The Social Impact of Industrialization

Manchester: One of the First Industrialized Cities

Population1750: 18,0001850: 300,000

Life Span, 1843Laborer: 17 (38)Trader: 20 (41)Gentry: 38 (52)

New Classes EmergeThe Industrial Middle

ClassEntrepreneursFactory owners Innovators/inventors“Rags to riches”Laissez-faire

The Industrial Working Class

Urban poorUnskilled, uneducatedLived in cramped,

crowded tenments

The Luddites (early 19th century)

New Ways of Thinking

Back to Adam Smith…Laissez-faire capitalismCompetitionSelf-interestPrivate

OwnershipDivision of Labor

Supply and Demand:The “Free Market”

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)An Essay on the

Principle of Population (1798)

laissez-faire

David Ricardo (1772-1823)The “Iron Law of Wages”

The “Dismal Science”

The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham“The Greatest Good

for the Greatest Number”

John Stuart MillGovernment

SHOULD be involvedAdvocated giving

the vote to women and workers

What is socialism?Capitalism

Self-InterestLaissez-FairePrivate

OwnershipCompetition

SocialismCollective

interestGovernment

involvementPublic ownershipCooperation

Robert Owen (1771-1858) and “Utopian Socialism”

New Harmony, Indiana

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1893) and “Scientific Socialism”

The Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels, 1844)

“I charge the English middle class with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar.”

Engels, 1844

The Communist Manifesto (1848)Das Kapital (1867)

Main IdeasClass conflict Impact of Industrialization

Alienation - his analysis of how people are bound to become estranged from themselves and each other under the conditions of capitalist industrial production

Labor Theory of Value – Time = ValueDialectical Materialism

Hegel’s dialectic “turned on its head” "Hegel's dialectic often appears broken up for convenience into

three moments called "thesis" (in the French historical example, the revolution), "antithesis" (the terror which followed), and "synthesis" (the constitutional state of free citizens)

An inevitable historical process (hence “scientific socialism”) The conflict is believed to be caused by material needs.

“Dialectical Materialism” Marx framed this in economics CLASS CONFLICT Stages of history (these are scientific)

1. Primitive communism2. Slavery3. Feudalism4. Capitalism5. Communism