The Terminalization of Supply Chains: North American and European Perspectives
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Transcript of The Terminalization of Supply Chains: North American and European Perspectives
The Atlantic Rim:The Atlantic Rim:Comparative Issues in North American and European LogisticsComparative Issues in North American and European Logistics
Annual Conference of the Association of American Geographers, Boston, Annual Conference of the Association of American Geographers, Boston, Massachusetts, April 15-19 2008Massachusetts, April 15-19 2008
The Terminalization of Supply The Terminalization of Supply Chains:Chains:North American and European North American and European PerspectivesPerspectivesTheo NOTTEBOOMTheo NOTTEBOOMInstitute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp (ITMMA), Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp (ITMMA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumUniversity of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Jean-Paul RODRIGUEJean-Paul RODRIGUEDepartment of Economics & GeographyDepartment of Economics & GeographyHofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USAHofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
The Terminalization of Supply ChainsThe Terminalization of Supply Chains
A. North America: The Corridor Effect
B. Europe: The Gateway Effect
C. Comparative Logistics: Terminalization and the Move Inland
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A. North AmericaA. North America Gateways and Corridors The Rail Transportation Question
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Imports and Exports at Selected US Gateways, 2005
Main North American Trade Corridors and Metropolitan Freight Centers
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UV1
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Alameda CorridorGround Level
Trench (30 feet)
0 2 4 6 81Miles
Port of Los AngelesPort of Long Beach
CBD
UP & BNSF Railyards
Mid-CorridorTrench (10 miles)
Alameda Corridor
UP & BNSF Railyards
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach
Thruport
Port Cluster
Alameda Corridor
The Extended Gateway of the Ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach
Marine Term
inal
On-dock rail yards
Near-dock rail yards
Off-dock rail yards
Transload facility
Warehouse
Transload facility
Warehouse
Non-local destination
Non-local destination
Non-local destination
Off-dock rail yards
Non-local destination
Non-local destination
Local destination
16%
13%
22%
13%
34%
2%Truck
Rail
Intra-terminal
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North American Rail SystemNorth American Rail System
Major Rail Corridors Improved since 2000Major Rail Corridors Improved since 2000
Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-20042004
15
20
25
30
35
40
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Kilo
met
ers
per h
our
Average Freight Train Length, United StatesAverage Freight Train Length, United States
020406080
100120140160180
Auto Bulk GeneralMerchandise
Intermodal
Eastern Railroads (CSX, NS)Western Railroads (BNSF, UP)
Container Dwell Times at BNSF Rail Container Dwell Times at BNSF Rail TerminalsTerminals
Departure Return Free Dwell Time (Days)
Additional Charge (per day)
Loaded Loaded (same shipper)
6 $25
Loaded Loaded (different shipper)
3 $25
Empty Loaded 3 $25
Loaded Empty 1 $25/$50 (after 10 days)
Empty Empty 0 $25/$50 (after 10 days)
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BNSF’s Three Tier Terminal System, 2007BNSF’s Three Tier Terminal System, 2007Facility Group
Facility Free Dwell Time (days)
Charge (per day)
1 Kansas City, KSLos Angeles, CAMemphis, TN
1 $150
2 Alliance, TXAtlanta, GA (Fairburn)Chicago (Cicero), ILHouston, TXOakland Intl. Gateway, CA
San Bernardino, CASeattle, WA (SIG)St. Louis, MOSt. Paul, MNStockton, CA
2 $150
3 Albuquerque, NMAmarillo, TXBillings, MTBirmingham, ALChicago (Corwith), ILChicago (Willow Springs), ILDenver, CODilworth, MNEl Paso, TX
Fresno, CAHarvard, ARLogistics Park Chicago, ILNew Orleans, LAOmaha, NEPhoenix, AZPortland, ORSouth Seattle, WASpokane, WA
2 $100
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Automated Transfer Management System for Truck-Rail Transfers
B. EuropeB. Europe
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Average Dwell Times at Major European Average Dwell Times at Major European Container Terminals (in days)Container Terminals (in days)
Characteristics Bremen Hamburg Rotterdam Antwerp La Spezia Gioia Tauro
Import dwell vessel – truck
6,4 6,4 6,4 6,4 7,4 7,4
Export dwell truck – vessel
4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 5,6 5,6
Import dwell vessel – train 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5 7,5 7,5
Export dwell train – vessel 4,7 4,7 4,7 4,7 5,7 5,7
Import dwell vessel – barge
4,1 4,1 4,1 4,1 5,1 5,1
Export dwell barge – vessel
4,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 5,3 5,3
Transshipment dwell - - - - - 5,3
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TCT VenloExtended gate (rail-based)
for ECT/HPH
Container transferiumExtended gate (satellite)
Initiated by POR
Case studies Europe – Rhine-Scheldt Delta
Container transferium
TCT Venlo – extended gate of ECT/HPH
Examples of cases JVC Belgium + TCT Belgium: extended DC for JVC, extended gate for
ECT• Four day rule• Free time Rotterdam = 5 days• Free time TCT Belgium = 21 days• Full containers at TCT = part of stock to JVC Belgium
Source: Flanders Institute for Logistics
Logistics clusters in the province of Limburg (region of Flanders, Belgium)
Source: BCI, 2007
Node typology in the province of Limburg (region of Flanders, Belgium)
Source: BCI, 2007
C. Comparative Logistics: Inland Terminals C. Comparative Logistics: Inland Terminals and the Move Inlandand the Move Inland
What are the main differences and similarities?• Differences:
• Modes (Truck/Rail vs. Truck/Barge).• Ownership (Private vs. Public/Private).
• Similarities:• Function (import based).
Is there a distinct North American (or European) terminalization?• Due to externalities (congestion, environment) Europe
shows a more advanced terminalization.• Dwell time pressures indicate a more constraining
terminalization in North America.
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