The speaker had sole editorial control over the content … · Nutricia Paediatric Allergy...
Transcript of The speaker had sole editorial control over the content … · Nutricia Paediatric Allergy...
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Nutricia Paediatric Allergy Symposium 24th May 2016 The speaker had sole editorial control over the content in this slide deck. Any views, opinions or recommendations expressed in the slides are solely those of the speaker and do not necessarily represent those of Nutricia.
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MULTISYSTEM DISEASE IN ALLERGY
& HOW
SYNBIOTICS CAN TARGET MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS
Dr Louise Michaelis Consultant Paediatrician in Immunology and Allergy Great North Children’s Hospital United Kingdom
The Baltic - Newcastle upon Tyne 24th May2016
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DISCLOSURES
I have no disclosures to state in relation to this lecture
Industry and NIHR Collaborative Research Grant
Non IgE mediated cow’s milk allergy - ASSIGN
IgE mediated cow’s milk allergy - PRESTO
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QUESTION
How often do you see Non IgE mediated cow’s milk allergy in your clinic?
A. Weekly
B. Monthly
C. Annually
D. Rarely
E. Never
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QUESTION
In the management of the baby would you consider any of the following:
A. A change in cow’s milk formula
B. Referral to a dietician
C. Referral to a dermatology
D. Referral to a general paediatrician
E. Referral to allergy
F. Introduction of a synbiotic
G. All of the above
H. None of the above
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QUESTION
Which cow’s milk formula would you recommend or change?
A. No change in formula
B. Another regular cow’s milk formula
C. Soya formula
D. An extensively hydrolysed formula
E. An amino acid formula
F. No idea - refer to an allergy clinic
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OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate that children with cow’s milk allergy might present with multi-system allergic disease
In so doing to show altered mechanisms of induction of sensitisation and tolerance
To understand recent advances in the understanding of Non IgE mediated allergy
To discuss the effect of synbiotics on the microbiota and subsequent immune modulation in clinical trials: ASSIGN
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DEFINITION OF NON IGE MEDIATED FOOD ALLERGY IN CHILDHOOD
Boyce et al JACI 2010; 126 S1-58.
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WHAT IS ATOPY AND MULTI-SYSTEM ALLERGIC DISEASE
An exaggerated propensity in genetically predisposed individuals to produce IgE and Non IgE responses to common environmental triggers Atopic spectrum
• Atopic Dermatitis • Food Allergy • Atopic Asthma • Allergic Rhinitis • Gastrointestinal disease
Wahn 1998, Illi 2004 , Hamelmann 2007 ,2008
Eczema Food allergies Rhinitis Asthma
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IMPACT OF BARRIER MICROBES ON ORGAN BASED INFLAMMATION
Garn H, Neve s JF, Blumberg RS, Renz H JACI 2013
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THE SKIN
IgE- mediated Non-IgE-mediated
Pruritus Pruritus Erythema Erythema Acute urticaria – localised or generalised
Atopic suppuritive eczema
Acute angioedema – most commonly of the lips, face and around the eyes
Image reproduced with kind permission of parent and child
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THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
IgE- mediated Non-IgE-mediated
Angioedema of the lips, tongue and palate
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Oral pruritus Loose or frequent stools Nausea Blood and/or mucus in stools Colicky abdominal pain Abdominal pain Vomiting Infantile colic Diarrhoea Food refusal or aversion
Constipation Perianal redness Pallor and tiredness
Faltering growth Faltering growth
Meyer et al Curr all Cl Imm March 2012 Fiocchi et al, 2010;Gibbons et al, 2012 Heine, 2015
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FOOD PROTEIN INDUCED SYNDROMES
FPI Proctocolitis
FPI dysmotility
FPI enteritis syndrome
FPI enteropathy
Age onset Newborn Newborn infant
Infant Infant toddler
Duration <12 months 12-24 months 12-48 months 12-24 months Symptoms signs
Well Blood mucus in stool
Regurgitation Vomiting Food refusal Colic Constipation Faltering growth
Diarrhoea (blood) Vomiting Collapse Hypothermia Shock
Diarrhoea Abdominal pain Growth faltering
Slide courtesy of Dr Su Bunn
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IgE- mediated Non-IgE-mediated
Upper respiratory tract symptoms (nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhoea or congestion [with or without conjunctivitis])
Persistent wheeze NO MENTION OF ASTHMA
Lower respiratory tract symptoms (cough, chest tightness, wheezing or shortness of breath)
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SENSITISATION VERSUS TOLERANCE
Image reproduced with kind permission of authors G du Toit and G Lack 2016
Du Toit J Allergy Clin Imm 137 (4) 2016
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FcεRII
IgE
Treg
Sensitization Tolerance
Sensitization
MLN
FcεRI
IgE
Th2 B Cell Th0
B Cell
IL-4
IgE IgG
IgA
Mast Cell Macrophage
ILC
IL-4
CD103+ DC
CX3CR1+ DC
IL-33 TSLP IL-25
Skin Epithelium
Filaggrin
Intestinal Epithelium
DC
Microbiota? Adjuvants Staph toxins (SEB)
Injury Antigen Staph?
IDO RA
TGF- β
IL-10
NKT Cell IL-10
Antigen
Th2
Image reproduced with kind permission of author Prof Paul Bryce 2015
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Histamine
TNF
IL-33
IL-9 IL-6 IL-13 CXCL2 CXCL10
PAF
PAF TNF
IL-4
Early Phase Late Phase
FcεRI
IgE
Fcγ?
IgG
Mast Cell
FcεRI
IgE
IgG Fcγ?
Basophil
IgG
FcγRIII
Macrophage
IgG
IgG
FcγRIII
FcγRIV
Neutrophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
ILC
?
?
Treg Ti
ssue
B
lood
Neutrophil
Image reproduced with kind permission of author Prof Paul Bryce 2015
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FOOD ALLERGY AND THE GUT MICROBIOTA
• Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) affects 2-5% of infants and children in Western counties
• (Fiocchi 2010, DuBoissieu 1997, Isolauri 1995)
• The GI tract plays an important role in allergy
• (Takahashi 1999, MacDonald 2005)
• Allergic disease is associated with an altered microbiota
• (Husby 2000, Ouwehand 2001, Bisgaard 2011, Azad 2015, Berni Canani 2016)
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GUT MICROBIOTA HOMEOSTASIS
Eubyosis : Balance between beneficial and harmful bacteria
Oligosaccharides
• Stimulate growth and activity of bacteria
• Modulate the immune system.
Increase in faecal anaerobes:
• Bifidobacteria
• Lactobacilli
Enhance epithelial barrier function & maintain the balance
Dysbiosis: In inflammatory, metabolic and allergic conditions
Triggered by mode of delivery, type of nutrition, timing of introduction of solids
Decrease in Bifidobacteria and B.breve & increase in pathogenic bacteria
Synbiotics in formula milks may benefit infants resulting in facultative anaerobic fermentation.
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DEVELOPMENT OF CORE MICROBIOTA – A GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM INFANT TO ADULT-LIKE
Cheng et al., 2016 ISMEJ
FISH-probe: Bif164m: Representing “infant-like” microbiota
FISH-probe: Erec482: Representing “adult-like” microbiota
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SYNBIOTICS
Prebiotics Indigestible food compounds with OS Direct effect on the immune system by reducing antigen presentation and absorption to the GIT Counteract infections Alter faecal microbiota
Probiotics Live organisms colonise the gut and exert beneficial effects Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus Also reduce antigen presentation and absorption Synbiotic: B.breve sc-FOS and lc-FOS
Boehm G , Stahl B et al J Clin Gastro 2004 Kalliomaki M et al lancet 2001
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PREBIOTIC AND PROBIOTIC (SYNBIOTIC) IN THE MANAGMENT OF COW’S MILK ALLERGY
• Prebiotic and probiotic (synbiotic) ingredients have been shown to affect the early life gut microbiota (Van der Aa 2011, Veereman- Wauters 2011, Fuller 1997, Moro 2003)
• Studies suggest eHF + probiotics and/or synbiotics may have beneficial effect in allergy management (Berni Canani et al. 2012, Grüber et al. 2010, Van de Aa et al. 2010 & 2011)
• Effects on growth tolerance and hypoallergenicity of an amino-acid based formula with synbiotics. (Harvey et al.2014 Ped Research)
• Synbiotics-supplemented amino acid-based formula supports adequate growth in
cow’s milk allergic infants (Burks et al 2015 PAI)
No data regarding Non-IgE mediated allergic infants receiving AAF+/- Synbiotics
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ASSIGN STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF AN AMINO ACID BASED FORMULA (AAF) WITH A SYNBIOTIC BLEND ON GUT MICROBIOTA IN NON –IGE CMA Exploratory: Clinical symptoms in suspected GI Non-IgE mediated CMA • Control product: Commercially available AAF
• Test product: AAF + synbiotics*; mixture of short and longchain fructo-
oligosaccharides, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V
Gut microbiota Immune modulation
Clinical effectiveness
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ASSIGN OVERVIEW
Control product for 8 weeks
Test product for 8 weeks n=68
n=34
n=34
Test product optional
Control product optional
No study product Healthy breastfed group
Non-IgE CMA infants group T8wks T26wks
FUP T12wks
FUP
Methods: • DB-RCT, 68 non-IgE med. CMA infants (0-13 months) 8 wks intervention Safety: • Adverse events, medication use, growth Primary objective: • Faecal Bifidobacteria and E. rectale / C. coccoides cluster (FISH) Secondary objectives: • Stool, gut immune health markers Exploratory obejctives: • Sequencing of faecal bacteria, clinical symptoms, follow-up at 12 & 26 wks
Confidential
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STUDY OUTCOME PARAMETERS
Primary: Percentage of Bifidobacteria and Eubacterium rectale / Clostridium coccoides Secondary: Stool characteristics, gut health and immune status (e.g. secretory IgA and short chain fatty acids) Exploratory: Allergic clinical symptoms, stool and saliva microbiota (sequencing method), additional parameters of gut health and immune status (e.g. calprotectin, eosinophilic cationic protein)
First results will be presented at ESPGHAN/EAACI 2016 Second results will be presented at FAAM 2016 Final results will be presented at WCPGHAN ‘16
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PRESTO: IGE MEDIATED CMA
• Tolerance to cow’s milk (by DBPCFC) (12, 24 & 36 months)
• Gut health & gut immune defence (Bifidobacteria, SCFAs, Ig’s)
• Clinical effectiveness in IgE-med. CMA (skin, respiratory, GI)
• Follow-up: incidence & frequency of other allergies
scre
enin
g
base
line Test
Control Follow-up
Follow-up
0 1yr 2yr 3yr Milk challenge
n=170 n=85
n=85
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Germany
Hospital PI Charite Hospital, Berlin Prof. Kirsten Beyer St. Marien Hospital, Bonn Dr. Lars Lange St. Josef Hospital Bochum Prof. Uwe Schauer Ev. Krankenhaus Bielefeld Prof. Eckard Hamelmann
UK
Hospital PI Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Dr. Louise Michaelis St. Thomas Hospital London Dr. Adam Fox Royal London Hospital (Barts) Dr. Lee Noimark Southampton General Hospital Dr. Mich Lajeunesse Leicester Royal Infirmary Dr. Gary Stiefel
Italy Hospital PI University Hospital Padua Dr. Antonella Muraro
Verona University Hospital/Clinico G.B. Rossi Prof. A. Boner
SGP Hospital PI KK Women's and Children's Hospital Dr. Rajeshwar Rao National University Hospital Prof. Seng Hock Quak
Thailand
Hospital PI King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hosp. A/Prof. Pantipa Chatchatee Ramathibodi Hospital Prof. Suwat Benjaponpitak Prince of Songkla Hospital Dr. Pasuree Sangsupawanich
USA
Hospital PI Mt Sinai, NY Dr. Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Dr. Carla Davis
Arkansas Children's Hospital Dr. Robbie Pesek
PRESTO: SITES AND INVESTIGATORS
(http://www.nutriciaresearch.com/research-study/presto/)
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CASE PRESENTATION AND SYMPTOMS
Presented at 6 months of age - Normal delivery and weight
Severe atopic dermatitis since birth – recurrent infections
Poor weight gain (<0.4th centile)- not weaned
Trial multiple cow’s milk formulas - worsening of eczema
Symptoms • >5 stools a day; Severe gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms;
Abdominal pain, back arching, difficult to settle
• Anti-reflux medication - worse on lactose free milk
• Partially breast fed, porridge, soya ,potato only
All skin prick and specific IgE tests negative
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QUESTION
What would your working diagnosis be?
A. IgE mediated food allergy
B. IgE mediated sensitisation
C. Non IgE mediated food allergy
D. Both IgE and Non IgE mediated food allergy
E. Lactose Intolerance
F. None of the above
G. Don’t know
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EMERGENCY ADMISSION
Presented to ED at 7 months • Given cow’s milk formula
• Held & kissed by father eating peanuts
• Developed erythema, urticaria and lip swelling
• Admitted overnight due to severe eczema, wheeze and swelling of the face
• Antihistamine given – resolved
• Normal Blood pressure - no Adrenaline
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RESULTS
FOOD IgE (kAU/L)
Total 4677 Cow’s milk
<0.35
Egg >100 Peanut >100 Cod <0.35 Soya 93.8 Wheat <0.35 Cat <0.35
FOOD SKIN PRICK TEST (mm)
Positive 4 Negative 0 House Dust Mite
0
Cat 0 Cod 0 Cow’s milk 0 Wheat 5 Sesame 6 Peanut 0 Soya 4 Egg 5
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QUESTION
Now …..what would your working diagnosis be?
A. IgE mediated food allergy
B. IgE mediated sensitisation
C. Non IgE mediated food allergy
D. Both IgE and Non IgE mediated food allergy
E. Lactose Intolerance
F. None of the above
G. Don’t know
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QUESTION
In the management of the baby would you consider any of the following:
A. A change in cow’s milk formula
B. Referral to a dietician
C. Referral to a dermatology
D. Referral to a general paediatrician
E. Referral to allergy
F. Introduction of a synbiotic
G. All of the above
H. None of the above
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DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Diagnosis • IgE mediated food allergy (peanut) - Anaphylaxis?
• IgE mediated sensitisation (egg, soya, sesame, wheat)
• Non IgE mediated food allergy (cow’s milk)
Management • STOP current formula milks & change to eHF and subsequent amino
acid formula
• Cow’s milk, egg, soya, nut, sesame free diet
• Iron, vitamin D and calcium supplements
• Wheat food challenge/feed
• Optimise eczema management with emollients, steroid creams, skinnies and garments
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CLINICAL OUTCOME
Resolution of clinical symptoms within 10 days
Regained weight to 50th centile
Introduction of baked cow’s milk products -9 months of age
Introduced full cow’s milk - 12 months
Introduced baked egg - 18 months
Wheat remained in diet
Nuts & sesame excluded- awaiting challenges
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research team of Dr. Louise Michaelis Dr Quentin Campbell-Hewson Phil Woodsford Claire Simmister Evelyn Thomas Anne McDonnell Prof. David Candy, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, UK Dr. Assad Butt, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, UK Dr. Adam Fox, Guy’s & St Thomas’ Hospital, UK Dr. Lee Noimark, Barts / Royal Hospital, UK Prof Antonella Muraro, University Hospital Padova, IT Dr. Diego Peroni, University Hospital Verona, IT Prof. Yvan Vandenplas, University Hospital Brussels, BE Prof. Francoise Smets, U.C.L. Saint-Luc, BE Dr. Sandra Mullier, HUDERF Brussels, BE Prof. Christina West, Umeå University, SE
Nutricia Research: Marleen van Ampting Lucien Harthoorn Ewa Latko Manon Oude Nijhuis Barbara Mourmans Reina den Hollander Willemien Sinke Marjolein Alvares Heidi Sonnemans Rob Slump
Prof Jan Knol, Harm Wopereis, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11-14th June 2016