Chapter 9-2

• Industrialization: Case Study of Manchester

Goals and ObjectivesUpon completion students should be able to:

1) Describe the social and economic effects of industrialization

2) Evaluate the growing tensions between middle and working classes.

3) Identify positive effects of the Industrial Revolution.

4) Describe Manchester as an industrial city.

IndustrializationChanges Life

Factory Work-Factories pay more than farms.-This led to the demand for more expensive goods

Industrial Cities Rise

• Urbanization-The rise of population and movement of people leading to the growth of cities

• Growing population provided workforce and market for factory goods.

British Industrial cities:

• The most industrialized cities were London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

Living Conditions

• Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums

• Life span in one large city is only 17 years•Wealthy Merchants, factory owners live in

luxurious suburban homes

Conditions in urban cities

• Rapidly growing cities lacked sanitary conditions or building codes

• Cities also lacked adequate housing, education, police and fire protection.

Working Conditions

• Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round

• Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers

• Many coal miners killed by coal dust

• Women and children were often exploited in work places.

The Middle Class

• Middle Class-skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals

• Emerging middle class is looked down upon by landowners, aristocrats

• Middle class has comfortable standard of living

The Working Class

• Laborers’ lives not improved; • some laborers replaced by machinesLuddites, other groups destroyed machinery that puts them out of workUnemployment a serious problem; unemployed riot

Positives of the industrial revolution

• Created jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress

• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve

•Workers eventually won shorter hours, better wages and conditions

Long-Term Effects

• Improved living and working conditions still present today

• Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements

• The rise of labor unions

The Mills of Manchester• Manchester has labor, water power,

nearby port at Liverpool• Poor live and work unhealthy, even

dangerous, environment• Business owners make profits by risking

their own money on factories• Eventually, working class sees its

standard of living rise some

Children in Manchester Factories

• Children as young as 6 work in factories;many are injured

• 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours

Pollution

• Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river

• Nonetheless, Manchester produces goods and creates wealth