The Thirty Years War
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Transcript of The Thirty Years War
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR
Section 3
The Thirty Years’ WarHRE by 17th century patchwork of
small statesReligion was the original cause1618- Began in Bohemia,
Catholic Hapsburg king tried to suppress Protestant revolt
Local conflict became general war
HRE supported by Catholic statesProtestant powers sent troopsFought all across Germany, led to
1/3 of pop. dyingRuined German trade and
agriculture
The Thirty Years’ WarEnded in 1648 with the Peace of
Westphalia1. Weakened Hapsburg Spain and Austria2. Made France the most powerful country in
Europe3. Ended religious wars in Europe4. Introduced new method of settling disputes,
where participants decide terms of peace5. Treaty recognized European countries as
equals and was the beginning of the modern state system
ABSOLUTE RULERS OF RUSSIA
Section 4
Absolute Rulers of Russia1463-1505 Ivan III first
strong ruler of Russia1. Conquered territory
around Moscow2. Centralized the
government3. Liberated Russia from
Mongol rule1554 Ivan’s grandson
Ivan IV became Russia’s first czar
Absolute Rulers of RussiaIvan became czar when he was 3 years
oldEarly life he competed for power with the
boyars (Russia’s landowning nobles)When he was 16 he seized power for
good1560 his wife dies and Ivan accused the
boyars of poisoning herBecame known as Ivan the TerribleHe organized a secret police force to
hunt down and murder people that did not agree with him
He took the boyars estates and gave them to people that were loyal to him
Absolute Rulers of Russia1581 Ivan kills his son and heir in an
argumentIvan died three years later that left his
younger less competent son as ruler of RussiaAfter his son died there was a period of
turmoil in RussiaBoyars struggled for power1613 representatives from many Russian
cities chose the next czar, Michael Romanov (who was related to Ivan’s wife)
Began the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia for the next three hundred years
Absolute rulers of RussiaRussia Contrasts with the Rest of EuropeRussia was a land of boyars and serfs
◦ Landowners needed serfs to work on the lad to produce harvests
◦ Serfs were seen as property, they were sold when the land was sold
◦ Serfs were also given as presents and to pay debts
Most boyars looked to Constantinople not to Rome for religious guidance◦ Most Russians were Eastern Orthodox not Catholic
or ProtestantsMongol rule had cut off Russia from the Age
of Exploration and the RenaissanceGeographic barriers isolated Russia, its only
seaport was frozen in ice most of the year
Absolute Rulers of RussiaPeter the Great comes to Power Romanov’s restored order to Russia Passed new law codes and put down
revolts 1696 Peter I becomes ruler of Russia
(known as Peter the Great), he continued the trend of increasing the czars power
Peter believed the future of Russia depended on the country having a warm water port to compete with the rest of Europe
1697 Peter leaves to tour Western Europe to learn European customs and manufacturing techniques (he traveled in disguise to keep his identity secret)
Absolute Rulers of RussiaPeter came back from his trip to
“westernize” Russia (adoption of Western European ideas, technology, culture)
Russia would compete military and commercially with other European countries
To bring changes to Russia Peter became an absolute ruler◦ He reduced the power of the boyars◦ Gave power to lower ranking families,
and gave them grants of land◦ Modernized army, hired officers, used
weapons and tactics from other European countries
Absolute Rulers of Russia Other attempts to “westernize” Russia
included:1. Introduction of potatoes, became a
staple of the Russian diet2. Raised the status of women3. Ordered nobles to give up traditional
styles of clothing and dress for European fashions
4. Opened universities to promote arts, sciences and navigation
• Peter thought that education was the key to advance Russia
5. Promoted mercantilist policies6. Improved waterways, roads,
developed industryHad no mercy for those that resisted his orders
Absolute Rulers of RussiaPeter wanted a seaport to open trade with the westFought a 21 year war with Sweden to gain port on
Baltic SeaBefore war was over Peter began to construct the city
of St. Petersburg Built on a desolate swamp used the labor and lives of
50,000 serfsOrdered nobles to move to capital from Moscow1725 Peter dies and leaves Russia as European power