united nationseducational, scientific

and culturalorganization

international atomicenergy agency

thesinternational centre for theoretical physics

SMR 1331/19

AUTUMN COLLEGE ON PLASMA PHYSICS8 October - 2 November 2001

The Structure of the US FusionEnergy Science Program -

What Scientific Questions areWe Trying to Address?

R.J. Goldston

Princeton University, Plasma Physics Lab.Princeton, U.S.A.

These are preliminary lecture notes, intended only for distribution to participants.

strada costiera, I I - 34014 trieste italy - tel.+39 04022401 I I fax +39 040224163 - scijnfo@ictp.trieste.it - www.ictp.trieste.it

The Structure of the US FusionEnergy Science Program -

What Scientific Questions are WeTrying to Address?

Rob Goldston, DirectorPrinceton Plasma Physics Laboratory

October 15, 2001

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Fusion Plasma Science is In Pasteur's QuadrantProf. Donald Stokes, Dean, Princeton Woodrow Wilson School

Considerations of Use?No - Yes

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Tight coupling of understanding and innovation.

Strong commitment to both!imVSRS tB»K§!8»

PPPL Mission Statement

The DOE Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratoryis a Collaborative National Center for plasma and fusionscience. Its primary mission is to develop the scientificunderstanding and the key innovations which will lead toan attractive new energy source.

Associated missions include conducting world-classresearch along the broad frontier of plasma science andtechnology, and providing the highest quality of scientificeducation.

PPPL

CO2 Accumulation is a 100 to 200 Year Process

2000 2050 2100 2130 2200 2250 23002000

If CO2 is a problem, non-carbon emitting sourcesmust provide about half of the world's power by 2100.

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Plasma Science ChallengesNRC Plasma Science Committee

• Macroscopic Stability- What limits the pressure in plasmas?

• Geomagnetic substorms, Chandra data• Wave-particle Interactions

- How do hot particles and plasma wavesinteract in the nonlinear regime?* Coronal heating, laser amplification

» Microturbulence & Transport- What causes plasma transport?

* Astrophysical accretion disks• Plasma-material interactions

- How can high-temperature plasmaand material surfaces co-exist?* Materials processing

Fusion Plasma Science is Addressedthrough a "Portfolio Approach"

Scientific synergy - Common physics- Ideas from one configuration help others.- Hybrid configurations emerge.- Provides rigorous test of plasma science understanding.

Breadth - Complementarity- Range of configurations avoids common roadblocks.- Broadens science and technology impact of fusion science.

Leverage - > $1B/year International Program- Opportunities to access advanced scientific facilities abroad.

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The Portfolio of MFE ConfigurationsEiternally Controlled Self-Organized

'r'

Example: SteliaratorCoils link plasmaMagnetic fields from external currentsToroidal field » poloidal fieldLarge R/aMore stable, better confinement

Example: FRCCoils do not link plasmaB from internal currentsPoloidal B » Toroidal BR/a -> 1.0Higher power density

The Magnetic Fusion Energy Portfolio

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FusionEnergyDevelopment

PerformanceExtension

ProofofPrinciple

Attractive Fusion Energy Source

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Future/ Opportunity

Design Phase.

ConceptExploration

AdvancedSteliarator

AdvancedTokamak

Only U.S.Shown

Spherical j RFP.FRCTorus '< Spheromak

Emerging

Fusion Technology & Plasma Theory

Facilities both operating and under construction.

Innovative Confinement ConceptsExpand the Range of Stability Studies

Compact Auburn Torsatron tobecome Compact Toroidal HybridAuburn University, Auburn Alabama

Levitated Dipole ExperimentColumbia University/Massachusetts

Institute of Technology

Sustained Spheromak Plasma ExperimentLawrence Livermore National Laboratory

High-fit With Good Confinement

1.2

1.5

20

0.1

Plasma Current (MA)

1.3MW,Neutral Beam Power (MW)N

pt(%) (EFIT)

-0.1 *

f B. (Volts)

m- 4HA.

q 0 (EFIT)

-A.

0.1 0.2

Time (sec)

0.3

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At time of _maximum p.

NSTX is Beginning to Study Transport atHigh p and High Mach Number

• Broad Ts profile . '(compared to Te) o ,

• Large Tj - Te

• High V^ in core &edge

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160RADIUS (cm) 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 ° 1 2 0 H 0 1 6 0

RADIUS (cm)

0.290s 14,200 -

High edge rotation

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4!....

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Q 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1RADIUS (cm) r/a

ft Bell, B. LeBlanc PPP1Hmmnim mmsm

Motional Stark Effect Measurements ofField Angle Revolutionized Stability Studies

• Motional Stark Effectdepends on v x B => E.- Linear effect in Do beam

injected into plasma.

• Allows measurement ofB field tilt => q profile.- Can get Er and |B| as well

as tilt => rotation & pressureprofiles,

• Developed! on PBX-M atPPPL by FP&T; revolutionizedstability studies.- Laser induced fiourescence

being developed for strongersignal in NSTX and otherlow field / high p* devices.

New Approach to Diagnosis andUnderstanding of Turbulence

GTC simulation:

Z. Lin

Parallelized simulationof |i-wave reflection:

E. Valeo, R. Nazikian

Data Interpretation(JT-60U)

j= 0.8Reflectometer

5 10 15 20Radial Displacement [cm]

System size ~ 200 X x 100 X

TextorGermany

R. Nazikian et al., IAEA 1998

ExperimentalDesign

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Simulation of microwave Imaging Experiment

Strong Theory / Experiment Collaboration PPPLtalHHtii PiBSiliIRBSMSliBiiSHSW

Opportunity: Physics link withAstrophysics via High Beta Turbulence

• Turbulence in accretion disks,active galactic nuclei may beamenable to codesdeveloped for fusion.

• Benchmark turbulence codes athigh beta in NSTX.

• Requires qualitative advance inplasma measurement:- diagnostics: spatial, low k, high k

resolution

• Key collaborators: U Maryland, UCBerkeley, UC Davis, PPPL

PofcMal Cross Section

From Chandra;our galaxy'score, 0.5-10keV x rays

ImagingReflectometry(PPPL, UC Davis)

t.O 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Z2 2.4 2.6

A Proposed Experiment to Study MagnetorotationafInstability Important to Accretion Disk Physics

H. Ji (PPPL), J. Goodman (PU), A. Kageyama (NIFS), E. Shoshan (Rutgers)

Mechanisms of fast accretion /angular momentum transport inaccretion disks has been a longstanding problem inastrophysics

Magnetorotational instability(MRI) is an important candidatemechanism in MHD, but neverrealized in laboratory

Rotating gallium disk experimentcould create MRI and study itsrelations with other importantMHD physics, such as dynamo.Experiment with water is startingto test hardware and fluidstability

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:=600 rpm

ST Development may be an Attractive Element of theWorld Program

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Performancepxtension:R0~::1.5m

#roof of PrincipleNSTX, MAST (UK)

EnergyDevelopmentR0~1.5m

Concept ExplorationSTART (UK), CDX-U, Pegasus, Giobus-M (RF)

-ih _L1 0-8

(equiv)0.001 0.01 0.1

Neutron Fluence (MW-a/m2) per Year

Advance in Fusion Energy Technoiogy

Energy

1.0

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Strong Connection Between Stellarators and Other3D Plasma Physics Problems

Many other plasma problems are three-dimensional- Magnetosphere; astrophysical plasmas- free-electron lasers; accelerators- perturbed axisymmetric laboratory configurations

Development of 3D plasma physics is synergistic, with stellarator researchoften driving new 3D methods. Examples:- methods to reduce orbit chaos in accelerators based on stellarator methods

[Chow & Carry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72,1196 (1994)]- chaotic orbits in the magnetotail analyzed using methods developed for

transitioning orbits in stellarators [Chen, J. Geophys. Res. 97,15011 (1992)]- astrophysical electron orbits using drift Hamiltonian techniques and magnetic

coordinates developed for stellarators- tokamak and RFP resistive wall modes are 3D equilibrium issues- transport due to symmetry breaking was developed with stellarators

We expect this connection to continue

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10

Gyro-averaging Allows a New Form of Symmetry

Hamiltonian formulation of Alfven gyro-averaged drift equations:

vgc = p|, (fl + V x pj,B)/(I + pp • V xb)Expressions for magnetic fields in canonical coordinates:

p

• Theorems by Boozer et al. show you can construct magnetic fieldconfigurations which have H symmetric (|B| symmetric) in canonicalcoordinates, but non-symmetric in configuration space.

• For compact stellarators - of special interest is toroidal symmetry.- Symmetry and compactness of the tokamak.- Stability and steady-state operation of the stellarator.

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New Stellarators Test Quass-Syrrsmetrlesand Disruption Immunity

Natural plasmas are asymmetric

Asymmetrical neoclassical transportscales as eeff

3/2

Low (adjustable) flow-damping

- manipulation of flows for flow-shear stabilization

- zonal flows like in tokamaks,but can be turned on and off

Test quasi-axisymmetry and MHDphysics at low v, and high p.

)edge

11

Compact Stellarators will Address KeyIssues of Fusion Plasma Science

1 Macroscopic Stability:

• Disruptions - when, why, why not?=> High p, 3-D stability to kink, ballooning,neoclassical tearing, vertical displacement.

Microturbulence and Transport:

• is quasi-symmetry effective at high Ts?Challenge Er shear understanding viarippie control.=> High T|, flexible coil system

Wave-particle Interactions:

• Do we understand 3-D fast ionresonances, *AE modes in 3-D?=> Good fast ion confinement

' Plasma-boundary interaction:

• Effects of magnetic stochasticity?==> High power, flexible coil system

Auburn U., Columbia U., LLNL, NYU, ORNL, PPPL, SNL-A, U. Texas, UCSD, U. Wisconsin

Australia, Austria, Japan, Germany, Russia, Switzerland!

National Compact Stellarator Experiment:Modular Coils have Flexibility for Physics Studies

(3=0, full current

Can externally controlrotational transform andshear.

Can adjust to avoid iota=0.5,or hit it in mid-radius.

Can accommodate widerange of p, j profiles.

Will allow systematicstudies of rotationaltransform and shear effectson ideal, resistive andkinetic (fast-ion)instabilities.

12

The World Adwanced Tokamak Program almsat an Attractive Steady-State Operating Mode

• An attractive steady-state tokamak power sourcerequires:- Relatively high beta (~ 5%)

• Feedback and/or rotational stabilization of resistive wallkink modes

• Feedback stabilization of neociassica! tearing modes- Strong self-sustained bootstrap current (~ 80%)

• Pressure profile control• Current drive and current profile control

• A strong international effort is underway todemonstrate the Advanced Tokamak mode:- US: C-MOD, DIII-D- EU: JET, ASDEX-U- JA: JT-6GU / JT-60SC- Korea: KSTAR v \ | P P P l

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13

Rotation Stabilizes Plasma "Kinks'to Higher Pressure

• Strong plasma rotation waspredicted to stabilize "kinks"to higher pressure.

• Columbia - Princeton - GAcollaboration to test feedbackcontrol of kinks on Dlll-D.

• Control of field errors allowedrotation to continue,

- stabilized kink to higherplasma pressure=̂> more fusion!

• Will be transferred to NSTX.

A Burning Plasma will Extendthe Reach of Fusion Plasma Science

• Macroscopic Stability- Effects of lower coSlisionality, smaller

gyro-radius.• Wave-particle Interactions

- Effects of intense, isotropic alpha particleconcentrations.

• Microturbu fence & Transport- Effects of lower collisionaSity, smaller

gyro-radius.• Plasma-material Interactions

- Much more intense, longer-lastinginteractions for study.

• Integrated demonstration of substantialfusion power production.- Relevant to a range of toroidal systems,

esp.: Advanced tokamak, ST, StellaratorIPtiKM mums;

14

Iter Addresses Burning Plasma andFusion Technology Issues

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PulseMajor RadiusMinor RadiusPlasma CurrentToroidal FieldHeating/Current

Drive PowerCost ($2000)

500MW10500 - 2500s6.2m2.0m15MA5.3T

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FIRE EmphasizesBurning Plasma Physics Issues

"fusion

Q

Burn DurationMajor RadiusMinor RadiusPlasma CurrentToroidal FieldHeating PowerCost ($2000)

200MW10~20s2.14m0.58m7.7 MA10T30MW$1.25B

A more modest potential domestic step.PPPI

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15

Understanding, Innovation andCollaboration

Continuing deepening and broadening of thescience of plasmas is central to the innovationsneeded for the success of fusion energy research.

Plasma science itself is a beautiful and deepcontribution to world scientific culture.

Strengthening collaboration between areas ofplasma science and between plasma science andother areas is beneficial to all concerned.

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Not Science vs. Energy -Strong Commitment to Both!

• PPPL and the world fusion research communityare committed to providing the world with anattractive new energy source.

• We are also committed to deepening andbroadening the science of plasmas.

• The prospect is not a choice of "Science vs.Energy" but wonderful advances in both.

,PPPL

16