The Theory of plate tectonics, Plate Movement, & Hot Spots.
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Transcript of The Theory of plate tectonics, Plate Movement, & Hot Spots.
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The Theory of plate tectonics,
Plate Movement, & Hot Spots
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Do NowLandscapes are constantly changing and Islands are constantly being newly formed.
Why is this happening? How do you think this occurs in nature?
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Heat Transfer & Melting the Mantle
Convection Plate Movement
Intraplate Hot Spots
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The Plate Tectonic Theory & Location of the Plates
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Theory of Plate Tectonics• The theory that states that
Earth’s lithosphere and crust are divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion.
• The plates glide across the underlying asthenosphere due to frictional coupling caused by convection heat transfer.
• Continents are located on tectonic plates and move around with them.
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Tectonic Plates
7 Major (Larger) Plates• North American• South American• Eurasian• Indo-Australian• Antarctic• African • Pacific
Minor (Smaller) Plates• Nazca• Philippean• Cacos• Arabian• Juan de Fuca• Caribbean• Scotia
Know and be able to locate all plates in red- 7 major and 2 minor
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How were Plate Boundaries Identified?Scientist plotted the occurrences of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions around the world
Earthquakes Worldwide
Tectonic Plates
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HES
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Earth’s Lithospheric Plates
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov
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Plate Movement and Melting the Mantle via Convection
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Plate Boundaries and Movement• The area where two plates meet is
called a plate boundary.
• 90% of geologic activity at the surface of the Earth takes place at the boundaries between tectonic plates.
• Three main types of plate boundaries: Convergent Divergent Transform
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Convergence- 3 Types
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Continental + Continental Convergence (Collision)
Himalayan Mts
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Continental + Oceanic Crust (Subduction)
Andes Mts
Cascade Mts
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Subduction leading to collision (convergence) and formation of Himalayas
Subduction (o-c convergence)
Subduction followed by Collision
Himalayas
Animation of Himalayas Formation: http://tinyurl.com/c5qvf2u 70 my in 2 min -The Himalayas Forming: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuSHOQ6gv5Y
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Oceanic + Oceanic Crust(Subduction)
Indonesian Islands Japanese Islands
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http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/subd_zone_basic.htm
NOTE to reiterate the formation of magma via subduction:
The subduction slab dehydrates and releases that water to the mantle, lowering the mantle melting temperature.
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Divergence(Decompression)• Separation of 2 plates• “Seafloor spreading” • Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR)• Forms new ocean crust• Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is
visible on land in Iceland• Continental rifts (East Africa)
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Mid-Ocean Ridge System
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Think…..
If divergent plates allow magma to surface creating new ocean floor, then why isn’tEarth getting larger?
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Transform Boundaries• Occurs at divergent boundaries• 2 plates slide past each other• This sliding is not smooth. Plates lock
and build up tension. • Then the plates “snap” and release that
energy earthquake!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=ZxPTLmg0ZCw&feature=endscreen
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Animation of transform, divergent, and subduction boundaries: http://tinyurl.com/pbxdt
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Intraplate Melting of the Mantle via Hot Spots
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• Individual column of magma that rises up and punches through the lithosphere
• Forms chains of volcanoes as a plate moves over the hot spot • ~100 Hot Spots • 10% of heat transfer • Decompression melting (like
divergence)
Mantle Plumes (Hotspots)
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THINK! • The expression of tectonic plate and hot spot activity at the surface
includes the formation of what features and results in what natural disasters?
• All tectonic plate and hot spot activity results in Earthquakes.– What is an earthquake?– Where would you expect to have deep vs. shallow earthquakes? Explain.
• Volcanism occurs where you have melt mechanisms at play. – What is a volcano?– What are the 2 melt mechanisms? – Do they form new continental or oceanic crust? – Do you think the intensity of the volcanic eruption is similar for each
melt mechanism?
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Diagram plate movement and hot spot activity on the “Earths Interior” worksheet
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Practice Worksheet
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Self-Check: Do you KNOW about plate movement and hot spot
activity?
You should be able to address the following:1. Name and describe the three types of plate boundary movement. Be able
to provide examples.2. Describe frictional coupling as it applies to plate movement.3. What is a mantle plume? 4. What are the primary melt mechanisms in the mantle?5. What topographic features result from plate movement and hot spot
activity? Be specific- demonstrate your knowledge.6. What natural disasters result from plate movement and hot spot activity?
Be specific- demonstrate your knowledge.7. Compare and contrast earthquake activity from divergence vs.
subduction.8. Compare and contrast volcanism from subduction vs. hot spots.