses Awak as the best way to translate the word Men

because he understands that the man has an occupation in Royal Flying Corps. It

is common in the target language that Awak is used to refer person who works in

transportation area, especially inside ship and plane. This localization strategy

lead to domestication strategy because the source culture term or name that

65

sounds strange and unfamiliar to the target audience is replaced by the one that is

popular and well known in the target culture.

The localization strategy also used to translate example number 2. As

localization strategy is used to replace the specific word by one that is more

familiar to the target readers, so the translator decided to translate the name Native

America into orang Indian. Native America, according to CALD, is a member of

one of the races who were living in North and South America before Europeans

arrived. In Indonesia, The translator uses localization because he understands that

most of people in Indonesia know that Native America called as Indian. With this

consideration, the translator with the help of the localization strategy can make the

translated name has similar effect with the original name. The using of

localization strategy leads the name to domestication ideology.

Example number 3, the name The Great Snake is rendered in the target

text by using localization strategy into si Ular Hebat. The Great Snake, according

to the story inside the text, is a title of book written by Kristoff which is read by

Cordelia. The translator preserves the name Great Snake into Ular Hebat, but he

translated the determiner the- into si which is common in target language as an

addressing term. As the name is literary translated and is added by the addressing

term si, the name sounds familiar in target language. The strategy of localization

used in translating this name has made the translated name tends to domestication

ideology.

66

d. Globalization

Davies (2003:67) defines this translation strategy as “the process of

replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or general,

in the sense that they are accessible to audiences from a wider range of cultural

backgrounds”. In other words, the strategy of globalization means that the culture-

specific items of the source language are replaced by the ones that have less

cultural associations. This strategy is the most infrequent strategy used by the

translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365

proper nouns, this strategy is only applied six times. This strategy is under the

frame of domestication ideology. Table 16 below shows some examples of the

employment of globalization strategy.

Table 16. The Examples of the Application of Globalization Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 134/50/98/Gec/SG/D Gallic Galia

2. 210/79/155/Hdp/SG/D San Fransisco

Earthquake

Gempa San Fransisko

3. 277/121/241/Rds/SG/D Satan Iblis

In example number 1, the name Gallic is translated into Galia. Gallic is

also called as Gallia, an ancient region of Europe roughly corresponding to

modern France and parts of surrounding countries but also to the Gauls, the Celtic

people of this region, and by extension to the French people. The translator uses

globalization strategy since it can be applied while translating an ethnic nickname

into a neutral term. It is in line with the statement which explains that

‘globalization of CSIs makes the TT accessible to a much wider audience’

(Davies 2003). Moreover, globalization conveys the essential characteristics of

the translated concept and at the same time helps to avoid details that could be

67

misunderstood by the TT readers (Davies 2003). The way the translator translates

the name Gallic into Galia (Latin translated) because Latin is considered more

general. Finally, the using of globalization strategy has brought the translated

name to domestication ideology.

In example number 2, the name San Fransisco Earthquake is translated by

applying globalization strategy into Gempa San Fransisko. The translator decides

to preserve the name San Francisco into San Fransisko. For the term Earthquake

which is common in target language as Gempa Bumi, is translated into Gempa.

The translator may consider that the word Gempa is more general than the word

Gempa Bumi. Thus, the employment of globalization strategy leads the name to

domestication strategy since it is more general and neutral word for target readers.

In example number 3, the name Satan is translated to the target text into

Iblis. The term Satan, based on CALD, is defined as the name used by Christians

and Jews for the Devil (= a powerful evil force and the enemy of God). The name

Satan can be literally translated into Setan. In the other hand, the word Iblis is

commonly a translated name of Devil or Demon. In this case, the translator

considers that the word Iblis has more general impression toward the target

readers, so he decides to translate it by replacing the specific reference Satan into

a more general reference Iblis. Finally, the employment of globalization strategy

in this research has led the names closer to the target readers for the existence of

more general and neutral words. in the end, the application of globalization

strategy gives more effects to domestication ideology.

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e. Omission

This strategy is used when a problematic culture-specific item is omitted

and there are no any substitutes for it in the target text. The omission can be done

in the activity of replacing word or term which exists in the source text or it can

be in particular dialects’ change which is omitted to gain a more standardized one.

This strategy is the most infrequent strategy used by the translator to translate the

proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy

is applied six times. It is applied to translate five categories of proper nouns which

are found in the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of

domestication ideology. Table 17 below shows some examples of the employment

of omission strategy.

Table 17. The Examples of the Application of Omission Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 075/21/38/Grl/SO/D Spartan -

2. 245/102/203/Avb/SO/D Solo -

3. 358/220/448/Hdp/SO/D San bloody Fransisco San Fransisco

In example number 1, name spartan represents a person or group of

people who live in an ancient city called Sparta. The expressions can be seen

below.

SE: But when she saw the truck, she realized it wasn’t spartan like self-

denying; it was Spartan like a citizen of ancient Sparta, with a plumed

helmet for a logo.

TE: Tapi, ketika melihat truknya, dia baru sadar arti spartan disini bukan

hidup susah, melainkan warga Sparta Kuno, dengan helm berjambul

sebagai logonya.

69

From the expression above, Spartan is omitted and does not occur in the

target text. The way the translator omits the source text name Spartan is

considered to be a precise trick to minimize the foreignness or the foreign name in

the target text. The word Spartan appears two times in source expression, and just

appear one time in target expression. The translator considers that the word

Spartan which is omitted has a meaning as citizen of ancient Sparta, so the

translator omits it because he wants to give implicit information that the citizen of

ancient Sparta is Spartan. The translator omits it in target expression and decides

to directly use ‘warga Sparta Kuno’ (Ancient Sparta citizen, translated).

Moreover, this omission does not create any harm for both the meaning and the

context since the existence of the expression Spartan already has its meaning

explanation by the author. Finally, the employment of omission strategy is

considered as an effort to give effect to domestication ideology.

In example number 2, the name Solo is also omitted in the target language.

This name is unrealized in target text. The expression can be seen below.

SE: He grabbed a cluster of plastic shopping bags, a stack of disposable

clear Solo cups, and the roll of duct tape.

TE: Dia mengambil segepok kantong plastic belanja, setumpuk cangkir

plastik bening, dan selotip tebal.

The translator may consider that the word Solo is not necessarily needed.

From the expression, the researcher considers that Solo is a name of brand of glass

and mirror. It is in line with the source in the website sologlassandmirror.com

which states that Solo is a professional Glass repair shop. It serves since 1985 in

70

Allston Brighton and the surrounding towns. This name of shop may not really

popular in source language, so the translator decides to omit it to prevent the

misdirection or ambiguity. This omission does not create any harm for both the

meaning and the context. Thus, the application of omission strategy tends to

domestication ideology.

In example number 3, the name San Bloody Francisco Earthquake is

translated into San Francisco. It is translated by applying omission strategy. The

translator decides to omit the word bloody so that this does not appear in the target

text. The researcher fully considers that this is text for children, so he has to use

the appropriate words. The word bloody has negative meaning, and the translator

does not mind to introduce it to the target readers in order to prevent the negative

impacts which may occur towards the children as its common readers. Finally, the

translated name tends to domestication ideology.

f. Transformation

The strategy of transformation may cause some changes in meaning since

the target text may be slightly different from the source language text. The

substitution of the source language names into one equivalent name which exist in

the target language is also included under this heading. This strategy is the second

most frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the proper nouns

which exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 51

times. It is applied to translate six categories of proper nouns which are found in

the House of Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of domestication

71

ideology. Table 18 below shows some examples of the employment of

transformation strategy.

Table 18. The Examples of the Application of Transformation Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 068/19/34/Grl/ST/D Chinese Tiongkok

2. 127/48/94/Grl/ST/D British Inggris

3. 276/118/236/Mdh/ST/D Christmas Natal

In example number 1 and 2, the name Chinese and British are included

under the category of groups and languages. The word Chinese is stated on the

text as the nationality of the food which is originally from China. The word

British (from the phrase British accent) is told in the text as the way of speaking

or dialect of a pilot, one of a character in the text, who originally comes from

Britain. Both data are employing transformation strategy. The name Chinese has

an equivalent name in target language as Tiongkok. Then, the word British has

Inggris as its equivalent name. This employment of transformation strategy finally

leads to domestication ideology.

In example number 3, the name Christmas is defined as an annual festival

commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed most commonly on December

25th

as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the

world. This name is part of names of holidays because it is a special period or

ceremony to celebrate particular event which usually held routine every period of

time. The name Christmas is transferred into Natal in the target text by employing

transformation strategy.

Natal, based on KBBI is defined as 1.) kelahiran seseorang; 2.)

kelahiran Isa Almasih (Yesus Kristus): hari raya untuk memperingati

kelahiran Isa Almasih, tanggal 25 Desember (1. the birth of someone;

2. the birth of Isa Almasih (Jesus Christ); a celebration day to

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commemorate the birth of Isa Almasih in 25th

of December,

translated).

The translator simply adopts and takes the existing name, Natal, to replace

and translate the name Christmas is because the source name is semantically

equivalent to the name Natal which exists in the target language. The translation

is considered lead to domestication ideology since the name Natal has already

familiar to the target readers and makes the readers stay home.

g. Creation

This strategy is used when there is a recreation of name from the source

language to be one which is firmly or totally different from the source language or

with one which is not present there. Davies adds that this strategy is rarely used

and often includes an idea of compensation. This strategy is the fifth most

frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found

in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied seven times. It is

applied to translate five categories of proper nouns which are found in the House of

Secrets novel. This strategy is under the frame of domestication ideology. Table 19

below shows some examples of the employment of creation strategy.

Table 19. The Examples of the Application of Creation Strategy

No. Code ST TT

1. 334/190/382/Ppn/SC/D Mate Cordelia Anak buah Cordelia

2. 312/156/310/Gec/SC/D South Sea island salah satu pulau di Laut

Pasifik

3. 181/74/145/Hdp/SC/D The Heart and the

Helm

Kendali Juru Mudi

In example number 1, Mate Cordelia is translated to the target text by

employing creation strategy into Anak Buah Cordelia. The creation is specifically

employed in the word Mate. Mate, according to CALD, is defined as a friend; 1.)

73

UK Informal a friend. 2) UK a person who is employed to help a skilled worker.

Anak buah is considered to be presented by the translator as the best translation

for the source name, Mate. Anak buah, based on Kamus Lengkap Indonesia-

Inggris can be translated as 1.)“subordinates” 2.) “staff” 3.) ”crew”. The way

the translator creates a new name in the target text and also the way she turns up

the name Anak buah is considered as the best way to make it explicit (that Mate is

referred to a subordinates). As stated by Davies (2003), a culture-specific item, in

this case proper noun, can be said to be transferred by applying creation strategy if

there is new term or name occur in its translation version or if there is an

explicitation of any name which is omitted in one place. Finally, this translation

tends to the domestication ideology since the name presented in the target text is

more familiar to the target readers.

In example number 2, the name South Sea island is translated into salah

satu pulau di Laut Pasifik. The way the translator translate the name is using

creation strategy. Creation appears when “translators have actually created CSIs

not present in the original text” (Davies, 2003). It means that the translator

translates the source language term into one which is totally different and has no

associative meaning. South Sea island can be literary translated as pulau Laut

Selatan or pulau di Laut Selatan. While the target language term, Laut Pasifik,

can be a translation of Pacific Ocean or Pacific Sea. The translator chooses to

replace the source language name into one which is common, though the source

term is a name of a real place which is normally maintained or transformed in the

target text. The aim of the translator in translating the name such way is because

74

the source language name, though that is the name of a real place, is not quite

popular through the target readers in Indonesia. If the name is translated into Laut

Selatan, the target readers may thought that the sea is located in south of Java

island which is not the same with the place which is mentioned in the text. The

name is not as popular as other real-places names which are existed in the text.

Since the translator decides to recreate the name instead of picking a unique name

which exists in the target language which might cause a misleading direction, he

decides to choose a common place Laut Pacific (Pacific Sea, translated). In the

end, the decision of the translator to recreate the source text name into one which

is more understood in the target text is considered leads the name into

domestication ideology.

In example number 3, the name The Heart and the Helm is transferred into

Kendali Juru Mudi. The researcher concludes that the translator uses creation

strategy in translating the proper noun because its translated name is totally

different from the source language name. The Heart and the Helm can be literally

translated as Kehendak dan Kemudi, while Kendali Juru Mudi is a literal

translation of The Helm’s Reins. The way the translator creates a new name in the

target text and also the way she turns up the name Kendali Juru Mudi is

considered as the best way to make it explicit (that Heart is referred to Kendali,

and Helm is referred to Juru Mudi). The decision of the translator to recreate the

source text name is considered leads the name into domestication ideology.

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3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in

Translating the Proper Nouns

As stated before in Chapter II that the translation ideology is the

translator’s orientation either to source language culture, or to the target culture.

There are two ideologies which are analyzed in this research, they are

foreignization and domestication. Foreignization and domestication are known as

translation ideologies, and each ideology covers some translation strategies. The

ideological tendency can be traced by the strategies used in translating the proper

nouns. Therefore, foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely

preservation and addition. Domestication ideology shares five strategies namely

localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and creation. From the 365

data findings, there are 286 data (78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79

data (21.65%) tend to domestication ideology. Thus, it clearly showed that the

ideological tendency of the translator in translating the proper nouns is considered

as foreignization ideology.

a. Foreignization Ideology

This research shows that from the 365 data findings, there are 286 data

(75.34%) lead to foreignization ideology. The foreignization ideology covers two

strategies namely preservation and addition. Strategy of preservation is employed

275 times (75.34%), while strategy of addition is used 11 times (3.01%). The

Table 20 and the explanation can be seen below.

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Table 20. The Frequency and the Percentage of Foreignization Ideology

No. Translation Strategies Frequency Percentage

1. Preservation 275 75.34%

2. Addition 11 3.01%

Total 286 78.35%

1) Preservation

Preservation is a strategy occurs when the translation of the source text

term remain the same. The terms exist in the source text are transferred directly

without any further explanations; they can be simply preserved or copied. This

strategy is the most frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the

proper nouns which exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is

applied 275 times. It occurs in 120 data under part of a person’s names category,

seven data under given or pet names of animals category, 31 data under

geographical and celestial names category, 14 data under monuments, buildings,

meeting rooms category, 28 data under historical events, documents, laws and

periods category, one data under months, days of the week, holidays category,

nine data under groups and languages category, one data under religions, deities,

scriptures category, and 64 data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand

names category.

2) Addition

Addition is a strategy occurs when translator chooses to keep the original

item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary. The

additional information can be inserted within the text in the form of subtle

adjectival descriptions or explanatory footnotes. This strategy is the fourth most

77

frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found

in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 11 times. Thus,

the application of addition strategy would let the translated names tend to

foreignization ideology since it makes the names to stay foreign for the target

readers.

Also, this employment would bring the target readers to the source culture

and taste brand-new cultural specific items of the source language because the

existence of the original source text terms and additional details that follows

would give impressions for the readers that the terms being introduced are foreign

terms. It occurs in four data under part of a person’s names category, one data

under geographical and celestial names category, two data under historical events,

documents, laws and periods category, two data under groups and languages

category, one data under religions, deities, scriptures category, and one data under

awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names category.

b. Domestication Ideology

This research shows that from the 365 data findings, there are 79 data

(21.65%) lead to domestication ideology. Domestication ideology shares five

strategies namely localization which is applied nine times (2.47%), globalization

strategy which is applied six times (1.64%), omission strategy which is used six

times (1.64%), transformation which is employed 51 times (13.98%), and creation

strategy which is applied seven times (1.92%). The Table 21 and further

explanation can be seen below.

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Table 21. The Frequency and the Percentage of Domestication Ideology

No. Translation Strategies Frequency Percentage

1. Localization 9 2.47%

2. Globalization 6 1.64%

3. Omission 6 1.64%

4. Transformation 51 13.98%

5. Creation 7 1.92%

Total 79 21.65%

1) Localization

Localization occurs when translators try to anchor a reference firmly in the

culture of the target audience. In other words, this translation strategy is used

when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more familiar to the

target audience and as Davies (2003) suggests, this strategy is contrary to

globalization because it helps to avoid the loss of effect and at the same time it

does not affect harmfully the meaning of the translated items. In this strategy, the

source culture term or name that sounds strange and unfamiliar to the target

readers is replaced by the one that is well-known in the target culture. This

strategy is the fourth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the

proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy

is applied nine times. It occurs in three data under part of a person’s names

category, one data under geographical and celestial names category, two data

under historical events, documents, laws and periods category, one data under

months, days of the week, holidays category, one data under groups and

languages category, and one data under religions, deities, scriptures category.

79

2) Globalization

Davies (2003) defines this translation strategy as the process of replacing

culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or general, in the

sense that they are accessible to audiences from a wider range of cultural

backgrounds. In other words, the strategy of globalization means that the culture-

specific items of the source language are replaced by the ones that have less

cultural associations. This strategy is the most infrequent strategy used by the

translator to translate the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365

proper nouns, this strategy is only applied six times. It occurs in two data under

geographical and celestial names category, two data under historical events,

documents, laws and periods category, one data under groups and languages

category, and one data under religions, deities, scriptures category.

3) Omission

This strategy is used when a problematic culture-specific item is omitted

and there are no any substitutes for it in the target text. The omission can be done

in the activity of replacing word or term which exists in the source text or it can

be in particular dialects’ change which is omitted to gain a more standardized one.

This strategy is the sixth most frequent strategy used by the translator to translate

the proper nouns which found in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this

strategy is applied six times. It occurs in two data under part of a person’s names

category, one data under geographical and celestial names category, one data

under groups and languages category, one data under religions, deities, scriptures

80

category, and one data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, and brand names

category.

4) Transformation

This translation strategy may cause some changes in meaning. The target

text may be slightly different from the source language text. The substitution of

the source language names into one equivalent name which exist in the target

language is also included under this heading. This strategy is the second most

frequent strategy applied by the translator to translate the proper nouns which

exist in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied 51 times. It

occurs in 11 data under part of a person’s names category, one data under given or

pet names of animals category, 12 data under geographical and celestial names

category, two data under monuments, buildings, meeting rooms category, three

data under historical events category, five data under months, days of the week,

holidays category, 14 data under groups and languages category, and three data

under religions, deities, scriptures category.

5) Creation

This strategy is used when there is a re-creation of name from the source

language to be one which is firmly or totally different from the source language or

with one which is not present there. Davies adds that this strategy is rarely used

and often includes an idea of compensation. This strategy is the fifth most

frequent strategy used by the translator to translate the proper nouns which found

in the novel. In total of 365 proper nouns, this strategy is applied seven times. It

occurs in three data under part of a person’s names category, one data under

81

geographical and celestial names category, one data under historical events,

documents, laws and period category, one data under groups and languages

category, and one data under awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names

category.

82

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This final chapter consists of the conclusions and suggestions according to the

research which has been done by the researcher. The conclusions and suggestions are

related to the analysis of the three main objectives of this research. The first objective

is to find the proper nouns categories found in the text. The second is the strategies

applied by the translator in translating the proper nouns. Then, the last is the

ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns based on the dominant

strategies which are used by the translator. The conclusions and suggestions are

stated as follows.

A. Conclusions

Based on the findings and the discussions, the conclusions can be shown in the

explanation below.

1. The Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel

The first formulated problem of the research is the proper nouns categories

found in the House of Secrets novel. In this research, the researcher found that all of

the nine categories of proper nouns proposed by Howard (2009) appear in the texts.

From 365 proper nouns found in the texts, part of a person's name (Ppn) has the

highest frequency with 143 occurrences out of 365 proper nouns, so it becomes the

most frequent category of proper nouns found in the texts. The next category is

awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb) which occur 67 times. The third

83

most frequent category is geographical and celestial names (Gec) which occur 49

times. Then, the next category is historical events, documents, laws, and periods

(Hdp) which occur 38 times. It is followed by groups and languages (Grl) which are

appeared 29 times. Then, it is followed by monuments, buildings, meeting rooms

(Mbr) which are appeared 16 times. The next category is given or pet names of

animals (Apn) which occur eight times. Then, it is followed by religions, deities,

scriptures (Rds) which occur eight times. In the end, the most infrequent category is

months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) which only appear seven times.

2. The Translation Strategies Used in Translating the Proper Nouns

The second formulated problem of this research is the strategies which are

employed in translating the proper nouns. The researcher found that seven of Davies’

(2003) translation strategies are applied in translating the proper nouns. From 365

proper nouns found in the texts, preservation strategy is the most frequent strategy

since it is used 275 times. The second most frequent strategy is transformation which

is used 51 times. Then, addition strategy takes the third place since it is used 11

times. Localization strategy becomes the fourth most frequent strategy since it is used

nine times. It is followed by creation strategy which is used seven times. Then, the

next is strategy of omission which is used six times. The last strategy is globalization,

and it is also used six times.

84

3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in

Translating the Proper Nouns

The third formulated problem of this research is the ideological tendency of

the translator in translating the proper nouns. From the 365 data findings, there are

286 data (78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79 data (21.65%) tend to

domestication ideology. Foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely

preservation and addition. Preservation is employed 275 times (75.34%) and addition

is used 11 times (3.01%). Domestication ideology covers five strategies; localization,

globalization, omission, transformation and creation. Localization is used nine times

(2.47%), globalization is applied six times (1.64%), omission is also used six times

(1.64%), transformation is employed 51 times (13.98%), and creation is used seven

times (1.92%). Thus, it can be concluded that the way the translator translates the

proper nouns tends to foreignization ideology. It means that the translator has

tendency to introduce foreign terms and cultures to the target readers.

B. Suggestions

The suggestions below are for the translator, the students of English literature who

are majored in translation studies and also for other researchers.

1. To Translators

The researcher considers that every translator have different ways in rendering

the source text into the target text. It is influenced by the translator style, knowledge,

and interest. These considerations make the researcher expect the translator to be

85

wiser in deciding the appropriate strategy to translate the proper nouns. Also, it is the

translator responsibility whether he/she tends to foreignization or domestication

ideology according to the intended meaning and the target readers. The researcher

understands that both foreignization and domestication have weaknesses. Thus, it is

better for the translator to have deep knowledge to understand which names need to

be maintained or preserved without any change and which names need to be

translated or transformed. The translator has to be able to not only transfer the text

from one language to another, but also understand the intended purpose of the author,

so it can be appropriate for the target readers. Finally, this research can be a work

which is worth it to be one of the references for the next translation activity and

research.

2. To the Students of English Literature Majoring in Translation Studies

The topic of translation of proper nouns is challenging since it is related to

decision-making skill of the translator to choose and use the precise translation

strategy. The translator has to aware about the cultural knowledge of both source and

target language, especially when it comes to translation for children’s literature. Thus,

for the students who have interest in conducting this kind of research, it is better to

read more references related to the topic in order to have more knowledge which is

beneficial for the analysis process.

86

3. To Other Researchers

Due to the limited knowledge of the researcher and limited references, there

might be some problems which turn up in the analysis processes. The problems arise

because there are data which are not specifically categorized, and the inconsistency

effects of the employment of certain strategies. Thus, the researcher suggests to other

researchers who want to conduct the same research to search more literatures or

references to get deep knowledge related to certain theories about proper noun

categorization and ideological tendencies of translation strategy. Finally, the

researcher also suggests to other researchers to add assessment quality as one of the

research objectives in order to assess whether the translated names are appropriate.

87

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90

APPENDICES

91

A. Data Sheet of Translation Strategies of Proper Nouns

in House of Secrets

Notes:

Ppn : Part of a person’s name ST : Source Text

Apn : Given or pet names of animals TT : Target Text

Gec : Geographical and celestial names P : Preservation

Mbr : Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms A : Addition

Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods L : Localization

Mdh: Months, days of the week, holidays G : Globalization

Grl : Groups and languages O : Omission

Rds : Religions, deities, scriptures T : Transformation

Avb : Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names C : Creation

92

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

001/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Brendan

Walker

Brendan

Walker

002/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Diane Dobson Diane Dobson

003/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Walker Mrs. Walker

004/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Cordelia Cordelia

005/1/1/Avb/SP/F IPhone iPhone

006/1/1/Avb/SP/F Uncharted Uncharted

007/1/1/Avb/SP/F PSP PSP

008/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Walker Dr. Walker

009/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Walker Walker

93

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

010/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Brendan Brendan

011/1/2/Gec/SP/F

One twenty-

eight Sea Cliff

Avenue

satu dua

delapan Sea

Cliff Avenue

012/1/2/Gec/SP/F San

Fransiscans San Fransisco

013/1/2/Grl/SA/F Forty-niners pemain 49ers

014/1/2/Grl/SP/F Giants Giants

015/1/2/Ppn/SP/F CEOs CEO

016/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Diane Diane

017/1/2/Ppn/SP/F Bren Bren

018/1/3/Ppn/SP/F Eleanor Eleanor

019/2/4/Ppn/SA/F Ms. Dobson Miss Dobson

020/2/4/Mbr/SP/F Golden Gate Golden Gate

94

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

021/2/4/Gec/SP/F Sea Cliff Sea Cliff

022/2/4/Ppn/ST/D Dad Ayah

023/3/4/ Ppn/SP/F Deal Deal

024/3/4/Ppn/ST/D the Walkers keluarga

Walker

025/3/4/Avb/SP/F GPS GPS

026/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Hillary Clinton Hillary Clinton

027/4/7/Avb/SP/F Toyota Toyota

028/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Jake

Walker

Dr. Jake

Walker

029/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Bellamy Bellamy

030/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Nell Nell

031/4/8/Ppn/ST/D Daddy Ayah

95

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

032/4/8/Gec/SP/F Golden Gate

Park

Taman Golden

Gate

033/4/8/Gec/SP/F Crissy Field Crissy Field

034/5/8/Apn/SP/F Misty Misty

035/5/9/Hdp/SP/P Victorian Victoria

036/5/9/Mbr/SP/F Kristoff House Rumah

Kristoff

037/5/9/Hdp/SG/D the Great

Quake Gempa Besar

038/5/9/Hdp/SA/F

Great San

Fransisco

Earthquake

Gempa Besar

yang

mengguncang

San Fransisco

039/510/Grl/ST/D English Inggris

040/5/10/Ppn/SP/F Ms.

Kavanaugh

Miss

Kavanaugh

041/5/10/Ppn/SP/F Ms.

Fitzsimmons

Miss

Fitzsimmons

96

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

042/6/11/Gec/SP/F Sea Cliff

Avenue

Sea Cliff

Avenue

043/7/13/Hdp/SP/F Sesame Street Sesame Street

044/7/13/Ppn/SP/F Schwarzenegg

er

Schwarzenegg

er

045/7/13/Mbr/ST/D Gothic angel Malaikat Gotik

046/9/16/Grl/ST/D Greek Yunani

047/9/16/Ppn/SP/F Lady Gaga Lady Gaga

048/10/18/Avb/SP/F Chester Chester

049/10/18/Mbr/SP/F Steinway Steinway

050/10/18/Ppn/SP/F Mr. Kristoff Mr. Kristoff

051/12/21/Gec/SG/D Western Barat

052/12/21/Mbr/SP/F

the Oxford

Library of The

World’s

The Oxford

Library of The

World’s

97

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

Greatest Books Greatest Books

053/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Brautigan Brautigan

054/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Paley Paley

055/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Kosinski Kosinski

056/12/21/Avb/SP/F CPR CPR

057/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Robert E.

Howard

Robert E.

Howard

058/12/21/Ppn/SP/F H.P. Lovecraft H.P. Lovecraft

059/12/21/Ppn/SP/F Denver

Kristoff

Denver

Kristoff

060/12/21/Avb/SP/F eBay eBay

061/12/21/Hdp/SP/F Conan the

Barbarian

Conan the

Barbarian

062/12/22/Avb/SP/F Viking Viking

98

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

063/12/22/Avb/SP/F Electrolux Electrolux

064/12/22/Avb/SP/F Sub-Zero Sub-Zero

065/13/23/Ppn/SP/F Eliza May Eliza May

066/13/23/Ppn/SP/F Mom Ibu

067/18/33/Grl/SC/D JV lacrosse Junior lacrosse

068/19/34/Grl/ST/D Chinese Tiongkok

069/19/35/Mbr/SP/F Walker House Rumah Walker

070/19/36/Hdp/SP/F Savage

Warriors Prajurit Barbar

071/19/36/Avb/SP/F MacBook Air MacBook Air

072/19/36/Hdp/SP/F Powell’s

Books

Powell’s

Books

073/21/38/Mbr/SP/F Spartan

Movers

Spartan

Movers

99

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

074/21/38/Mbr/SP/F Low-Rent

Movers

Low-Rent

Movers

075/21/38/Grl/SO/D Spartan -

076/21/38/Gec/SP/F ancient Sparta Sparta Kuno

077/21/39/Mbr/SP/F John Muir

Medical Center

John Muir

Medical Center

078/22/40/Mbr/SP/F Harvard Harvard

079/22/41/Ppn/SP/F RW RW

080/22/42/Hdp/SP/F The Fighting

Ace

Sang Pilot

Tempur

081/24/45/Ppn/SP/F Dahlia Kristoff Dahlia Kristoff

082/24/46/Ppn/SP/F Arsdottle Arsdottle

083/24/46/Gec/ST/D Europe Eropa

084/24/46/Gec/ST/D Far East Timur Jauh

100

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

085/25/46/Ppn/SP/F Dahlia Dahlia

086/25/46/Rds/SL/D Christian baptis

087/25/47/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Kristoff Mrs. Kristoff

088/25/47/Ppn/SP/F Jacob Jacob

089/25/47/Ppn/SP/F Miss Kristoff Miss Kristoff

090/26/49/Mbr/SP/F Pino’s Pino’s

091/26/49/Ppn/SP/F Helen K Helen K

092/26/49/Ppn/SP/F Dahlia K Dahlia K

093/26/49/Mdh/SL/D Mother’s 70th

ultah ke-70 Ibu

094/26/49/Gec/SP/F Alamo Square Alamo Square

095/26/50/Avb/SP/F TV TV

101

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

096/26/50/Hdp/SA/F

the Marx

Brothers’ Duck

Soup

Duck Soup

yang

menampilkan

Marx Brothers

097/26/50/Ppn/SP/F Marx Brothers Marx Brothers

098/27/50/Rds/ST/D God Tuhan

099/27/52/Avb/SP/F IMAX 3D IMAX 3-D

100/27/53/Ppn/SP/F Groucho Marx Groucho Marx

101/28/53/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Hayes Dr. Hayes

102/28/53/Ppn/ST/D Wind Witch Penyihir Angin

103/30/56/Gec/ST/D Japan Jepang

104/31/60/Avb/SP/F Cheerios Cheerios

105/32/61/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Rutherford

Walker

Dr. Rutherford

Walker

102

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

106/34/67/Hdp/SP/F Jurrasic Park Jurrasic Park

107/34/67/Gec/SP/F Humbolt

County

Humbolt

County

108/37/70/Avb/SP/F LEDs LED

109/37/71/Avb/SP/F Maglite Maglite

110/37/72/Avb/SP/F

BlackoutReady

IPS Twelve

Thousand

BlackoutReady

IPS 12.000

111/39/73/Avb/SP/F blackoutReady blackoutReady

112/39/75/Mdh/SP/F Halloween Halloween

113/40/75/Ppn/SO/D Mommy Bu

114/41/77/Grl/ST/D Boy Scouts Pramuka

115/42/79/Hdp/SP/F Lord of the

Rings

Lord of the

Rings

116/42/80/Ppn/SP/F Slayne Slayne

103

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

117/42/80/Ppn/SP/F Krom Krom

118/43/81/Avb/SP/F Hellmann’s

Mayonnaise

mayones

Hellmann’s

119/43/81/Avb/SP/F Cap‘n Crunch Kapt‘n Crunch

120/43/81/Gec/SP/F Castle

Corroway

Kastel

Corroway

121/44/83/Gec/ST/D East Timur

122/47/91/Ppn/SP/F Queen Daphne Ratu Daphne

123/47/92/Hdp/SP/F Sopwith Camel Sopwith Camel

124/47/92/Hdp/SP/F World War I Perang Dunia

Pertama

125/47/92/Ppn/SA/F Red Baron

Red Baron—si

penerbang

pesawat

tempur

legendaris asal

Jerman--

104

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

126/47/92/Gec/ST/D German Jerman

127/48/94/Grl/ST/D British Inggris

128/50/97/Ppn/SP/F F. Scott

Fitzgerald

F. Scott

Fitzgerald

129/50/98/Ppn/SP/F David

Beckham

David

Beckham

130/50/98/Ppn/SP/F Kraut Kraut

131/50/98/Grl/ST/D American Amerika

132/50/98/Gec/SP/F Amiens Amiens

133/50/98/Gec/ST/D France Prancis

134/50/98/Gec/SG/D Gallic Galia

135/50/98/Grl/SG/D Yank Yankee

136/50/99/Ppn/SP/F Draper Draper

105

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

137/50/99/Ppn/SP/F

Wing

Commander

Will Draper.

Wing

Commander

Will Draper.

138/50/99/Grl/SA/F

Royal Flying

Corps,

Squadron

Seventy

Korps

Penerbang

Kerajaan

Inggris,

Skuadron

Tujuh Puluh.

139/51/99/Ppn/SP/F Mr. D Mr. D

140/51/99/Ppn/SP/F Will Will

141/52/102/Avb/SP/F Haagen-Dazs Haagen-Dazs

142/52/102/Grl/ST/D Latin Latin

143/53/105/Hdp/SP/F Gray’s

Anatomy

Gray’s

Anatomy

144/54/106/Grl/ST/D Scottish Skotlandia

145/54/106/Grl/SP/F Polynesia Polinesia

106

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

146/54/106/Gec/SP/F Denver Denver

147/54/106/Gec/SP/F Colorado Colorado

148/54/106/Ppn/SP/F Kristoff Kristoff

149/55/107/Avb/SP/F Red Dead

Redemption

Red Dead

Redemption

150/55/108/Ppn/SP/F Miss Walker Miss Walker

151/56/109/Mdh/ST/D April April

152/56/109/Gec/ST/D Farnborough

Airfield

Lapangan

Terbang

Farnborough

153/56/109/Ppn/SP/F Officer Cadet

Will Draper

Kadet Perwira

Will Draper

154/56/109/Ppn/SP/F Edgar Edgar

155/56/109/Grl/ST/D Royal Flying

Corps

Korps

Penerbang

Kerajaan

107

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

156/56/109/Grl/SP/F Flying Corps Korps

Penerbang

157/56/110/Gec/SP/F Picardy Picardy

158/57/111/Avb/SP/F Truffle White

Cocoa

Truffle White

Cocoa

159/57/112/Avb/SP/F Tylenol Tylenol

160/57/112/Avb/SP/F Band-Aid Band-Aid

161/58/113/Hdp/SP/F Operation Operasi

162/58/113/Avb/SA/F Aleve obat pereda

nyeri Aleve

163/59/118/Ppn/SP/F Drew Drew

164/61/121/Apn/SP/F Hello Kitty Hello Kitty

165/62/122/Ppn/SP/F Penelope Hope Penelope Hope

166/62/123/Ppn/SP/F King Lear Raja Lear

108

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

167/62/123/Ppn/ST/D Shakespeare Shakespeare

168/63/123/Avb/SP/F Buffy Buffy

169/64/125/Avb/SP/F Lunchables Lunchables

170/64/127/Ppn/SL/D

Men of the

Royal Flying

Corps

Awak Korps

Penerbang

Kerajaan

171/65/127/Hdp/SL/D Great War Perang Raya

172/65/127/Gec/ST/D England Inggris

173/68/133/Ppn/SP/F Mr. Draper Mr. Draper

174/69/135/Hdp/ST/D

The Book of

Doom and

Desire

Kitab Petaka

dan Hasrat

175/70/138/Avb/SP/F

Home

Shopping

Network

Home

Shopping

Network

176/73/142/Hdp/SP/F Wikipedia Wikipedia

109

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

177/73/144/Hdp/SP/F Gladius Rex Gladius Rex

178/73/144/Grl/SP/F Resistance Resistance

179/73/144/Ppn/SP/F Celene Celene

180/74/145/Gec/ST/D Rome Roma

181/74/145/Hdp/SC/D The Heart and

the Helm

Kendali Juru

Mudi

182/74/145/Grl/ST/D Civil War Perang Sipil

183/74/146/Avb/SP/F Webley Mark

Six

Webley Mark

Six

184/75/147/Ppn/SP/F

RUTHERFOR

D WALKER,

MD

RUTHERFOR

D WALKER,

MD

185/75/148/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Mary

Worcester

Mrs. Mary

Worcester

186/75/148/Gec/SP/F Duboce

Avenue

Duboce

Avenue

187/75/148/Mdh/ST/D March Maret

110

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

188/75/148/Avb/SP/F Red Bull Red Bull

189/75/148/Ppn/SO/D MD -

190/75/148/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Worcester Mrs. Worcester

191/75/148/Avb/SP/F Coca-Cola Coca-Cola

192/76/149/Grl/SP/F Indian Indian

193/76/149/Avb/SP/F

Stanley’s

Snake Oil

Liniment

Stanley’s

Snake Oil

Liniment

194/76/150/Hdp/SP/F Diary Diary

195/76/150/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Aldrich

Hayes

Dr. Aldrich

Hayes

196/76/150/Hdp/SP/F

Mythology and

Magical Lore

of the

Californians

Mitologi dan

Hikayat Ajaib

California

197/76/150/Mbr/SP/F Bohemian

Club

Bohemian

Club

111

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

198/76/150/Ppn/SL/D Lorekeeper Penjaga

Hikayat

199/76/150/Gec/SP/F Yale Yale

200/76/151/Gec/SL/D

Six twenty-

four Taylor

Street

Taylor Street

nomor 624

201/77/151/Gec/SP/F California California

202/77/151/Gec/SA/F Goat Island

Pulau Goat –

Pulau

Kambing

203/77/152/Gec/SP/F Yerba Buena

Island

Pulau Yerba

Buena

204/77/152/Mbr/SP/F Bay Bridge Bay Bridge

205/77/152/Gec/SP/F Treasure Island Pulau Treasure

206/77/152/Grl/SP/F Tuchayune Tuchayune

207/77/153/Gec/SP/F Chinatown Chinatown

112

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

208/78/155/Grl/SL/D Native

American orang Indian

209/78/155/Ppn/SC/D Gramps buyut

210/79/155/Hdp/SG/D San Fransisco

Earthquake

Gempa San

Fransisko

211/80/158/Hdp/SP/F Gemstone

Mine

Tambang

Permata

212/80/158/Hdp/SL/D The Great

Snake Si Ular Hebat

213/81/159/Ppn/SP/F Frank Quigley Frank Quigley

214/81/159/Ppn/SP/F Thorny

Thompson

Thorny

Thompson

215/81/160/Avb/SP/F Sheffield Sheffield

216/82/161/Avb/SP/F Little League Liga Kecil

217/83/163/Avb/SP/F American Girl

dolls

boneka

American Girl

218/84/165/Grl/SP/F Squadron

Seventy

Skuadron

Tujuh Puluh

113

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

219/84/165/Ppn/SP/F RFC captain

Kapten Korps

Penerbang

Kerajaan

220/84/165/Grl/ST/D Canadian Kanada

221/88/171/Avb/SP/F Castlevania Castlevania

222/89/173/Avb/SP/F CD CD

223/89/173/Ppn/SP/F Mick Jagger Mick Jagger

224/89/173/Avb/SP/F Snickers Snickers

225/89/174/Avb/SP/F Domino’s

pizza piza Domino’s

226/90/175/Grl/SP/F Himalayan Himalaya

227/90/176/Ppn/SP/F Fat Jagger Fat Jagger

228/91/177/Ppn/SL/D Mr. Colossus Tuan Gergasi

229/92/180/Ppn/SP/F Uncle Pete Paman Pete

114

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

230/92/180/Ppn/SP/F Jagger Jagger

231/92/180/Avb/SP/F Clearasil Clearasil

232/93/182/Avb/SP/F TNT TNT

233/96/190/Gec/SP/F Marin Marin

234/96/190/Gec/SP/F Everest Everest

235/97/192/ Avb/SP/F Styx Styx

236/97/192/Avb/SP/F Come Sail

Away

Come Sail

Away

237/98/193/Ppn/SP/F

Lieutenant-

Colonel

Reginald

Rathbone the

Third

Letnan

Kolonel

Reginal

Rathbone III

238/98/193/Ppn/SP/F Napoleon Napoleon

239/98/193/Grl/ST/D Spanish navy Angkatan Laut

Spanyol

115

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

240/101/199/Hdp/SP/

F

New Adventure

of Scooby-Doo

New Adventure

of Scooby-Doo

241/101/199/Apn/SP/

F Scooby Scooby

242/101/199/Apn/SP/

F Scooby-Doo Scooby-Doo

243/102/202/Ppn/SP/F Rousseau Rousseau

244/102/202/Ppn/SP/F David Seamer David Seamer

245/102/203/Avb/SO/

D Solo -

246/103/204/Avb/SP/

F Green Giant Green Giant

247/104/208/Ppn/SP/F Hansel Hansel

248/104/208/Ppn/SP/F Gretel Gretel

249/105/208/Grl/ST/D French Prancis

250/105/208/Ppn/SP/F Adam Adam

116

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

251/105/208/Ppn/ST/

D Eve Hawa

252/105/208/Gec/ST/

D

Garden of

Eden Taman Eden

253/105/209/Hdp/SP/

F

The Gods of

Pegana

The Gods of

Pegana

254/105/209/Gec/SP/F Olympus Olympus

255/105/209/Rds/SO/

D

Allah was

Allah Allah

256/105/209/Rds/SP/F Mana-Yood-

Sushai

Mana-Yood-

Sushai

257/105/209/Ppn/SP/F Lord Dunsany Lord Dunsany

258/105/209/Hdp/SP/

F

The Redolent

Garden

The Redolent

Garden

259/105/209/Grl/ST/D Arabic Arab

260/106/210/Hdp/SP/

F

The

Apocrypha

Bestiary

The

Apocrypha

Bestiary

261/106/211/Rds/ST/

D

Painting the

Female Body

Melukis Tubuh

Wanita untuk

117

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

for Ritualistic

Sacrifice

Pengorbanan

Ritual

262/108/216/Avb/SP/

F

Cirque du

Soleil

Cirque du

Soleil

263/110/220/Avb/SC/

D HO H2O

264/111/222/Rds/ST/

D

Shiva, the

Hindu

destroyer god

Siwa, Dewa

Kehancuran

dalam agama

Hindu

265/112/224/

Avb/SP/F Dorito Dorito

266/112/224/

Avb/SP/F Jell-O Jell-O

267/112/225/Apn/SP/

F Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse

268/113/226/Ppn/SP/F Galileo Galileo

269/113/226/Rds/SA/

F Inquisition

sidang

Inkuisisi

270/113/227/Apn/ST/

D Skeleton Kerangka

118

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

271/116/233/Ppn/SP/F Pippi

Longstocking

Pippi

Longstocking

272/118/234/Gec/SP/F Frimley Frimley

273/118/235/Ppn/SP/F Miss Hope Miss Hope

274/118/235/Ppn/SP/F Penelope Penelope

275/118/236/Ppn/SP/F Grandma Grandma

276/118/236/Mdh/ST/

D Christmas Natal

277/121/241/Rds/SG/

D Satan Iblis

278/121/242/Ppn/SP/F Storm King Raja Badai

279/124/248/Ppn/SP/F Moray Moray

280/125/249/Ppn/SP/F Johnny Depp Johnny Depp

281/126/251/Ppn/SP/F Captain

Sangray

Captain

Sangray

119

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

282/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Captain Kapten

283/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Phenny Phenny

284/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Frowd Frowd

285/126/252/Ppn/SP/F Ogle Ogle

286/128/254/Ppn/SA/

F stumpy Stump

Stump yang

memang sesuai

dengan

namany,

stumpy—

gemuk pendek.

287/129/256/

Avb/SP/F Sonic Sonic

288/129/256/

Avb/SP/F

Scrap Brain

Zone

Scrap Brain

Zone

289/129/257/Ppn/SP/F Giliam Giliam

290/132/262/Ppn/SP/F Scurve Scurve

120

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

291/132/263/Ppn/SP/F Kit Kit

292/132/263/Ppn/SP/F Phenny Phenny

293/133/264/Ppn/ST/

D Dolphin Boy

Bocah Lumba-

Lumba

294/133/267/Ppn/SP/F Spider-Man Spider-Man

295/136/271/Avb/SP/

F Coke Coke

296/136/272/Avb/SP/

F

Discovery

Channel

Discovery

Channel

297/139/275/Ppn/SP/F Tranquebar Tranquebar

298/143/283/

Avb/SP/F Ghirardelli Ghirardelli

299/143\/283/Avb/SP/

F Pixar Pixar

300/144/287/Avb/SP/

F Barbie Barbie

301/145/290/Ppn/SP/F Ishmael Hynde Ishmael Hynde

121

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

302/146/291/Gec/SP/F Barcelona Barcelona

303/146/292/Gec/ST/

D Monaco Monako

304/146/292/Ppn/SP/F Hynde Hynde

305/146/292/Avb/SP/

F Apple Apple

306/146/292/Avb/SP/

F Titanic Titanic

307/147/292/Ppn/SC/

D Father Ayaaaah

308/151/300/Hdp/SP/

F

Alice in

Wonderland

Alice in

Wonderland

309/152/303/Ppn/SP/F Sangray Sangray

310/153/307/Apn/SP/

F Cyclops Cyclops

311/153/307/Hdp/SP/

F The Odyssey The Odyssey

312/156/310/Gec/SC/

D

South Sea

island

salah satu

pulau di Laut

Pasifik

122

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

313/164/326/Grl/SP/F Nazis Nazis

314/164/327/Ppn/ST/

D Englishman

Laki-laki

Inggris

315/164/327/Mdh/ST/

D Sundays Minggu

316/164/327/Mdh/ST/

D Wednesdays Rabu

317/165/329/Ppn/SP/F Hades Hades

318/165/329/Ppn/SP/F Captain Will

Draper

Kapten Will

Draper

319/166/331/Avb/SP/

F Bermuda Bermuda

320/166/331/Avb/SP/

F Izod Izod

321/167/331/Gec/SP/F Philadelphia Philadelphia

322/171/343/Ppn/SP/F Ichabod Crane Ichabod Crane

323/171/343/Avb/SP/

F Pieta Pieta

123

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

324/175/350/Gec/SP/F Tinz Tinz

325/177/355/Ppn/SP/F PhD PhD

326/178/356/Ppn/SP/F Charlotte

LeVernais

Charlotte

LeVernais

327/178/356/Ppn/SP/F Charlotte Charlotte

328/179/360/Gec/SP/F Disneyland Disneyland

329/179/361/Ppn/ST/

D Witch Penyihir

330/180/362/Gec/SP/F Florida Florida

331/184/370/Avb/SP/

F Starbucks Starbucks

332/184/370/Ppn/SP/F LeBron James LeBron James

333/185/373/Ppn/SP/F Michael

Jackson

Michael

Jackson

334/190/382/Ppn/SC/

D Mate Cordelia

Anak buah

Cordelia

124

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

335/191/384/Ppn/SP/F Jacques Jacques

336/191/384/Ppn/ST/

D

Shaman

Tranquebar

Syaman

Tranquebar

337/191/384/Ppn/SP/F Master

Brendan

Master

Brendan

338/191/384/Ppn/SP/F Master Master

339/191/385/Ppn/SP/F Mister Mister

340/191/385/Hdp/SP/

F The Hobbit The Hobbit

341/194/391/Apn/SP/

F Majesty Majesty

342/199/402/Hdp/ST/

D Sixteen Flags

Enam Belas

Bendera

343/199/403/Ppn/SA/

F

Krom of

Slayne’s

Savage

Warriors

Krom dari

Prajurit Barbar

pimpinan

Slayne

344/199/403/Hdp/SP/

F

Panama-

Pacific

Panama-

Pasifik

125

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

345/200/403/Hdp/SP/

F

Game of

Thrones

Game of

Thrones

346/200/405/Ppn/SP/F Maleficent Maleficent

347/200/405/Ppn/SP/F Paculla Annia Paculla Annia

348/208/422/Mbr/ST/

D

Leaning Tower

of Pisa

Menara Miring

Pisa

349/209/424/Hdp/SP/

F Avengers Avengers

350/209/424/Ppn/ST/

D

Alexander the

Great

Alexander

Agung

351/209/424/Ppn/SP/F Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler

352/209/425/Avb/SP/

F Xlerator Xlerator

353/216/438/Mbr/SP/

F Alta Vista Alta Vista

354/217/440/Ppn/SP/F Plato Plato

355/217/440/Ppn/SP/F Aristotle Aristotle

126

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Pp

n

Ap

n

Gec

Mb

r

Hd

p

Md

h

Grl

Rd

s

Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication

A P L G O T C

356/218/442/Ppn/SP/F Anderson

Cooper

Anderson

Cooper

357/219/443/Hdp/SP/

F Duck Soup Duck Soup

358/220/448/Gec/SO/

D

San bloody

Fransisco San Fransisco

359/221/449/Hdp/ST/

D

Treaty of

Utrecht

Perjanjian

Utrecht

360/221/449/Avb/SP/

F Idol Idol

361/221/450/Avb/SP/

F Corvette Corvette

362/221/450/Gec/SP/F California

Street

California

Street

363/221/450/Mbr/SP/

F Days Inn Days Inn

364/223/453/Gec/ST/

D Baker Beach Pantai Baker

365/223/453/Gec/SP/F Pacific Pasifik

Total 143 8 49 16 38 7 29 8 67 11 275 9 6 6 51 7

127

127

B. Surat Pernyataan Triangulasi

SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:

Nama : Krisna Bayu Aji

NIM : 12211141021

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah

(skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih

NIM : 12211141010

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies

Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

And Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar – benarnya dan semoga dapat

dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016

Triangulator

Krisna Bayu Aji

128

SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:

Nama : Nia Juliarti

NIM : 12211141024

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah

(skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih

NIM : 12211141010

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies

Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

And Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar – benarnya dan semoga dapat

dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016

Triangulator

Nia Juliarti

129

SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:

Nama : Ulik Chodratillah

NIM : 12211141003

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah

(skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih

NIM : 12211141010

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies

Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

And Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar – benarnya dan semoga dapat

dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016

Triangulator

Ulik Chodratillah