The Theory of Evolution. Evolutionary biology addresses fundamental questions Why are there so many...
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The Theory of Evolution
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Evolutionary biology addresses fundamental
questions• Why are there so many different kinds of organisms?
• Why are organisms so proficient at life tasks: finding food, acquiring mates, fighting disease, and avoiding predators?
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OVERVIEW: Four Main Points to the Theory of Evolution.
1. Variation exists within populations.2. Some individuals of a population are better
suited to their environment.3. Over time, traits that make certain
individuals of a population able to survive and reproduce tend to spread in that population.
4. There is clear proof from fossils and many other sources that living species evolved from organisms that are now extinct.
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Does Variation Exist Within the Genes of every population or species (the result of random
mutations)?
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Is this variation Heritable?
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Natural Selection Acts on These Heritable Variations
of Traits.
• Working definition of Natural Selection:
Natural Selection is the process by which populations change in response to their environment. Individuals better adapted to the environment leave more offspring than those individuals not suited to the environment.
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Do individuals who are better suited to their environment really leave more offspring
than others?
Day
Day
Day DayHOW ABOUT A REAL LIFE EXAMPLE, BEYOND THE CARTOONS.
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Real Life Examples of Evolution
Natural Selection in Action
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Industrial Melanism
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• A hypothesis for the explaining the increase in dark moths was formed using Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
• Hypothesis: The dark variety was camouflaged on the soot-darkened bark and so are not eaten by birds.
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The Experiment• Populations of light and dark peppered
moths were raised in the laboratory.• Moths were marked so they could be
identified later• Moths were released into two separate
wooded areas.• Birmingham= Heavily polluted• Dorset = unpolluted
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Resultscolor variaitons in moths
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Light moths Dark moths Light moths Dark moths
Birmingham Wood Dorset Wood
per
cen
t o
f m
oth
s re
cove
d
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Overcoming Misconceptions
The darkened trees did not cause the darker variant of moth to appear.
The darker characteristic was already present in the population.
The “new” environment merely favored the survival of the darker moths.
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Evidence of Evolution
Beyond the Fossil Record
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How Does Anatomy and Structure Show
Evidence of Ancestry?
Comparing the anatomy of different types of organisms often reveals basic similarities in body structures, even though their functions may be very different.
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Common Ancestor
• A Species from which two or more species have diverged.
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Homologous Structures• Structures that share common
ancestry.
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Analogous Structures
• Analogous structures have similar forms, but they are not due to common ancestry.
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Vestigial Structures• Vestigial structures are anatomical
structures of organisms in a species, which have lost much or all of their original function.
• Structures that are considered to be evidence for an organisms evolutionary past.
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Flightless Cormorant of the Galapagos
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Vestigial Pelvis of the Whale
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Femur and Pelvis of Whale
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How is Embryonic Development Evidence for Evolution?• The evolutionary history of organisms is
seen in the development of embryos.
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What are some common
structures that vertebrate
embryos share?• Tail bud• Pharyngeal pouches• Buds that become limbs
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How are Biological Molecules a Record of
Evolution?Species that share common ancestry more closely, have more amino acid sequence in common.
Species that have diverged from a distant common ancestor have more differences in amino acid sequences.
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The Hemoglobin Protein shows common ancestry.
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Hemoglobin Comparison
Species Amino acid differences
Gorilla 1
Rhesus monkey 8
Mouse 27
Chicken 45
Frog 67
Lamprey 125
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Great Moments in Evolution
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What is the Fossil Record?
• Working definition: All the fossils known to science.
• Provides snapshots of the past
• Illustrate a panorama of evolutionary change over time
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Nice Striations!
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What’s a Fossil, You Ask?
• The remains or traces of once-living things.
• shells, teeth, bones, footprints, leaf impressions, and petrified wood.
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“Endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful” –
Charles D.
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Is the Fossil Record Complete?
• No, it most certainly isn’t.
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The probability that any particular organism that
once existed, is part of the fossil record today is rare.
For Three Good Reasons. . . 1.Fossil formation is a rare event
2.Fossils survival is a rare event
3.An exceedingly small fraction of surviving fossils will ever be found
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John Day Fossil Beds
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Transitional Forms in Horse Evolution
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Lahars: Pyroclastic Mud Flows
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